Statistics indicate that most road accidents occur due to a lack of time to react to instant traffic. This problem can be addressed with self-driving vehicles with the application of automated systems to detect such traffic events. The Autonomous Vehicle Navigation System (ATS) has been a standard in the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and many Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) have been adopted to support these Advanced Autonomous Vehicles (IAVs). To develop these recognition systems for automated self-driving cars, it's important to monitor and operate in real-time traffic events. It requires the correct detection and response of traffic event an automated vehicle. In this paper proposed to develop such a system by applying image recognition to detect and respond to a road blocker by means of real-time distance measurement. To study the performance by measuring accuracy and precision of road blocker detection system and distance calculation, various experiments were conducted by using Shalom frame dataset and detection accuracy, precision of 99%, 100%, while distance calculation 97%, 99% has been achieved by this approach.
Smart and efficient system for the detection of wrong cars parkingjournalBEEI
This paper presents a smart and efficient car-parking detection system. The proposed system is comprised of two cameras connected to a mobile system that is devised with Arduino, four DC motors, and PIR sensor placed strategically to monitor parking space, especially within its painted rectangular lines of each parking lot. The mobile monitoring system is automatically responsive to any move they detected as vehicles within the parking space along the rows of parking lots. Once detected, the captured images are processed using the MATLAB software. Any improperly parked cars detected, the cameras will identify their plate numbers, and snap and record it in a database. The designed prototype of the proposed system was tested in five presumed cases. In each case, ten images were processed, thus 50 images were eventually obtained. Out of the 50 images, 48 images corresponded to correct detection whereas the other two images corresponded to wrong detection. Accordingly, the efficiency rate of the proposed smart car-parking monitoring system is 96%. This system offers suitable solution in assisting drivers to park properly within each parking lot and owners of parking area to keep it organized via remote monitoring system.
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
With increasing vehicle size in the luxury segment and crunching parking space, traffic congestion is increasingly becoming an alarming concern in almost all major cities around the world. Burning about a million barrels of the world’s oil every day, and considering cities are turning urban without a well-planned, convenience-driven retreat from the cars, these problems will only worsen.
Smart Parking systems is one of the latest disruptive technologies that help address this problem by generating real time contextual information about the available parking spaces particular geographical area to accommodate vehicles low-cost sensors, mobility-enabled automated payment systems, real-time data collection, Smart Parking systems is designed to aid drivers to precisely find a spot.
What’s more, Smart Parking also minimizes emissions from vehicle in urban centers when deployed as a system by decreasing the dependency of people; unnecessarily circling the blocks trying to identify parking space. Apart from this green cause, by employing a host of technologies such as M2M telematics, Smart Parking helps resolve one of the biggest problems when driving around in urban areas – which is illegal parking and identifying free parking space.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) can be defined as the application of advanced information and communications technology to surface transportation in order to achieve enhanced safety and mobility while reducing the environmental impact of transportation. The addition of wireless communications offers a powerful and transformative opportunity to establish transportation connectivity that further enables cooperative systems and dynamic data exchange using a broad range of advanced systems and technologies.
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
Online Accessable Traffic Control System for Urban Areas Using Embedded Syste...IJSRD
During recent years traffic congestion is become a serious problem in almost all cities. Due to the high density of traffic, pedestrians find it difficult to cross the road. Even though several advanced strategic plans are introduced to regulate the traffic but due to lack of provision for on- road pedestrian crossing, rate of accidents become very high. One such provision is given is elevated path for pedestrian to cross the road, but the elderly person finds it difficult to use that. Hence an idea is proposed to help the elderly people by giving provision for on- road pedestrian crossing in high density traffic areas like near schools, hospitals, markets, etc. which reduces the accidents rate also. To implement this, here an additional time delay is introduced in the traffic signal for pedestrian crossing in addition to vehicle crossing in all possible direction. Additionally, provision is given to track the vehicle which violates the traffic rules and to clear the traffic for emergency vehicles. All the above said three parameters can be simulated by using PROTEUS software.
