RECENT CONCEPTS IN ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF LAMENESS IN DAIRY CATTLE

1. MASTER’S SEMINAR- VPP 691(1+0)
RECENT CONCEPTS IN
ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF LAMENESS
IN DAIRY CATTLE
KARNATAKA VETERINARY, ANIMALAND FISHERIES
SCIENCES UNIVERSITY, BIDAR
VETERINARY COLLEGE, SHIVAMOGGA-577204
Presentation by:
Asha Phalakshan
MVSK-2018
Dept. of Veterinary Pathology
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
Major Advisor:
Dr. Manjunatha S.S
Associate Professor (I/C)
Dept. Of Veterinary Pathology,
Veterinary College, Shivamogga.

2. 2 Sl. No Name Designation
1 Dr. Manjunatha S.S Chairperson
Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary Pathology,
Veterinary College, Shivamogga.
2 Dr. N. B. Shridhar Professor and Head
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Veterinary College, Shivamogga
3 Dr. Kavitha Rani. B Associate Professor
Department of Veterinary Pathology,
Veterinary College, Shivamogga.
4 Dr. Ravindra. B. G. Associate Professor
Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine,
Veterinary College, Shivamogga.
5 Dr. Raveendra Hegde Professor and Head,
Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH & VB),
Hebbal, Bengaluru.
Advisory Committee

3. OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Importance
• Prevalance
• Anatomy of Bovine hoof
• Classification
• Pathological conditions
• Etiology and Pathogenesis
• Diagnosis
• Prevention
• Treatment
• Conclusions
• References
3

4. Introduction
 Lameness abnormal gait that normally results from injury, disease, or dysfunction of one or
more feet and/or limbs
 As livestock production systems have changed to intensive commercial structures to meet the
increasing demand for animal-based products, there has been an increase in food production
diseases
 Lameness is the third main cause of production loss and premature culling next to mastitis and
infertility
4
(Singh et al., 2021)

5. Introduction cont..
 Lameness in dairy herds continues to represent a serious issue having
detrimental impacts on animal welfare and farm economics globally
 Clinical Syndrome
 The aetiology and pathogenesis is considered still obscure
5
(Singh et al., 2021)

6. 6
Introduction Cont..
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO LAMENESS IN DAIRY CATTLE
Agent
Microbial
Pathogens
Host
Cow
Environment
Farm
Lameness
Anaerobic, Possibly Zoonotic
Multi Drug Resistant,
Viable but non Culturable agents
Housing Quality,
Housing space, Flooring
Presence of faecal matter,
Season,Temperature,
Humidity
Age, Breed, Weight, Herd size,
Periparturient, Lactation stage,
Parity, Nutrition,
Immune status of animal
(Garvey, 2022)

7. 7
Reduced milk
production
Discarded milk
Replacement animals
More number of AI
per conception
Veterinary Fee
Drug cost
Treatment Period
Increased Milking
Period
Reduced Milk Receipts
Premature Disposal
Long Calving Interval
Reduced Body Weight
Treatment & Prevention
Cost
Labour charges
Decreased Calf Sales
ECONOMIC IMPACT
(Ozsvari. 2017)
Importance

8. 8
WELFARE IMPACT OF LAMENESS
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury,
and disease
Freedom to express normal
behavior
Freedom from fear and distress
Pain - reducing the number of trips to
the feed bunk, time spent eating
Environmental discomfort - aspects
of housing, lying area design,
temperature, ventilation, light
Welfare concern – prevention, rapid
diagnosis and treatment of pain
Natural behaviors - altering lying
time, social interaction, estrus
intensity, rumination behavior
Process of examination and
treatment – separation increases
cortisol
(Helen et al., 2017)
Importance

9. Prevalence
9
(Langova et al.,2020)

10. Prevalence cont..
10
(Langova et al.,2020)

11. 11
(Parmer et al., 2014)
Prevalence cont..
26.18
19.78
14.58
39.4
31.56
11.22
90.21
20.87
10.64
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BREED FLOOR FEEDING OF CONCENTRATES
North Gujrat

12. 12
H. F. Cross
Jersey cross
Amrut mahal
Hallikar cross
Murrah cross
Surti cross
Non-descriptive
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1
2
(Sindhu et al., 2018)
Prevalence cont..
Gadag District

