Recent advancement in treatment of diabetes mellitus
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
21 likes•3,015 views
it includes recent advancement in treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in summarsed mannner.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Recent advancement in parkinson's disease
The document discusses recent advancements in Parkinson's disease. It provides an introduction to Parkinson's, including its symptoms and characteristics like dopamine neuron loss. It then outlines current drug treatments that act on the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, such as Levodopa. New drug treatments and surgical options like deep brain stimulation are also discussed. The document concludes by mentioning gene therapy and stem cell therapy as potential future treatment methods.
RECENT ADVANCES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
The document summarizes recent advances in understanding and treating Alzheimer's disease. It discusses both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for the disease. The major signs and symptoms include progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Alzheimer's is confirmed through neuronal plaques and tangles seen in the brain. Recent treatment strategies aim to reduce amyloid plaques through vaccines, antibodies, and inhibitors of beta- and gamma-secretase. Other approaches include tau phosphorylation inhibitors, therapies for mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinesterase inhibitors. Animal models continue to be important for studying the human APP, ApoE, and presenilin genes involved in Alzheimer's pathology.
Recent advances in parkinsonism
- The document discusses recent advances in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It describes several new drug treatments including safinamide, istradefylline, and duodopa. Safinamide and istradefylline are FDA-approved as adjunctive treatments for Parkinson's patients experiencing "off" episodes. Duodopa is indicated for motor fluctuations. The document also discusses non-pharmacological treatments like deep brain stimulation and potential future therapies including gene therapy and stem cell transplantation. Overall, the treatment of Parkinson's disease continues to evolve with new targets and pathways being explored through various clinical trials to improve symptom management beyond levodopa.
Recent advances in treatment of diabetics mellitus
This document discusses recent advances in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It outlines the evolution of diabetes management from the discovery of insulin in the 1920s to current drug therapies like GLP-1 analogs and DPP-4 inhibitors. Newer potential therapies mentioned include bile acid binders, amylin mimetics, and stem cell or gene-based interventions. The document also reviews insulin delivery devices and concludes that emerging therapies combined with conventional drugs and lifestyle changes can help address the growing challenge of diabetes worldwide.
Safety pharmacology studies
safety pharmacological technologies - classification - tier 1 and tier 2 studies - established techniques and parameters to assess
Role of Free Radicals in Etiopathology of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Rec...
In this ppt you will learn more about role and generation of free radicals in Neurodegenerative diseases and Aging.
Free radical-pharmacology
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells. The field of free radical pharmacology studies how free radicals influence health and disease, and how antioxidants may help reduce oxidative stress. Research suggests free radicals play a role in aging and diseases like cancer, while antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may help counter the effects of free radicals in the body.
Recent advances in the treatment of alzheimer's disease
Current treatment and the new drugs and targets in development. Pathogenesis of the disease. Useful for both undergrads and post graduates.
Recommended
Recent advancement in parkinson's disease
The document discusses recent advancements in Parkinson's disease. It provides an introduction to Parkinson's, including its symptoms and characteristics like dopamine neuron loss. It then outlines current drug treatments that act on the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, such as Levodopa. New drug treatments and surgical options like deep brain stimulation are also discussed. The document concludes by mentioning gene therapy and stem cell therapy as potential future treatment methods.
RECENT ADVANCES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
The document summarizes recent advances in understanding and treating Alzheimer's disease. It discusses both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for the disease. The major signs and symptoms include progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Alzheimer's is confirmed through neuronal plaques and tangles seen in the brain. Recent treatment strategies aim to reduce amyloid plaques through vaccines, antibodies, and inhibitors of beta- and gamma-secretase. Other approaches include tau phosphorylation inhibitors, therapies for mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinesterase inhibitors. Animal models continue to be important for studying the human APP, ApoE, and presenilin genes involved in Alzheimer's pathology.
Recent advances in parkinsonism
- The document discusses recent advances in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It describes several new drug treatments including safinamide, istradefylline, and duodopa. Safinamide and istradefylline are FDA-approved as adjunctive treatments for Parkinson's patients experiencing "off" episodes. Duodopa is indicated for motor fluctuations. The document also discusses non-pharmacological treatments like deep brain stimulation and potential future therapies including gene therapy and stem cell transplantation. Overall, the treatment of Parkinson's disease continues to evolve with new targets and pathways being explored through various clinical trials to improve symptom management beyond levodopa.
Recent advances in treatment of diabetics mellitus
This document discusses recent advances in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It outlines the evolution of diabetes management from the discovery of insulin in the 1920s to current drug therapies like GLP-1 analogs and DPP-4 inhibitors. Newer potential therapies mentioned include bile acid binders, amylin mimetics, and stem cell or gene-based interventions. The document also reviews insulin delivery devices and concludes that emerging therapies combined with conventional drugs and lifestyle changes can help address the growing challenge of diabetes worldwide.