Automated License Plate detection and Speed estimation of Vehicle Using Machi...ijtsrd
A well ordered traffic management system is required in all types of roads, such as off roads, highways, etc. There has been several laws and speed controlled measures are taken in all places with different perspectives. Also Speed limit may vary from road to road. So there are number of methods has been proposed using computer Vision and machine learning algorithms for object tracking. Here vehicles are recognized and detected from the videos that taken using surveillance camera. The aim is to identification of the vehicles and tracking using Haar Classifier, then determine the speed of the vehicle and Finally Detecting the License plate of the vehicle. Detecting the License plate and vehicle speed using machine learning is tough but beneficial task. For the past few years Convolution Neural Network CNN has been widely used in computer vision for vehicle detection and identification. Dlibs are used to track the multiple objects at the same time. P. Devi Mahalakshmi | Dr. M. Babu "Automated License Plate detection and Speed estimation of Vehicle Using Machine Learning - Haar Classifier Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33395.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/33395/automated-license-plate-detection-and-speed-estimation-of-vehicle-using-machine-learning--haar-classifier-algorithm/p-devi-mahalakshmi
Smart and efficient system for the detection of wrong cars parkingjournalBEEI
This paper presents a smart and efficient car-parking detection system. The proposed system is comprised of two cameras connected to a mobile system that is devised with Arduino, four DC motors, and PIR sensor placed strategically to monitor parking space, especially within its painted rectangular lines of each parking lot. The mobile monitoring system is automatically responsive to any move they detected as vehicles within the parking space along the rows of parking lots. Once detected, the captured images are processed using the MATLAB software. Any improperly parked cars detected, the cameras will identify their plate numbers, and snap and record it in a database. The designed prototype of the proposed system was tested in five presumed cases. In each case, ten images were processed, thus 50 images were eventually obtained. Out of the 50 images, 48 images corresponded to correct detection whereas the other two images corresponded to wrong detection. Accordingly, the efficiency rate of the proposed smart car-parking monitoring system is 96%. This system offers suitable solution in assisting drivers to park properly within each parking lot and owners of parking area to keep it organized via remote monitoring system.
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
With increasing vehicle size in the luxury segment and crunching parking space, traffic congestion is increasingly becoming an alarming concern in almost all major cities around the world. Burning about a million barrels of the world’s oil every day, and considering cities are turning urban without a well-planned, convenience-driven retreat from the cars, these problems will only worsen.
Smart Parking systems is one of the latest disruptive technologies that help address this problem by generating real time contextual information about the available parking spaces particular geographical area to accommodate vehicles low-cost sensors, mobility-enabled automated payment systems, real-time data collection, Smart Parking systems is designed to aid drivers to precisely find a spot.
What’s more, Smart Parking also minimizes emissions from vehicle in urban centers when deployed as a system by decreasing the dependency of people; unnecessarily circling the blocks trying to identify parking space. Apart from this green cause, by employing a host of technologies such as M2M telematics, Smart Parking helps resolve one of the biggest problems when driving around in urban areas – which is illegal parking and identifying free parking space.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) can be defined as the application of advanced information and communications technology to surface transportation in order to achieve enhanced safety and mobility while reducing the environmental impact of transportation. The addition of wireless communications offers a powerful and transformative opportunity to establish transportation connectivity that further enables cooperative systems and dynamic data exchange using a broad range of advanced systems and technologies.
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
Online Accessable Traffic Control System for Urban Areas Using Embedded Syste...IJSRD
During recent years traffic congestion is become a serious problem in almost all cities. Due to the high density of traffic, pedestrians find it difficult to cross the road. Even though several advanced strategic plans are introduced to regulate the traffic but due to lack of provision for on- road pedestrian crossing, rate of accidents become very high. One such provision is given is elevated path for pedestrian to cross the road, but the elderly person finds it difficult to use that. Hence an idea is proposed to help the elderly people by giving provision for on- road pedestrian crossing in high density traffic areas like near schools, hospitals, markets, etc. which reduces the accidents rate also. To implement this, here an additional time delay is introduced in the traffic signal for pedestrian crossing in addition to vehicle crossing in all possible direction. Additionally, provision is given to track the vehicle which violates the traffic rules and to clear the traffic for emergency vehicles. All the above said three parameters can be simulated by using PROTEUS software.