13. Prevalence cont..
13
Incidence of Hoof lesions
(Sindhu et al., 2018)
Gadag District

14. 14
33.33
26.68
14.91
28.07
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Lateral Claw Medial Claw Lateral Claw Medial Claw
57.01 42.9
Hind Limb Fore limb
INCIDENCE
(Parmer et al., 2014) – 90% of lameness - Hoof affections
Incidence

15. 15
Anatomy of Bovine Hoof
ahdb.org.uk
Coronary band
Laminar corium
Wall horn
White line
Sole corium
Pedal bone
Flexor tendon
Digital cushion
Sole horn
10 Heel

16. 16
(Shearer., 2015)
Anatomy of Bovine Hoof cont..

17. Biomechanics of weight bearing
17
The weightbearing surfaces of the
foot, indicated by shaded areas. As the cow changes its weight from one foot to
the other, there is a much greater variation in the
weight taken on the outer claw than the variation
in the weightbearing of the inner claw.
(Blowey, 1998)

18. Classification of Lameness
18
Etiology
Infectious Non Infectious
Systemic Diseases Localised Infection
Over grown claws
Sole haemorrhages
Sole ulcers
Toe ulcers
White Line Disease
Interdigital Hyperplacia
Digital Dermatitis
Interdigital Dermatitis
Foot Rot
Heel horn erosion
Foot and Mouth Disease
Clostridial diseases
Bovine ephemeral fever
Rabies, Brucellosis ,Tuberculosis
(Refaai et al., 2013)

19. 19 Systemic infections causing lameness in cattle
 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
 Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
 Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)
 Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
 Brucellosis
 Tuberculosis
Erosions and ulcerations of the digital
and interdigital skin
Bursitis, polyarthritis and
tenosynovitis
Osteomyelitis with
articular involvement
(Refaai et al., 2013)

20. 20
 Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF)
 Rabies
 Clostridial diseases - Tetanus
- Black Quarter
- Botulism
 Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Edematous swelling of the limbs
Systemic infections causing lameness in cattle
(Refaai et al., 2013)

21. 21 1) DIGITAL DERMATITIS / DD
 Treponema Spp.
 Bacteroides melaninogenicus,
 Campylobacter jejuni,
 Actinomycetes
2) FOOT ROT/ INTERDIGITAL PHLEGMON
 Fusobacterium necrophorum
 Prevotella melaninogenica,
 Porphyromonas asaccharolytica,
 Porphyromonas levii
3) INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS
 F. necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus,
 Treponema Spp.
4) HEEL HORN EROSIONS
 Dichelobacter nodosus
Infectious cause of Hoof affections
(Anees, 2019)

22. 22
Non-infectious cause of Hoof affections
 Corkscrew claw
 Double sole
 Overgrown hoof
 Axial wall fissure
 Horizontal horn fissure
 Vertical horn fissure
 Inter-digital hyperplasia
 Scissor claws
 Sole haemorrhage
 Sole ulcer
 Bulb ulcer

23. 23
Non-infectious cause of Hoof affections cont..
 Toe ulcer
 Toe necrosis
Involvement of bone tissue
Prognosis is poor
 Thin sole/ Rubber sole
 White line fissure
 White line haemorrhage
 Foreign body penetration in sole
 Coronary Abscess
 Sole abscess
 Sole ulcer with maggots

24. Digital dermatitis (DD)
Mortellaro Disease /Digital Wart/ Interdigital Pappilomatosis/ Strawberry Foot/ Hairy heel wart
 First recorded
 in Italy by Cheli and Mortellaro (1974)
 Later spread through many parts of the world – Emerging Disease
24
(Palmer et al., 2015)
 characterized by
 highly painful
 erosive
 ulcerative or proliferative
and
 wart-like papillary growths
 Lesions appear as
 circular or oval,
 moist,
 strawberry-like structures, clearly
demarcated by borders with longer
hair growing around the lesion