Safety pharmacology studies
safety pharmacological technologies - classification - tier 1 and tier 2 studies - established techniques and parameters to assess
Role of Free Radicals in Etiopathology of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Rec...
In this ppt you will learn more about role and generation of free radicals in Neurodegenerative diseases and Aging.
Free radical-pharmacology
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells. The field of free radical pharmacology studies how free radicals influence health and disease, and how antioxidants may help reduce oxidative stress. Research suggests free radicals play a role in aging and diseases like cancer, while antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may help counter the effects of free radicals in the body.
Recent advances in the treatment of alzheimer's disease
Current treatment and the new drugs and targets in development. Pathogenesis of the disease. Useful for both undergrads and post graduates.
Cellular and Biochemical mediators of Inflammation and Immune.pptx
This document summarizes cellular and biochemical mediators of inflammation and immune response. It describes:
1) Cell-derived mediators including vasoactive amines, arachidonic acid metabolites, lysosomal components, platelets activating factors, and cytokines.
2) Plasma-derived mediators including the kinin system, clotting system, fibrinolytic system, and complement system.
3) The roles and actions of key mediators like histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, nitric oxide, complement proteins, and cytokines in modulating inflammation and immune response.
Aris G PHARMACOVIGILANCE AND VIGIFLOW
Aris G is a leading pharmacovigilance system that enables companies to reduce safety risks for drugs, devices, vaccines and combination products. It improves case processing workflows and integrates with other systems. Vigi Flow is an ICSR management system developed by UMC that allows entry, assessment, storage and transmission of safety reports in accordance with ICH E2B standards. Both systems provide features for adverse event reporting, but Vigi Flow is web-based while Aris G can be installed locally.
freeradicals pharmacology
Free radicals are unstable chemical species containing unpaired electrons that readily react with other molecules. They are produced through normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposures. An imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants leads to oxidative stress, where free radical chain reactions can damage proteins, lipids, DNA and other cellular components. This oxidative damage plays a role in many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Lipid peroxidation by free radicals generates malondialdehyde, a reactive compound that can cause toxic stress and form DNA and protein adducts contributing to mutagenesis.
Pharmacology of free radicals
A brief introduction about Pharmacology of free radicals, generation of free radicals, Antioxidants, Free radicals causing disorders such as cancer diabetes, neuro degenerative disorders such as Parkisonism's Disease
List of studies needed for IND submission
The document outlines the studies needed for an Investigational New Drug (IND) submission to the FDA. An IND application must contain information on animal pharmacology and toxicology studies, chemistry and manufacturing, and clinical protocols. It provides a flow chart showing the various preclinical studies required, including chemical and physical properties, biological studies, pharmacology, toxicology, and formulation studies. The goal of the preclinical studies is to generate data for the safety assessment of the new drug in humans.
Guidelines on adr reporting
This document provides guidelines for reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It outlines the essential information to include in an ADR report under five sections: (1) patient information including demographics, medical history, and test results; (2) suspected drugs and their details; (3) suspected ADR description, treatment, outcomes, and seriousness; (4) other medications; and (5) reporter information. For a valid report, the mandatory fields that must be included are patient initials, age, gender, reaction details, suspected drug name and dosage, seriousness, and outcomes as well as the reporter's name and date of reporting. Complete information is ideal but at minimum the mandatory fields should be reported.
Ind enabling studies.
This document discusses the requirements for an investigational new drug (IND) application. An IND is required to initiate clinical trials of an unapproved drug and must contain information on animal studies, manufacturing, and clinical trial protocols. The core battery of safety pharmacology studies evaluates effects on major organ systems like the cardiovascular, central nervous, and respiratory systems. These studies are designed to identify potential adverse effects and safety risks before human clinical trials.
Alternative methods to animal toxicity testing
This document presents information on alternative methods to animal toxicity testing. It discusses the need for alternatives due to the harms animals face in toxicity testing. The 3Rs principles of reduction, refinement and replacement are explained, which aim to minimize animal use and suffering. The validation process for new alternative methods through organizations like ECVAM is covered. Specific alternative methods mentioned include in vitro tests like the Ames test and HET-CAM test, in silico methods, and mathematical models. The HET-CAM test for eye irritation is described in more detail.