Automated License Plate detection and Speed estimation of Vehicle Using Machi...ijtsrd
A well ordered traffic management system is required in all types of roads, such as off roads, highways, etc. There has been several laws and speed controlled measures are taken in all places with different perspectives. Also Speed limit may vary from road to road. So there are number of methods has been proposed using computer Vision and machine learning algorithms for object tracking. Here vehicles are recognized and detected from the videos that taken using surveillance camera. The aim is to identification of the vehicles and tracking using Haar Classifier, then determine the speed of the vehicle and Finally Detecting the License plate of the vehicle. Detecting the License plate and vehicle speed using machine learning is tough but beneficial task. For the past few years Convolution Neural Network CNN has been widely used in computer vision for vehicle detection and identification. Dlibs are used to track the multiple objects at the same time. P. Devi Mahalakshmi | Dr. M. Babu "Automated License Plate detection and Speed estimation of Vehicle Using Machine Learning - Haar Classifier Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33395.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/33395/automated-license-plate-detection-and-speed-estimation-of-vehicle-using-machine-learning--haar-classifier-algorithm/p-devi-mahalakshmi
Smart Car Parking system using GSM Technologydbpublications
In this paper, we present PGS, a Parking Guidance System based on wireless sensor network(WSN) which guides a driver to an available parking lot. The system consists of a WSN based VDS (vehicle detection sub-system) and a management subsystem. The WSN based VDS gathers information on the availability of each parking lot and the management sub-system processes the information and refines them and guides the driver to the available parking lot by controlling a VMS (Variable Messaging System). The paper describes the overall system architecture of PGS from the hardware platform to the application software in the view point of a WSN. We implemented the WSN based VDS of PGS and experimented on the system with several kinds of cars.
(Paper) A Method for Pedestrian Position Estimation using Inter-Vehicle Comm...Naoki Shibata
Abstract—In this paper, we propose a method for detecting the positions of pedestrians by cooperation of multiple cars with directional antennas to support drivers for pedestrian safety. In the method, each pedestrian carries a device which periodically transmits a beacon with a unique ID, and each car passing near the pedestrian receives the beacon by a directional antenna and measures the distance and the angle of arrival.
We assume the distribution of the measurement errors to be a normal distribution, and the system calculates the existence probabilities of each pedestrian at each point. By exchanging information of the probabilities between cars, the area with high existence probability is narrowed down. In this paper, we first describe the situations where detecting positions of pedestrians
greatly contribute to pedestrian safety, and then we describe the probability model used in our method, the method for calculating existence probabilities from information from multiple cars, and the protocol for exchanging the probability information between cars. We evaluated our method on QualNet simulator, and
confirmed that the positions can be detected accurately enough for practical uses.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveller information to increase the safety and efficiency of the surface transportation systems.
These systems involve vehicles, drivers, passengers, road operators, and managers all interacting with each other and the environment, and linking with the complex infrastructure systems to improve the safety and capacity of road systems.
ITS is an emerging transportation system which is comprised of an advanced information and Telecommunications network for users, roads and vehicles.
Vehicle plate recognition is a successful image processing technique used to recognize vehicles' plate numbers. There are several applications for this method which enlarge through many fields and attention groups. Vehicle plate recognition may be considered as an advertising equipment, for the purpose of traffic and border securities for law enforcement, and travel. Many methods have been accompanied to make this technique easy. This learning proposes an edge-detection method to allow a Plate Recognition System of a vehicle through the practical situations like the various environmental or meteorological conditions. Image processing tools are used to examine the plate area, resize it, and change it on the way to a gray scale earlier to filtering of the image in order to remove the unwanted areas. The obtained objects is processed in such a way that the number plate image and the information related to that is completely perfect The information of the obtained image is processed through the average deviation of the Gaussian filter (sigma).
Smart transit payment for university campus transportation using RFID card sy...IJECEIAES
In the transportation business, we aim to be cost-efficient and effective in our customer service but with the traditional transit payment system, it is not so. Lately, transit companies all over the world are moving towards superior client service, nimbleness, receptiveness to necessities that diverge at a time scale that was absurd even two decades ago. The aim of this study was to create an electronic transit payment system that will allow for full pliability and solutions functionality that Covenant Universities and Nigerian transit companies should adopt to become more effective and efficient. We achieved this with the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) smart cards and card readers aiding a computer program that was programmed using C#. In addition, the program was simple and not expensive to implement in order to eliminate the mismanagement of ticket funds, loiter paper in bus stations, and so on. Together all this became our payment system.