25. Etiology- Treponema spp.
 Treponemes are spirochete bacteria- helically coiled
 6 to 15 μm long and 0.1 to 0.2 μm wide.
 Historically associated with DD lameness
 Extremely difficult to cultivate in a laboratory setting,
prohibiting the isolation and confirmation of this
pathogen.
 The identification of Treponeme species via PCR
methods varies at the different stages of DD lesion
development
25
biologydictionary.net
 Six Groups : T. denticola, T. maltophilum, T. medium, T. putidum, T. phagedenis, and T.
paraluiscuniculi
 Other types of bacteria - Borrelia burgdorferi , Bacteroides and Mycoplasma species,
Campylobacter species and Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus
 Treponemes are spirochete bacteria- helically coiled
 6 to 15 μm long and 0.1 to 0.2 μm wide.
 Historically associated with DD lameness
 Extremely difficult to cultivate in a laboratory setting,
prohibiting the isolation and confirmation of this
pathogen.
 The identification of Treponeme species via PCR
methods varies at the different stages of DD lesion
development

26. Dermatitis - One disease complex
 DD and IDD - common histopathologic features
- isolated similar spirochetes
- identical treatment protocols
 According to Somers et al., (2003) the erosion of the heel horn developed as a secondary
complication to IDD
 Considered Interdigital dermatitis IDD and Heel horn erosion HHE different names for the
same disease and therefore proposed to name them as one disease complex:
Interdigital dermatitis heel horn erosion (IDHE)
26
(Walker et al., 1995)

27. 27
DD - A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE
Risk factor at animal
level
Increase in incidence of DD Decrease in incidence of DD
1 Parity Primiparous animals
(Environmental and metabolic stress)
Second lactation cows
Later lactation
2 Stage of lactation Cows in Peripartum period, 1st month and peak
lactation (Metabolic stress, Increase in
concentrate feeding, liquid feces)
Cows in dry period
(Roughage feeding, dry feces)
3 Breed Holstein Friesian cows Dual purpose breeds and Indian native
breeds
(Palmer et al.,2015)

28. 28
Risk factor at individual animal
level
Individual factors/ Genetics
Increase in incidence of DD Decrease in incidence of DD
1 Morphology Hoof
conformation
Lower heel heights
Narrow interdigital spaces
(increase in anaerobic condition)
Higher heel heights
(contact between heel and
slurry)
Skin and hair
follicles
Increase in number of hair follicles per unit area Thick stratum corneum
2 Behaviour and
Temperament
Walking and standing in passage ways
Standing half in cubicles
Contact with infected and reservoir cows
Conflict with other animals
Cuts and abrasions
---
3 Immunity Poor innate immunity
Heifers reinfection after calving
Increased immunity to
Proliferative type of lesions
DD - A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE Cont..
(Palmer et al.,2015)

29. 29
Risk factor at the
herd/farm level
Increase in incidence of DD Decrease in incidence of DD
1 Housing Intensive farming/Confinement
Cubicles (Solid floors with Grooved concrete)
Small Cubicles
Increased moisture and poor ventillation
Pastures
Straw yards
Wide cubicles
Clean Environment
2 Biosecurity Buying replacement heifers- Contagious
Professional hoof trimmers with Uncleaned
trimming equipments(Treponemes Spp)
Regular hoof trimming
(Identification of lesions,improve
conformation of hoof)
3 Managemental practices Increase in herd size Heifers housed with lactating cows
Long before calving(heifers adopt to
environment)
4 Diet and nutrition Increased concentrate feeding after parturition
(Increased metabolic stress)
Dietary supplements(Trace minerals-
Increase immunity)
DD - A MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE Cont..
(Palmer et al.,2015)

30. Pathogenesis of Digital Dermatitis
30
Nutrition
Increase concentrate
feeding
Fat cow syndrome Adipocytes
Cytokines
TNF-α, Leptin
Adiponectin
Insulin
resistance
Negative
energy balance
Loss of body
condition
Increase in
Plasma NEFA
Metabolic
Imbalance
Increase in pro
inflammatory cytokines
TNF-α, IL-1,Il-6
Impaired immune function
Lameness
Laminitis
Overwhelming inflammatory
reaction
Infection with DD
Change in gene expression
Transcription of IL-8
Hyperplacia ,Thicking of
epidermis
Keratinocyte proliferation
(Scholey et al., 2013) (Refaai et al., 2013)