Safety pharmacology ppt
This document summarizes a seminar on safety pharmacology. It defines safety pharmacology and outlines the core battery of studies, which evaluate effects on the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It describes when safety pharmacology studies are needed at different stages of drug development and under various conditions. Guidelines for conducting the studies from organizations like ICH are also discussed.
industrial prespectives of IND
This document provides guidance on IND (Investigational New Drug) regulations for initial Phase 1 clinical trials. It clarifies that Phase 1 IND submissions require basic information to ensure safety rather than detailed development plans. For protocols, manufacturing information, and other sections, flexibility is allowed to adapt to early study results. The focus should be on safety aspects like monitoring and dose adjustments rather than predetermined experimental designs. This guidance aims to help sponsors provide sufficient information without being overly burdensome for early phase trials.
Toxicity Studies : Acute Eye Irritation, Dermal Irritation
Toxicity is the science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose detection or interpretation of result of toxicological analysis & treatment of poison.
Toxicity studies helps to avoid adverse effect and enhance the safety of drug.
This slide provides the information about toxicity screening on experimental animals.
Safety pharmacology
Safety pharmacology studies are conducted to help protect clinical trial participants and patients from potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals. The objectives are to adopt a rational approach in study design and conduct based on a drug's properties and intended uses. Safety pharmacology focuses on detecting undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of new drugs on physiological functions like the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Studies are generally conducted using relevant animal models or test systems to derive scientifically valid information. Results inform subsequent toxicology, kinetics and clinical studies.
Safety Pharmacology
Safety pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology with its aim to predict the potential clinical risk profile of new chemical entities (NCEs).
It has the ability to predict the potential off-target drug effects on major organ systems which are associated with exposure in the therapeutic range and above.
As an essential part of the spectrum of drug discovery and development, safety pharmacology studies are generally conducted to determine the relative drug effect on main organs, including respiratory system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system.Safety pharmacology is an essential part of the drug development process that aims to identify and predict adverse effects prior to clinical trials.
SP studies are described in the international conference on harmonization (ICH) S7A and S7B Guidelines.
test item characterization of regulatory of toxicological studies
This document provides guidance on characterizing test items used in regulatory toxicology studies conducted in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice principles. It discusses the expectations for characterizing test items regarding transportation, receipt, identification, labeling, sampling, handling, storage, and disposal. The level of characterization may vary depending on the test item, study objectives, and development stage. Characterization should confirm the test item's identity and suitability for the study. Living organisms and medical devices may require unique characterization information. The document aims to promote a consistent approach to test item characterization across studies.
Alternative methods to animal toxicity testing
Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific purpose in article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage
research into development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but which involves less animal”.
Alternative methods able to do:
Reduce Refine Replace
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
Needs for alternative methods
Because in laboratory animals may be:
Poisoned.
Deprived of food water and sleep.
Applied with skin and eye irritants.
Subjected to psychological stress.
Deliberately infected with the infected disease.
Invivo Carcinogenecity Studies
Invivo Carcinogenecity Studies
Introduction,Principle of the test,Description of method
Procedure
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
Genotoxicity studies according to oecd guildline.
This document provides information about genotoxicity studies and various genotoxicity testing methods. It discusses that genotoxicity tests identify compounds that cause genetic damage through DNA damage or interference with the cell cycle. The standard battery of genotoxicity tests includes the Ames test (bacterial reverse mutation assay), in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus assay, in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration assay, and in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, which detect various types of genetic damage. The document outlines the key principles, procedures, and reporting requirements for each of these standard genotoxicity assays.
PPT on Vigiflow, Argus-G and Aris For ADR Reporting
ADR reporting Tools Used In Clinical research and Pharmacovigilance
1 Vigiflow
2 Argus-G
3 Aris
Pharmacotherapy of asthma and copd
This document discusses the pathogenesis, classification, and treatment approaches for asthma and COPD. It describes how asthma involves airway inflammation causing bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. Treatment focuses on preventing allergen reactions, suppressing inflammation, and antagonizing mediators using bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and other drugs. COPD involves progressive emphysema and bronchiolar fibrosis causing irreversible airflow limitation. Cigarette smoking is the main cause.
Reproductive toxicology studies
This document outlines reproductive toxicity studies, including definitions, the reproductive system, and study designs. It discusses male and female reproductive toxicity studies, which involve dosing animals and examining effects on fertility, pregnancy/gestation, and offspring development. The three segments of female studies - fertility, teratogenicity, and pre/post-natal effects - are described. Guidelines like OECD 421 for screening tests are also mentioned. The overall goal is to predict effects of chemicals on human reproduction by assessing impacts in animal models.
Insulin22
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It allows the body to use and store carbohydrates from food. Without enough insulin, blood sugar levels rise and a person develops diabetes. There are different types of insulin that work in various timeframes to mimic the body's natural insulin release and keep blood sugar stable. Insulin is essential for diabetes treatment but requires careful dosing to avoid hypoglycemia from too much insulin or hyperglycemia from too little insulin. New delivery methods like insulin pens and pumps aim to more closely match a person's changing insulin needs.