Gps Tracker with RFID | School Security | techlead-india
eTechSchoolBus is complete school bus security solution. According to a survey, it has been found that parents are extremely worried about their children when they are on the way to school in school bus. The key reason of worrying is increase in crime; rush driving of school bus driver etc. Hence the tracking of school bus is ultimate solution. eTechSchool Bus provides RFID based location updates of your children whether your child has reached school or not. GPS device installed in vehicle gives current location of school bus. eTechSchool Bus product is designed specifically for the real time movement tracking, knowing when students got picked or dropped from the bus. SMS alerts are sent to parents on the arrival of the bus as well as when a student is picked or dropped.
How it works?
Download Presentation
A smart card (nametag) is provided to each student. Smart Card contains student information. At the entrance of the bus, RFID card reader will be provided (Internally its connected with GPS Device). Students need to flash the smart card (nametag),
while entering into the bus at pick-up point (Pickup)
while leaving from bus at a school (Pickup)
while entering into the bus after school (Drop)
while leaving bus at drop point (Drop)
A sms will be sent in each of the above cases. Parents can check exact location of bus on online software of eTechSchool Bus. Individual UserID and password will be provided to parents. Parents will be able to check the bus location of their child only. User Id and password will also be provided to school administrators, so that they will be able to check location of all buses.
Features:
Live tracking ie. the system provides real-time location data that displays the movement of the bus along with the date and time stamp, direction, speed and number of students in the bus on a map.
For Parents: Track the child getting in/out of the bus and entering or leaving the School.
Many more alerts can be configured with the system in cases such as:
If their child/employee does not board the bus when it leaves from the school/office
If bus takes a halt between school and home
If the bus breaks down
If bus is deviated from it’s path
Emergency (Panic) Button
Supports multiusers
GPS device with internal battery back – up
Stores data upto 120 days
Regular and up-to-date reports of vehicles
Benefits:
Parents become aware on the whereabouts of the school bus
School management remains informed about location, speed of school bus with information of students travelling in bus
Parents remain informed about real time location of bus and pick – up and drop updates of their child via sms on mobile phones
Availability of Panic button to inform school administrators/bus controllers in case of emergency
Reporting on vehicle performance over user specified time interval
Remote Immobilization : Remotely stop your vehicle
Real time, multiple vehicle tracking for schools
Contact: Sagar
(Paper) Parking Navigation for Alleviating Congestion in Multilevel Parking F...Naoki Shibata
Kenmotsu, M., Sun, W., Shibata, N., Yasumoto, K. and Ito, M. : "Parking Navigation for Alleviating Congestion in Multilevel Parking Facility," Proc. of 2012 IEEE 76th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2012-Fall), Sep.2012.
Abstract - Finding a vacant parking space in a large crowded parking facility takes long time. In this paper, we propose a navigation method that minimizes the parking time based on collected real-time positional information of cars. In the proposed method, a central server in the parking facility collects the information and estimates the occupancy of each parking zone. Then, the server broadcasts the occupancy data to the cars in the parking facility. Each car then computes a parking route with the shortest expected parking waiting time and shows it to the driver. We conducted simulation-based evaluations of the proposed method using a realistic model based on trace data taken from a real parking facility. We confirmed that the proposed method reduced parking waiting time by 20%–70% even with low system penetration.
Embedding Intelligent System on Ambulance and Traffic Monitoringijtsrd
Ambulance service is one of the crucial services that should not get delay. To overcome this situation this paper describes a solution that “ embedding Intelligent system on Ambulance and Traffic monitoring †which includes alerting and tracking mechanism with traffic light regulating such that the ambulance can achieve a free way as fast as possible. An algorithm is used to control the traffic signals automatically based on the key pressed by the driver from keyboard in the ambulance. The information reading the current as well as future location of ambulance is sent from the ambulance itself. This information is used to optimally control the traffic. The performance of the embedding intelligent system on Ambulance and Traffic monitoring is compared with the Fixed Mode Traffic Light Controller. It is observed that the proposed model is more efficient than the conventional controller in respect of less waiting time, more distance traveled by average vehicles and efficient operation during emergency mode and GSM interface. Moreover, the designed system has simple architecture, fast response time, user friendliness and scope for further expansion. D. Devi Kalyani | K. Syamal | Sk. Basheeramma | T. V. V. Ratna | Subodh panda "Embedding Intelligent System on Ambulance & Traffic Monitoring" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30747.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30747/embedding-intelligent-system-on-ambulance-and-traffic-monitoring/d-devi-kalyani
introduction to licence plate recognition technique, optical character recognition, functions used in the program, pros and cons, applications, future scope.