31. Macroscopical findings
 Proliferation of single or multiple cauliflower-like masses
 Necrotic, ulcerative, and hemorrhagic areas
 Cells increased excessively in the stratum spinosum layer,
finger-like extensions to the dermis.
31
(Arda et al., 2020)

32. Histopathology
32
(Arda et al., 2020)

33. Laminitis (Pododermatitis aseptica diffusa)
 An inflammation of the laminar corium of the hoof wall
 Predisposing cause of sole ulcers and WLD
 Primarily a degenerative rather than inflammatory process
 Coriosis – inflammatory and non inflammatory insult affecting the coronary, laminar & solar
corium
 Peripartum period
33
(Bergsten, 2014)

34. 34
Laminitis and Claw Horn Disruptions
Phase -1
Phase-2
Phase-3
Release of vasoactive
amines
Compression injury to
corium and digital cushion
Degeneration and
damage to the dermal
epidermal junction.
Impair blood flow to
the corium
Hemorrhage,
thrombosis, necrosis of
solar corium
Sinking and
downward displacement
of P3

35.  A sole ulcer is a circumscribed lesion located in the region of the sole/bulb junction
 The most important, prevalent, and costly of the non infectious lesions
 The incidence can go up to 40%
 Sole ulcers commonly affect one or both lateral hind claws, predominantly in heavy,
high-yielding dairy cattle kept under confined conditions
35
Sole ulcer (Pododermatitis Circumscripta)
(Shearer et al., 2017)

36. 36
Pathogenesis of Sole ulcer
Mechanical Physiological
Hard walking
surface
Biomechanics of
weight bearing
Calving
Horn overgrowth
lateral claw Relaxin hormone
P3 suspensory system failure
Compression of
solar corium
Alteration in blood flow
Ischemia, tissue hypoxia
Inturruption in horn
proliferation, growth
Thin sole toe
ulcer
Rate of wear >
Rate of growth
Sole ulcer / Heel ulcer
Full thickness horn defect
with protruded corium
(Shearer et al., 2017)

37. 37
(Blowey, 1998)

38. 38
Pathogenesis of Sole ulcer cont.. Enzymes
Physiological Pathological
Nutritional
Calving Ruminal acidosis Toxic Mastitis
Rotation of apex
of P3 Sinking of flexor
tuberocity
Stretching/ Breakdown
of P3 Suspensory
system
Non inflammatory
MMP-2
Hoofase
Endotoxin induced
Inflammatory
mediators,
Axial Rusterholtz sole ulcer
Heel ulcer
Toe ulcer
Altered blood
flow
Reduced oxygen
and nutrients
Poor quality
sole/thin sole
(Shearer et al., 2017)
(Tarlton et al., 2002)
MMP-9

39. 39
Pathogenesis of Sole ulcer cont..
Histological appearance of the laminated region
of the anterior hoof wall of hind lateral claw.
Corium (Co) stained red
Horn (Ho) stained yellow.
(a) maiden heifer,
(b) two weeks pre-calving,
(c) four weeks post-calving,
(d) twelve weeks post-calving.
(Tarlton et al., 2002)

40. Role of Digital cushion in pathogenesis of Sole ulcer
 Digital cushion composed primarily of fat which serve as a shock
absorbers in the heel
 In heifers - loose connective tissue and a small amount of fat
primarily in the form of saturated fatty acids
 In older cows -fat consisting mainly of monounsaturated fatty acids
- cushion softer, thus providing more shock absorption
 laminitis- sinking of P3 leads to damage replacement of the fat with
firmer connective
40
(Lischer, 2002)

41. 41
THE PATHOGENESIS OF WHITE LINE DISEASE cont..
Biomechanics of weight bearing
Abaxial surface strikes the floor
Weaker horn Cracks
Abscess
Hypostasis
Inflammation, swelling
of dermal lamina
(Claw horn capsule)
Metabolic Hormonal
Improper keratinisation
Disrupts blood flow
Calving
Nutrition
Stones/ organic matter get entrapped
Separation of white line
Colonisation of bacteria/fungi in vascular corium
Behaviour
Prolonged standing
Ischemia and tissue hypoxia
Separation of white line
Laminitis
Toe necrosis (Shearer et al., 2017)