5th unit anti- diabetic agents
The document discusses anti-diabetic agents and provides details about sulfonylureas. It describes the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas, which involves binding to sulfonylurea receptors on pancreatic beta cells and extrapancreatic cells to stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain. Tolbutamide is provided as an example sulfonylurea drug, with its structure, synthesis, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and therapeutic uses summarized.
More Related Content
What's hot
Cellular and Biochemical mediators of Inflammation and Immune.pptx
This document summarizes cellular and biochemical mediators of inflammation and immune response. It describes:
1) Cell-derived mediators including vasoactive amines, arachidonic acid metabolites, lysosomal components, platelets activating factors, and cytokines.
2) Plasma-derived mediators including the kinin system, clotting system, fibrinolytic system, and complement system.
3) The roles and actions of key mediators like histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, nitric oxide, complement proteins, and cytokines in modulating inflammation and immune response.
Aris G PHARMACOVIGILANCE AND VIGIFLOW
Aris G is a leading pharmacovigilance system that enables companies to reduce safety risks for drugs, devices, vaccines and combination products. It improves case processing workflows and integrates with other systems. Vigi Flow is an ICSR management system developed by UMC that allows entry, assessment, storage and transmission of safety reports in accordance with ICH E2B standards. Both systems provide features for adverse event reporting, but Vigi Flow is web-based while Aris G can be installed locally.
freeradicals pharmacology
Free radicals are unstable chemical species containing unpaired electrons that readily react with other molecules. They are produced through normal cellular metabolism and environmental exposures. An imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants leads to oxidative stress, where free radical chain reactions can damage proteins, lipids, DNA and other cellular components. This oxidative damage plays a role in many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Lipid peroxidation by free radicals generates malondialdehyde, a reactive compound that can cause toxic stress and form DNA and protein adducts contributing to mutagenesis.
Pharmacology of free radicals
A brief introduction about Pharmacology of free radicals, generation of free radicals, Antioxidants, Free radicals causing disorders such as cancer diabetes, neuro degenerative disorders such as Parkisonism's Disease
List of studies needed for IND submission
The document outlines the studies needed for an Investigational New Drug (IND) submission to the FDA. An IND application must contain information on animal pharmacology and toxicology studies, chemistry and manufacturing, and clinical protocols. It provides a flow chart showing the various preclinical studies required, including chemical and physical properties, biological studies, pharmacology, toxicology, and formulation studies. The goal of the preclinical studies is to generate data for the safety assessment of the new drug in humans.
Guidelines on adr reporting
This document provides guidelines for reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It outlines the essential information to include in an ADR report under five sections: (1) patient information including demographics, medical history, and test results; (2) suspected drugs and their details; (3) suspected ADR description, treatment, outcomes, and seriousness; (4) other medications; and (5) reporter information. For a valid report, the mandatory fields that must be included are patient initials, age, gender, reaction details, suspected drug name and dosage, seriousness, and outcomes as well as the reporter's name and date of reporting. Complete information is ideal but at minimum the mandatory fields should be reported.
Ind enabling studies.
This document discusses the requirements for an investigational new drug (IND) application. An IND is required to initiate clinical trials of an unapproved drug and must contain information on animal studies, manufacturing, and clinical trial protocols. The core battery of safety pharmacology studies evaluates effects on major organ systems like the cardiovascular, central nervous, and respiratory systems. These studies are designed to identify potential adverse effects and safety risks before human clinical trials.
Alternative methods to animal toxicity testing
This document presents information on alternative methods to animal toxicity testing. It discusses the need for alternatives due to the harms animals face in toxicity testing. The 3Rs principles of reduction, refinement and replacement are explained, which aim to minimize animal use and suffering. The validation process for new alternative methods through organizations like ECVAM is covered. Specific alternative methods mentioned include in vitro tests like the Ames test and HET-CAM test, in silico methods, and mathematical models. The HET-CAM test for eye irritation is described in more detail.
Safety pharmacology ppt
This document summarizes a seminar on safety pharmacology. It defines safety pharmacology and outlines the core battery of studies, which evaluate effects on the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It describes when safety pharmacology studies are needed at different stages of drug development and under various conditions. Guidelines for conducting the studies from organizations like ICH are also discussed.
industrial prespectives of IND
This document provides guidance on IND (Investigational New Drug) regulations for initial Phase 1 clinical trials. It clarifies that Phase 1 IND submissions require basic information to ensure safety rather than detailed development plans. For protocols, manufacturing information, and other sections, flexibility is allowed to adapt to early study results. The focus should be on safety aspects like monitoring and dose adjustments rather than predetermined experimental designs. This guidance aims to help sponsors provide sufficient information without being overly burdensome for early phase trials.