Smart Car Parking system using GSM Technologydbpublications
In this paper, we present PGS, a Parking Guidance System based on wireless sensor network(WSN) which guides a driver to an available parking lot. The system consists of a WSN based VDS (vehicle detection sub-system) and a management subsystem. The WSN based VDS gathers information on the availability of each parking lot and the management sub-system processes the information and refines them and guides the driver to the available parking lot by controlling a VMS (Variable Messaging System). The paper describes the overall system architecture of PGS from the hardware platform to the application software in the view point of a WSN. We implemented the WSN based VDS of PGS and experimented on the system with several kinds of cars.
(Paper) A Method for Pedestrian Position Estimation using Inter-Vehicle Comm...Naoki Shibata
Abstract—In this paper, we propose a method for detecting the positions of pedestrians by cooperation of multiple cars with directional antennas to support drivers for pedestrian safety. In the method, each pedestrian carries a device which periodically transmits a beacon with a unique ID, and each car passing near the pedestrian receives the beacon by a directional antenna and measures the distance and the angle of arrival.
We assume the distribution of the measurement errors to be a normal distribution, and the system calculates the existence probabilities of each pedestrian at each point. By exchanging information of the probabilities between cars, the area with high existence probability is narrowed down. In this paper, we first describe the situations where detecting positions of pedestrians
greatly contribute to pedestrian safety, and then we describe the probability model used in our method, the method for calculating existence probabilities from information from multiple cars, and the protocol for exchanging the probability information between cars. We evaluated our method on QualNet simulator, and
confirmed that the positions can be detected accurately enough for practical uses.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the application of computer, electronics, and communication technologies and management strategies in an integrated manner to provide traveller information to increase the safety and efficiency of the surface transportation systems.
These systems involve vehicles, drivers, passengers, road operators, and managers all interacting with each other and the environment, and linking with the complex infrastructure systems to improve the safety and capacity of road systems.
ITS is an emerging transportation system which is comprised of an advanced information and Telecommunications network for users, roads and vehicles.
Vehicle plate recognition is a successful image processing technique used to recognize vehicles' plate numbers. There are several applications for this method which enlarge through many fields and attention groups. Vehicle plate recognition may be considered as an advertising equipment, for the purpose of traffic and border securities for law enforcement, and travel. Many methods have been accompanied to make this technique easy. This learning proposes an edge-detection method to allow a Plate Recognition System of a vehicle through the practical situations like the various environmental or meteorological conditions. Image processing tools are used to examine the plate area, resize it, and change it on the way to a gray scale earlier to filtering of the image in order to remove the unwanted areas. The obtained objects is processed in such a way that the number plate image and the information related to that is completely perfect The information of the obtained image is processed through the average deviation of the Gaussian filter (sigma).
Smart transit payment for university campus transportation using RFID card sy...IJECEIAES
In the transportation business, we aim to be cost-efficient and effective in our customer service but with the traditional transit payment system, it is not so. Lately, transit companies all over the world are moving towards superior client service, nimbleness, receptiveness to necessities that diverge at a time scale that was absurd even two decades ago. The aim of this study was to create an electronic transit payment system that will allow for full pliability and solutions functionality that Covenant Universities and Nigerian transit companies should adopt to become more effective and efficient. We achieved this with the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) smart cards and card readers aiding a computer program that was programmed using C#. In addition, the program was simple and not expensive to implement in order to eliminate the mismanagement of ticket funds, loiter paper in bus stations, and so on. Together all this became our payment system.
Gps Tracker with RFID | School Security | techlead-india
eTechSchoolBus is complete school bus security solution. According to a survey, it has been found that parents are extremely worried about their children when they are on the way to school in school bus. The key reason of worrying is increase in crime; rush driving of school bus driver etc. Hence the tracking of school bus is ultimate solution. eTechSchool Bus provides RFID based location updates of your children whether your child has reached school or not. GPS device installed in vehicle gives current location of school bus. eTechSchool Bus product is designed specifically for the real time movement tracking, knowing when students got picked or dropped from the bus. SMS alerts are sent to parents on the arrival of the bus as well as when a student is picked or dropped.
How it works?