42. Periosteal Reaction / Exostosis
 Untreated CHDL may be associated with
trauma to the osteoprogenitor cells of the
periosteum to the caudal aspect of the
distal phalanx causing multiplication and
differentiation of osteoblasts and
development of new bone
 Age of the animal
 Duration of lameness
42
(Newsome et al., 2016)

43. 43
(Newsome et al., 2016)
Pathogenesis of Exostosis

44. Diagnosis
 The use of the Manual locomotion scoring system (MLSS) is the gold standard for
identifying cases of lameness
Recent techniques –
 Automated locomotion scoring system (ALSS)- accelerometers, sensitive walkways
containing pressure sensors and image processing techniques
 Pressure nociceptive threshold method (PNT)
 Physiological parameters
 Biomarkers (cytokines and acute-phase protein haptoglobin)
 Expression of inflammatory genes
These novel approaches appear more sensitive and efficient at detecting lameness in cows
44

45. 45
Locomotion/Lameness scoring

46. 46
Locomotion/Lameness scoring

47. 47
Locomotion/Lameness scoring

48. Prevention
Foot bathing
 Prevention of infectious lameness is far better, cheaper and more successful than treatment
 Most commonly used formulations include formalin solution (5-10%) i.e. 3 to 5 litres of
commercial formalin added to 100 litres, zinc/copper sulphate and quaternary ammonium
compounds
Nutrition
 Avoiding sudden change of diet
 Gradual increasing the amount of concentrate during early lactation
 Providing good quality roughage (e.g. silage and hay)
 Feeding a well balanced mineral mixture with additional trace minerals especially zinc,
manganese, copper, cobalt and biotin
48

49. Prevention cont..
Flooring
 Concrete floor with hard, abrasive or slippery surfaces should be avoided
 A concrete floor with wooden float provides best surface
 A diamond pattern is the most recommended grooving pattern in the floor
 Softer and non slippery flooring materials like rubber is a good alternative
 Heifers and cows should be kept on straw yards or sand during the transition period
 Maintenance of hygienic condition with thorough cleaning and disinfection of the farm every
day is essential
49

50. Prevention cont..
Hoof trimming
 improve the claw shape and to prevent recurrence of lameness
 Once in every 6 months- Functional hoof trimming
Breeding
In future genetic selection for traits such as body conformation, leg conformation etc. should be taken
into consideration along with traits for quantity and quality of the milk, reproductive traits order to
reduce the susceptibility to foot disease
50

51. Treatment
51
 Hoof examination and trimming for diagnosis
 Severe non infectious- bandaging with copper sulphate
 Severe infectious- bandaging with tetracyclin powder
 Therapeutic hoof trimming + Hoof Block + NSAIDS
Block applied on
the healthy claw
Step 2 - Relieve weight
bearing from painful claw
Step 1 - Remove all necrotic
horn tissue
Bandaging

52. Treatment cont..
52
 Avoid use of oral antibiotic and NSAID
 Rumen buffers
 NSADIS (Flunixin meglumine/Ketoprofen)
 Antibiotics (streptopencillin/ceftiofur)
 Post trimming hoof dipping (5% formalin & copper sulphate,
tetracyclin 5%)
 Hoof care (HooCar spray)
hoof dipping

53. CONCLUSION
 Lack of awareness
 Negligent attitude of farmer
 Lack of proper diagnosis and treatment by
professionals
 Non availability hoof care instruments
Future perspectives
 Awarness to farmers
 Training for veterinarians
 Regular hoof trimming practice
53

54. 54
HAPPY COWS ARE HEALTHY COWS

55. References
55
Anees, R., 2019. Morphometric and radiographic evaluation and management of hoof affections in dairy
cattle. M.V.Sc. thesis, Kerala Veterinary, Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India.
Arda Selin Tunc., Soner Cagatay., Mehmet Saglam and Osman Kutsal., 2021.Pathomorphological findings of
Mortellaro disease in dairy cattle. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 68: 245-250.
Bergsten, C., 2003. Causes, risk factors, and prevention of laminitis and related claw lesions. Acta vet. scand.
Suppl. 98: 157-166.
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57. 57 Lischer, C.J., Ossent,P., Raber, M. and Geyer, H., 2002. Suspensory structures and supporting tissues of
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