Toxicity Studies : Acute Eye Irritation, Dermal Irritation
Toxicity is the science dealing with properties, action, toxicity, fatal dose detection or interpretation of result of toxicological analysis & treatment of poison.
Toxicity studies helps to avoid adverse effect and enhance the safety of drug.
This slide provides the information about toxicity screening on experimental animals.
Safety pharmacology
Safety pharmacology studies are conducted to help protect clinical trial participants and patients from potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals. The objectives are to adopt a rational approach in study design and conduct based on a drug's properties and intended uses. Safety pharmacology focuses on detecting undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of new drugs on physiological functions like the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Studies are generally conducted using relevant animal models or test systems to derive scientifically valid information. Results inform subsequent toxicology, kinetics and clinical studies.
Safety Pharmacology
Safety pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology with its aim to predict the potential clinical risk profile of new chemical entities (NCEs).
It has the ability to predict the potential off-target drug effects on major organ systems which are associated with exposure in the therapeutic range and above.
As an essential part of the spectrum of drug discovery and development, safety pharmacology studies are generally conducted to determine the relative drug effect on main organs, including respiratory system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system.Safety pharmacology is an essential part of the drug development process that aims to identify and predict adverse effects prior to clinical trials.
SP studies are described in the international conference on harmonization (ICH) S7A and S7B Guidelines.
test item characterization of regulatory of toxicological studies
This document provides guidance on characterizing test items used in regulatory toxicology studies conducted in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice principles. It discusses the expectations for characterizing test items regarding transportation, receipt, identification, labeling, sampling, handling, storage, and disposal. The level of characterization may vary depending on the test item, study objectives, and development stage. Characterization should confirm the test item's identity and suitability for the study. Living organisms and medical devices may require unique characterization information. The document aims to promote a consistent approach to test item characterization across studies.
Alternative methods to animal toxicity testing
Alternative methods to animals testing are the development and implementation of test method that avoid use of live animals or use of less animals in method.
The council directive on protection of animals used for experiments and scientific purpose in article 23
“The commission and member states should encourage
research into development and validation of alternative methods which could provide the same level of information as that obtained in experiment using animals but which involves less animal”.
Alternative methods able to do:
Reduce Refine Replace
collectively called as “The 3Rs Principle”.
Needs for alternative methods
Because in laboratory animals may be:
Poisoned.
Deprived of food water and sleep.
Applied with skin and eye irritants.
Subjected to psychological stress.
Deliberately infected with the infected disease.
Invivo Carcinogenecity Studies
Invivo Carcinogenecity Studies
Introduction,Principle of the test,Description of method
Procedure
By
Ms. B. Mary Vishali
Department of Pharmacology
Genotoxicity studies according to oecd guildline.
This document provides information about genotoxicity studies and various genotoxicity testing methods. It discusses that genotoxicity tests identify compounds that cause genetic damage through DNA damage or interference with the cell cycle. The standard battery of genotoxicity tests includes the Ames test (bacterial reverse mutation assay), in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus assay, in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration assay, and in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, which detect various types of genetic damage. The document outlines the key principles, procedures, and reporting requirements for each of these standard genotoxicity assays.
PPT on Vigiflow, Argus-G and Aris For ADR Reporting
ADR reporting Tools Used In Clinical research and Pharmacovigilance
1 Vigiflow
2 Argus-G
3 Aris
Pharmacotherapy of asthma and copd
This document discusses the pathogenesis, classification, and treatment approaches for asthma and COPD. It describes how asthma involves airway inflammation causing bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. Treatment focuses on preventing allergen reactions, suppressing inflammation, and antagonizing mediators using bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and other drugs. COPD involves progressive emphysema and bronchiolar fibrosis causing irreversible airflow limitation. Cigarette smoking is the main cause.
Reproductive toxicology studies
This document outlines reproductive toxicity studies, including definitions, the reproductive system, and study designs. It discusses male and female reproductive toxicity studies, which involve dosing animals and examining effects on fertility, pregnancy/gestation, and offspring development. The three segments of female studies - fertility, teratogenicity, and pre/post-natal effects - are described. Guidelines like OECD 421 for screening tests are also mentioned. The overall goal is to predict effects of chemicals on human reproduction by assessing impacts in animal models.