Download Presentation
A smart card (nametag) is provided to each student. Smart Card contains student information. At the entrance of the bus, RFID card reader will be provided (Internally its connected with GPS Device). Students need to flash the smart card (nametag),
while entering into the bus at pick-up point (Pickup)
while leaving from bus at a school (Pickup)
while entering into the bus after school (Drop)
while leaving bus at drop point (Drop)
A sms will be sent in each of the above cases. Parents can check exact location of bus on online software of eTechSchool Bus. Individual UserID and password will be provided to parents. Parents will be able to check the bus location of their child only. User Id and password will also be provided to school administrators, so that they will be able to check location of all buses.
Features:
Live tracking ie. the system provides real-time location data that displays the movement of the bus along with the date and time stamp, direction, speed and number of students in the bus on a map.
For Parents: Track the child getting in/out of the bus and entering or leaving the School.
Many more alerts can be configured with the system in cases such as:
If their child/employee does not board the bus when it leaves from the school/office
If bus takes a halt between school and home
If the bus breaks down
If bus is deviated from it’s path
Emergency (Panic) Button
Supports multiusers
GPS device with internal battery back – up
Stores data upto 120 days
Regular and up-to-date reports of vehicles
Benefits:
Parents become aware on the whereabouts of the school bus
School management remains informed about location, speed of school bus with information of students travelling in bus
Parents remain informed about real time location of bus and pick – up and drop updates of their child via sms on mobile phones
Availability of Panic button to inform school administrators/bus controllers in case of emergency
Reporting on vehicle performance over user specified time interval
Remote Immobilization : Remotely stop your vehicle
Real time, multiple vehicle tracking for schools
Contact: Sagar
(Paper) Parking Navigation for Alleviating Congestion in Multilevel Parking F...Naoki Shibata
Kenmotsu, M., Sun, W., Shibata, N., Yasumoto, K. and Ito, M. : "Parking Navigation for Alleviating Congestion in Multilevel Parking Facility," Proc. of 2012 IEEE 76th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2012-Fall), Sep.2012.
Abstract - Finding a vacant parking space in a large crowded parking facility takes long time. In this paper, we propose a navigation method that minimizes the parking time based on collected real-time positional information of cars. In the proposed method, a central server in the parking facility collects the information and estimates the occupancy of each parking zone. Then, the server broadcasts the occupancy data to the cars in the parking facility. Each car then computes a parking route with the shortest expected parking waiting time and shows it to the driver. We conducted simulation-based evaluations of the proposed method using a realistic model based on trace data taken from a real parking facility. We confirmed that the proposed method reduced parking waiting time by 20%–70% even with low system penetration.
Embedding Intelligent System on Ambulance and Traffic Monitoringijtsrd
Ambulance service is one of the crucial services that should not get delay. To overcome this situation this paper describes a solution that “ embedding Intelligent system on Ambulance and Traffic monitoring †which includes alerting and tracking mechanism with traffic light regulating such that the ambulance can achieve a free way as fast as possible. An algorithm is used to control the traffic signals automatically based on the key pressed by the driver from keyboard in the ambulance. The information reading the current as well as future location of ambulance is sent from the ambulance itself. This information is used to optimally control the traffic. The performance of the embedding intelligent system on Ambulance and Traffic monitoring is compared with the Fixed Mode Traffic Light Controller. It is observed that the proposed model is more efficient than the conventional controller in respect of less waiting time, more distance traveled by average vehicles and efficient operation during emergency mode and GSM interface. Moreover, the designed system has simple architecture, fast response time, user friendliness and scope for further expansion. D. Devi Kalyani | K. Syamal | Sk. Basheeramma | T. V. V. Ratna | Subodh panda "Embedding Intelligent System on Ambulance & Traffic Monitoring" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30747.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30747/embedding-intelligent-system-on-ambulance-and-traffic-monitoring/d-devi-kalyani
introduction to licence plate recognition technique, optical character recognition, functions used in the program, pros and cons, applications, future scope.
