This document discusses the literary movements of Realism, Regionalism, and Naturalism in late 19th century American literature. It provides context around the Romantic period that preceded these movements. Realism focused on accurately portraying ordinary life through careful observation. Regionalism represented specific geographic areas through local dialects, customs, and folkways. Naturalism extended Realism by emphasizing human behavior as influenced by instinct and environment beyond individual control. The document lists prominent American authors from each movement, including Mark Twain, Edith Wharton, Kate Chopin, Jack London, and Ambrose Bierce.
This will help students out there understand American Literary periods better. I created for our reporting in our LIT 201 class. I am a student from Central Philippine University. Aspiring to be a teacher someday.
This will help students out there understand American Literary periods better. I created for our reporting in our LIT 201 class. I am a student from Central Philippine University. Aspiring to be a teacher someday.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
X-bar theory was incorporated into both transformational and nontransformational theories of syntax, including government and binding theory (GB), generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), lexical-functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).[9] Although recent work in the minimalist program has largely abandoned X-bar schemata in favor of bare phrase structure approaches, the theory's central assumptions are still valid in different forms and terms in many theories of minimalist syntax.
1. Realism
Regionalism
Naturalism
Edith Wharton
Kate Chopin
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Mary E. Wilkins Freeman
Ambrose Bierce
Bret Harte
Jack London
Mark Twain
2. Remember the Romantics?
1828-1865
Included Transcendentalists and
Anti-Transcendentalists
Included Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman,
Hawthorne, and Poe
Believed in the individual, emphasized the
imagination, emotions, and creativity, etc.
Now, on the Realists…
3. Edith Wharton
a good transition from Romanticism to
Realism & Regionalism
Ethan Frome shows harsh realities of life in
a small town in the East
Ethan is a Transcendentalist (in some
ways) who is affected by harsh realities of
life
5. Realism
any effort to offer an accurate and
detailed portrayal of actual life
based on careful observation of
life (often focused on middle &
lower classes)
6. What does Realism mean?
“Letfiction cease to lie about life; let it
portray men and women as they really are.”
“Realism is nothing more and nothing less
than the truthful treatment of material.”
--William Dean Howells
(1837 –1920)
American realist author and literary critic
7. Realism
Finds the drama and tension
beneath the ordinary surface
of life
Believed that humanity’s
freedom of choice is limited
by the power of outside
forces
8. Realism
Realist authors are more descriptive than
symbolic.
Readers were attracted to the realists
because they saw their own struggles in
print. They also had little patience for the
slow-paced narratives, allegory, and
symbolism of the Romantics writers (can
you relate?).
Realists’ writing was often regional.
10. Regionalism
Because America was leaping
into a new modern age with the
industrial revolution
(standardization, mass
production of goods, etc.),
people feared that local folkways
and traditions would soon be
forgotten.
11. Connection: Realism &
Regionalism
Responding to these sentiments,
realistic writers set their stories
in specific American regions,
rushing to capture the “local
color” before it was lost.
Regionalism grew out of Realism
12. Local Color
Captures the special atmosphere of the
area and its people
Often contains regional dialects, well-
known places, customs, etc. of a
particular area
Because of lack of communication and
transportation, it shows how people lived
in other parts of the country
13. Naturalists
1900-1914
Extension of Realism
A reaction against the emphasis on the
“ordinary” lives realist writers portrayed
Naturalist writers insisted that the
extraordinary is real, too.
14. Naturalism
offshoot of Realism; sought to
describe people and events
realistically; emphasizes how
instinct and environment
influence human behavior; the
fate of humans is beyond
individual control
16. Naturalists
Were Darwinists—they believed that
individuals have no choice in life because
a person’s life is dictated by heredity and
the external environment
We inherit compulsive instincts such as
hunger, the drive to accumulate
possessions, and sexuality; and then we
are subject to the social and economic
forces in the family, class and
surroundings into which we were born.
17. In other words, people are
caught within the forces of
nature or society that are
beyond their
understanding or control
18. Naturalism
Facts-only approach (avoids idealistic
solutions to problems)
“Brutal Realism”
The protagonist, a pawn to multiple
compulsions, usually disintegrates, or is
wiped out, by the end of the story.
Aimed at bettering the world through
social reform (bringing a situation to the
eyes of the public so as to improve it)
19. Realism- any effort to offer and accurate and
detailed portrayal of actual life based on
careful observation of life (often focused on
middle & lower classes)
Regionalism- accurately represents the
speech, manners, habits, history, folklore,
and beliefs of people in specific geographic
areas
Naturalism- offshoot of Realism; sought to
describe people and events realistically;
emphasizes how instinct and environment
influence human behavior
20. Genre American Perceived Presents Freedom
the life of
Author (s) individual as… choice?
as…
Transcendentalists R. W. Emerson A god We would Do whatever
R H.D. Thoreau have it pleases
O Walt Whitman be, want you –
M it to be limitless
A possibilities
N
T
Dark Romantics Nathaniel Hawthorne Filled with the Potentially Choice
I
Edgar Allan Poe potential dark possible,
C
for sin but tends
S
to the
dark side
Realists/Regionalists Edith Wharton Simply a As it really is Choices are
R Mark Twain person limited by
Charlotte Perkins Gilman outside
E Mary Wilkins Freeman forces
A Ambrose Bierce (class,
L race, etc.)
I Naturalists/Regionalists Kate Chopin A helpless Determined No choices –
S Jack London object only by we are
heredity pawns of
T and our
S environ- background
ment and
current
environ-
ment
27. Jack London
Northern California
London was the first American author to
make a million dollars from his writing.
He was also known to drink a quart of
whiskey/day, which caused him to have
numerous accidents, including once
falling off of a pier into the San
Francisco Bay.