What's hot (20)
Cellular and Biochemical mediators of Inflammation and Immune.pptx
Cellular and Biochemical mediators of Inflammation and Immune.pptx
Toxicity Studies : Acute Eye Irritation, Dermal Irritation
Toxicity Studies : Acute Eye Irritation, Dermal Irritation
test item characterization of regulatory of toxicological studies
test item characterization of regulatory of toxicological studies
PPT on Vigiflow, Argus-G and Aris For ADR Reporting
PPT on Vigiflow, Argus-G and Aris For ADR Reporting
Similar to Recent advancement in treatment of diabetes mellitus
Insulin22
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It allows the body to use and store carbohydrates from food. Without enough insulin, blood sugar levels rise and a person develops diabetes. There are different types of insulin that work in various timeframes to mimic the body's natural insulin release and keep blood sugar stable. Insulin is essential for diabetes treatment but requires careful dosing to avoid hypoglycemia from too much insulin or hyperglycemia from too little insulin. New delivery methods like insulin pens and pumps aim to more closely match a person's changing insulin needs.
5th unit anti- diabetic agents
The document discusses anti-diabetic agents and provides details about sulfonylureas. It describes the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas, which involves binding to sulfonylurea receptors on pancreatic beta cells and extrapancreatic cells to stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Adverse effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain. Tolbutamide is provided as an example sulfonylurea drug, with its structure, synthesis, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and therapeutic uses summarized.
Antidiabetic Drugs
This document summarizes different types of drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It discusses insulin, the main types of which include rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It also discusses oral hypoglycemic drugs that help control blood sugar levels, including sulfonylureas that stimulate insulin secretion, biguanides that overcome insulin resistance, and others such as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. New drug classes are also mentioned, like GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors that enhance the body's own insulin response after meals. The document provides details on the mechanisms and examples of specific drugs within each class.
Insulin recent updates final
1) Insulin is the key hormone in regulating blood sugar levels and was first discovered in 1921.
2) There are different types of insulin including human, porcine, and bovine insulins as well as fast-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting insulin analogues.
3) Insulin is now primarily produced through recombinant DNA technology allowing for the mass production of human insulin to treat diabetes.
Insulin 1
Before the discovery of insulin in 1921, people with type 1 diabetes died within weeks to years of disease onset. In the early 1900s, attempts were made to treat diabetes with pancreatic extracts with temporary success. In 1921-1922, Banting, Best, Macleod, and Collip discovered insulin by extracting it from pancreatic islets, and tested it successfully on the first patient Leonard Thompson. Insulin production began commercially in 1922 and significantly increased life expectancy for people with diabetes from average ages of 11-34 years before insulin to 45-65 years by the 1940s.
Pp insulin
This presentation discusses pathophysiology and pharmacology of Diabetes mellitus with reference to use of Insulin.
Insulin analogues ppt
This document discusses insulin analogues, which are genetically engineered versions of human insulin that have altered pharmacokinetic properties. It describes the classification of insulin analogues as either short-acting like lispro, aspart, and glulisine, or long-acting like glargine, detemir, and degludec. Insulin analogues were developed to overcome limitations of standard insulins like regular and NPH insulins in order to better mimic the body's natural insulin secretion and reduce risks of hypoglycemia. While analogues provide benefits like improved glucose control and flexibility, their higher cost is a drawback.
Insulin and Oral Hypoglycemics
Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is a disorder involving resistance to secreted insulin. Type 1 diabetes involves a lack of insulin and requires insulin for treatment. There are now four classes of hypoglycemic drugs:
HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.pptx
The document discusses various classes of hypoglycemic agents (drugs used to treat diabetes) including their classification, structure, uses, formulations, and brand names. It covers insulin and its preparations, as well as common oral hypoglycemic drugs like metformin, glibenclamide, glimepiride, pioglitazone, repaglinide, gliflozins, and gliptins. Diabetes is defined as persistent hyperglycemia that is divided into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes based on etiology and treatment approach. The mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and formulations of different classes of antidiabetic drugs are summarized.
Aaditya Recent Advances in Diabetes Mellitus
Some of the recent advances in diabetes mellitus including newer insulin preparations and other oral hypoglycaemic agents.
Insulin 2020
This document provides information about insulin, including:
1) It describes the structure of insulin as a 51 amino acid polypeptide made of an A-chain and B-chain, held together by disulfide bonds.
2) It explains that insulin secretion is regulated by both chemical and hormonal/neural mechanisms in response to glucose levels, including the roles of glucokinase and ATP-sensitive potassium channels.
3) It lists the different types of insulin preparations available, including regular insulin, NPH insulin, and rapid-acting insulin analogues like insulin lispro, aspart, and glulisine, as well as the long-acting insulin glargine and detemir.