Application of improved you only look once model in road traffic monitoring ...IJECEIAES
The present research focuses on developing an intelligent traffic management solution for tracking the vehicles on roads. Our proposed work focuses on a much better you only look once (YOLOv4) traffic monitoring system that uses the CSPDarknet53 architecture as its foundation. Deep-sort learning methodology for vehicle multi-target detection from traffic video is also part of our research study. We have included features like the Kalman filter, which estimates unknown objects and can track moving targets. Hungarian techniques identify the correct frame for the object. We are using enhanced object detection network design and new data augmentation techniques with YOLOv4, which ultimately aids in traffic monitoring. Until recently, object identification models could either perform quickly or draw conclusions quickly. This was a big improvement, as YOLOv4 has an astoundingly good performance for a very high frames per second (FPS). The current study is focused on developing an intelligent video surveillance-based vehicle tracking system that tracks the vehicles using a neural network, image-based tracking, and YOLOv4. Real video sequences of road traffic are used to test the effectiveness of the method that has been suggested in the research. Through simulations, it is demonstrated that the suggested technique significantly increases graphics processing unit (GPU) speed and FSP as compared to baseline algorithms.
A VISION-BASED REAL-TIME ADAPTIVE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING VEHICULA...JANAK TRIVEDI
In India, traffic control management is a difficult task due to an increment in the number of vehicles for the same infrastructure and systems. In the smart-city project, the Adaptive Traffic Light Control System (ATLCS) is one of the major research concerns for an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) development to reduce traffic congestion and accidents, create a healthy environment, etc. Here, we have proposed a Vehicular Density Value (VDV) based adaptive traffic light control system method for 4-way intersection points using a selection of rotation, area of interest, and Statistical Block Matching Approach (SBMA). Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Hardware-based results are shown in the result section. We have compared, the normal traffic light control system with the proposed adaptive traffic light control system in the results section. The same results are verified using a hardware (raspberry-pi) device with different sizes, colors, and shapes of vehicles using the same method.
Monitoring traffic in urban areas is an important task for intelligent transport applications to alleviate the traffic problems like traffic jams and long trip times. The traffic flow in urban areas is more complicated than the traffic flow in highway, due to the slow movement of vehicles and crowded traffic flows in urban areas. In this paper, a vehicle detection and classification system at intersections is proposed. The system consists of three main phases: vehicle detection, vehicle tracking and vehicle classification. In the vehicle detection, the background subtraction is utilized to detect the moving vehicles by employing mixture of Gaussians (MoGs) algorithm, and then the removal shadow algorithm is developed to improve the detection phase and eliminate the undesired detected region (shadows). After the vehicle detection phase, the vehicles are tracked until they reach the classification line. Then the vehicle dimensions are utilized to classify the vehicles into three classes (cars, bikes, and trucks). In this system, there are three counters; one counter for each class. When the vehicle is classified to a specific class, the class counter is incremented by one. The counting results can be used to estimate the traffic density at intersections, and adjust the timing of traffic light for the next light cycle. The system is applied to videos obtained by stationary cameras. The results obtained demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed system.
"Detecting road lane is one of the key processes in vision based driving assistance system and autonomous vehicle system. The main purpose of the lane detection process is to estimate car position relative to the lane so that it can provide a warning to the driver if the car starts departing the lane. This process is useful not only to enhance safe driving but also in self driving car system. A novel approach to lane detection method using image processing techniques is presented in this research. The method minimizes the complexity of computation by the use of prior knowledge of color, intensity and the shape of the lane marks. By using prior knowledge, the detection process requires only two different analyses which are pixel intensity analysis and color component analysis. The method starts with searching a strong pair of edges along the horizontal line of road image. Once the strong edge is detected the process continues with color analysis on pixels that lie between the edges to check whether the pixels belong to a lane or not. The process is repeated for different positions of horizontal lines covering the road image. The method was successfully tested on selected 20 road images collected from internet. Ery M. Rizaldy | J. M. Nursherida | Abdul Rahim Sadiq Batcha ""Reduced Dimension Lane Detection Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Information Technology , November 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19136.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/19136/reduced-dimension-lane-detection-method/ery-m-rizaldy"
Review of Environment Perception for Intelligent VehiclesDr. Amarjeet Singh
Overview of environment perception for intelligent
vehicles supposes to the state-of-the-art algorithms and
modeling methods are given, with a summary of their pros
and cons. A special attention is paid to methods for lane and
road detection, traffic sign recognition, vehicle tracking,
behavior analysis, and scene understanding. Integrated lane
and vehicle tracking for driver assistance system that
improves on the performance of both lane tracking and
vehicle tracking modules. Without specific hardware and
software optimizations, the fully implemented system runs at
near-real-time speeds of 11 frames per second. On-road
vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior
understanding. Vision based vehicle detection in the context of
sensor-based on-road surround analysis. We detail advances
in vehicle detection, discussing monocular, stereo vision, and
active sensor–vision fusion for on-road vehicle detection. The
traffic sign detection detailing detection systems for traffic
sign recognition (TSR) for driver assistance. Inherently in
traffic sign detection to the various stages: segmentation,
feature extraction, and final sign detection.