Diabetes mellitus (basics)
Made for a pharmacology presentation. includes case history, basic pathophysiology, treatment aproaches
DM Drugs
- Insulin is used to treat diabetes by replicating the body's natural insulin secretion. Various insulin preparations have different onset and duration of action. Oral antidiabetic drugs include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 analogs, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors which lower blood glucose through different mechanisms such as stimulating insulin secretion or increasing insulin sensitivity. Choice of treatment depends on the type of diabetes, severity of hyperglycemia, and individual patient factors. All drugs have potential adverse effects like hypoglycemia that require monitoring.
Insulin
This ppt highlights the discussion pertaining to the drugs acting on endocrine system. This include the discussions on insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents and glucagon. This is based according to Vth semester syllabus.
Insulin
The document summarizes key information about insulin, including its discovery in 1921 and structure. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that is produced in the pancreas and regulates blood glucose levels. It has a short half-life and is degraded in the liver and kidneys. The document also discusses the different types of diabetes, long term complications, treatment approaches including various insulin preparations, the mechanism of insulin's action, and factors that influence insulin secretion and degradation.
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY SEMINAR on potential anti-diabetic herbal drugs
This document discusses diabetes and herbal treatments for it. It begins by defining diabetes as a metabolic disorder caused by pancreatic beta cell dysfunction leading to insulin deficiency or resistance. It describes the two main types and their characteristics. Several herbal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes are then discussed in more detail, including their parts used, active chemical constituents, mechanisms of action, and other medicinal properties. These include Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Allium sativum, Ocimum sanctum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Tinospora cordifolia.
Oral hypoglycemic agents
This document discusses the management of type 2 diabetes. It outlines lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and weight loss that can help control blood glucose levels. It also discusses various classes of diabetic medications, including their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and examples of drugs in each class. The goal of treatment is to achieve adequate glycemic control while preventing complications through a stepped care approach involving lifestyle changes and gradual escalation of medications if needed.
Insulin & Oh Gs(10 13)
The document discusses insulin, its biosynthesis and secretion, types of insulin preparations, and management of diabetes. It covers:
1) How insulin is synthesized and secreted in the pancreas and the three products - proinsulin, C-peptide, and insulin.
2) Factors that stimulate and inhibit insulin secretion.
3) Different types of insulin preparations including short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting, and premixed insulins.
4) Treatment of diabetes including insulin therapy, oral hypoglycemic agents, monitoring of blood glucose and HbA1c levels.
Anti-Diabetic Drugs ppt.pptx
Diabetes mellitus (DM):- It is a metabolicdisorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or ≥ 200 mg/dl 2 hours after 75 g oral glucose),glycosuria, hyperlipidaemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia.
Diabetes mellitus, one of the major public health problems worldwide, is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies distinguished by a failure of glucose homeostasis with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism as a result of defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin action.
According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) report, elevated blood glucose is the third uppermost risk factor for premature mortality, following high blood pressure and tobacco use globally
Cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy are among the major risks that are associated with diabetes.
These chronic complications may lead to hardening and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis) that could advance to stroke, coronary heart disease, and other blood vessel diseases, nerve damage, kidney failure, and blindness with time
Two major types of diabetes mellitus are
1. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) / juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
2. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) / maturity onset diabetes mellitus
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) / juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
There is β cell destruction in pancreatic islets; majority of cases are autoimmune (type 1A) antibodies that destroy β cells are detectable in blood, but some are idiopathic (type 1B)-no βcell antibody is found.
2.Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) / maturity onset diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent metabolic disease worldwide.
There is no loss or moderate reduction in β cell mass: insulin in circulation is low. normal or even high. no anti-β -cell antibody is demonstrable: has a high degree of genetic predisposition: generally has a late onset (past middle age). Over 90% cases of diabetes are type 2 DM
Abnormality in gluco-receptor of β cells so that they respond at higher glucose concentration or relative β cell deficiency. In either way. insulin secretion is impaired: may progress to β cells failure.
Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin: reduction in number of insulin receptors, “down regulation” of insulin receptors.
Insulin history:
Insulin was discovered in 1921 by Banting and Best who demonstrated the hypoglycaemic action of an extract of pancreas prepared after degeneration of the exocrine part due to ligation of pancreatic duct.
It was first obtained in pure crystalline form in 1926 and the chemical structure was fully worked out in 1956 by Sanger.
Insulin is a two chain polypeptide having 51 amino acids and MW about 6000.
The A-chain has 21 while B-chain has 30 amino acids.
Insulin is synthesized in the β cells of pancreatic islets as a single chain peptide Preproinsulin (110 AA) from whic
Burn of children and nursing care aspect
For education purpose
Awarness
Uhsuiwiejbshiwhsujsh
Hejwiisusuwiiwbe
Hahjwushwjus
Hauueuehhsieue
Similar to Recent advancement in treatment of diabetes mellitus (20)
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY SEMINAR on potential anti-diabetic herbal drugs
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY SEMINAR on potential anti-diabetic herbal drugs
Recently uploaded
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
What is Obesity? How to overcome Obesity?
Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health.
KENT'S REPERTORY by dr niranjan mohanty.pptx
its a presentation on Dr kents Repertory by Dr niranjan Mohanty
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Skin Diseases That Happen During Summer.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...ayushrajshrivastava7
Regulatory Affairs
Full hand written notes
M.pharm - 1st year .Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
What are the different types of Dental implants.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Recently uploaded (20)
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
Call Girls In Mumbai +91-7426014248 High Profile Call Girl Mumbai
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Recent advancement in treatment of diabetes mellitus
- 1. SUBMITTED BY : BUNTI SINGHAL M.PHARMACY (PH.COLOGY) INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY
- 2. Chronic metabolic disorder characterised by persistent high blood glucose concentration. Cause: insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Types: 1. DM Type1:Juvenile onset (insulin dependent) 2. DM Type2:tissue insensitivity. S Y M P T O M S
- 3. 1.NON PHARMACOLOGICAL Weight loss Regular physical activity Lifestyle changes 2.INSULIN Rapid acting- lispro, aspart Short acting- regular Intermediate acting- NPH, lente Long acting- ultra lente, protamine zinc
- 4. 3.ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS Insulin secretagogeous : a. Sulphonyl urea: tolbutamide, clibenclamide b. Meglitinide: rapeglinide, nateglinide Insulin sensitizers : a. Biguanides : metformin, phenformin b. TZDs(PPAR) : rosiglitazone, pioglitazone alpha glucosidase inhibitors : acarbose, miglitol, voglibose
- 5. Insulin discovered in 1922 by Banting and Best. Abel isolated in crystalline state. Secreted by beta cells of pancreas. Polypeptide consist of 2 peptide chain connected by two disulphide bridges. WHY NEWER INSULIN ? -Lipodystrophy -Insulin allergy -Antibody related resistance -hypoglycemia
- 7. DETEMIR DEGLUDEC Available as LEVEMIR FLEXPEN® Hypoglycemia less frequent Less nocturnal hypoglucemia Less or minimal weight gain T1/2 25TO 40 hrs Administered any time of day Can be mixed with other insulin Effect at physiological ph. 1.LONG ACTING INSULIN ANALOGUE: 2.HEXYL-INSULIN MONOCONJUGATE-2(HIM-2) Modified oral human insulin. Enhance stability, resistant to intestinal degradation. Absorbed from GIT directly into portal circulation.
- 8. 3.ORAL INSULIN SPRAY FORMULATION Oral-lyn™ Faster onset & short duration 4.INHALATIONAL INSULIN Available in powder form Absorption from lungs EXUBERA AFREZZA
- 9. 5.NEWER INSULIN DELIVERY SYSTEM i. INSULIN PUMP:Continuous SC insulin infusion (CSII) ii. PEN DEVICES INSULIN PUMP INSULIN PEN
- 10. WHY NEWER DRUGS ? • Adverse effect profile: -unacceptable weight gain -abdominal distention & flatulence with acarbose. • Basic pathology is left unaltered. -no strategy available to protect beta cells
- 11. NEWER DRUGS 1.Newer Insulins 2.Incretin-based therapy: GLP-1 analogues: Exenatide, Liraglutide DPP 4 inhibitors: Sitagliptin, Vidagliptin 3.Amylin analogue: Pramlintide 4.Dual PPAR agonists: Aleglitazar, Muraglitazar, Tesaglitazar 5.SGLT2 inhibitors: Dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin 6.Others: Bromocriptine
- 12. 1.Incretin-based therapy: GIT HORMONE GLP1 ANALOGUE DPP4 INHIBITORS • Insulin secretion • Glucose uptake • Gastric emptying • Glucose production • e.g.exenatide, liraglutide • Level of GLP1 & GIP • e.g.sitagliptin, vildagliptin
- 13. 2.AMYLIN ANALOGUE: amylin is secreted from beta cells.(PRAMLINTIDE) 3.DUAL PPAR AGONIST: Aleglitazar, Muraglitazar, Tesaglitazar • Supress glucagon production • Reduce hepatic glucose production • Delay gastric emptying PPAR ALPHA PPAR GAMA (LIVER, VASCULAR WALL) • Inc. circulating HDL • Reduce triglycerides (FAT, MUSCLE) • Modulate glucose metabolism.
- 14. 4.SGLT2 INHIBITORS: DAPAGLIFLOZIN, CANAGLIFLOZIN,EMPAGLIFLOZIN. • Express in proximal tubule of kidney • Inhibition of glucose reabsorption.
- 15. INDIA