Similar to Real Time Road Blocker Detection and Distance Calculation for Autonomous Vehicle Based on Camera Vision (20)
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Hepatitis B and C are one of the most commonly transmitted viral infections through needlestick injury apart from HIV. It is highly prevalent in India and many other developing countries. It accounts for high mortality rate globally amongst low socio-economic groups of individuals. Healthcare workers, especially dental professionals are at higher risk of infection due to high exposure to saliva, blood and sharps. Accidental occupational exposure to non-sterile conditions and its development to more critical and fatal conditions can be reduced through vaccination, prophylactic medications and practicing high safety measures.
This review article focuses on transmission of hepatitis through sharps injuries in medicine, especially dentistry, its prevention, management, post-exposure prophylaxis and the corresponding content.
More from Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore (20)
What Could Cause The Headlights On Your Porsche 911 To Stop WorkingLancer Service
Discover why your Porsche 911 headlights might flicker out unexpectedly. From aging bulbs to electrical gremlins and moisture mishaps, we're delving into the reasons behind the blackout. Stay tuned to illuminate the road ahead and ensure your lights shine bright for safer journeys.
Learn why monitoring your Mercedes' Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) sensor is crucial. Understand its role in engine performance and emission reduction. Discover five warning signs of EBP sensor failure, from loss of power to increased emissions. Take action promptly to avoid costly repairs and maintain your Mercedes' reliability and efficiency.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
What Could Be Behind Your Mercedes Sprinter's Power Loss on Uphill RoadsSprinter Gurus
Unlock the secrets behind your Mercedes Sprinter's uphill power loss with our comprehensive presentation. From fuel filter blockages to turbocharger troubles, we uncover the culprits and empower you to reclaim your vehicle's peak performance. Conquer every ascent with confidence and ensure a thrilling journey every time.
The Octavia range embodies the design trend of the Škoda brand: a fusion of
aesthetics, safety and practicality. Whether you see the car as a whole or step
closer and explore its unique features, the Octavia range radiates with the
harmony of functionality and emotion
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
Your VW's camshaft position sensor is crucial for engine performance. Signs of failure include engine misfires, difficulty starting, stalling at low speeds, reduced fuel efficiency, and the check engine light. Prompt inspection and replacement can prevent further damage and keep your VW running smoothly.
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
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Globalfleet - global fleet survey 2021 full results
Real Time Road Blocker Detection and Distance Calculation for Autonomous Vehicle Based on Camera Vision
1. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology
Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 100-108, July-September 2020
ISSN: 2456-883X www.ajast.net
100
Real Time Road Blocker Detection and Distance Calculation for Autonomous Vehicle
Based on Camera Vision
F.Ullah1
, Subhan Ullah2
, Z.U.Rahman3
, Faiza4
, M.Imad5
, M.A.Hassan6
& H.Junaid7
1,3,4,5,6
Department of Computing and Technology, Abasyn University Peshawar, Pakistan.
2
Faculty of Computing, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi.
7
Department of Computer science and Information Technology, University of Malakand, Pakistan.
DOI: 10.38177/ajast.2020.4314
Article Received: 27 May 2020 Article Accepted: 30 July 2020 Article Published: 30 August 2020
1. Introduction
Autonomous vehicle technologies have been rapidly increasing in recent years due to progress in sensing,
translation, speech, computer vision and object recognition software and hardware. As early as four years ago, a
range of big corporations confirmed they will get self-driving vehicles on the road by 2020. At the moment,
industry experts suggest we can go out and buy a self-driving car for more than 10 years [1]. A current approach in
the field of self-driving vehicles is to try to replace the operator with cameras, sensors and computers using
with artificial intelligence (AI). It is easy, however, to see where companies invest their money and where the
vehicles, they test are genuine rolling labs equipped with radar, LIDAR, ultrasound sensors, cameras, vehicle
dynamic sensors, accessories they also need steering, accelerating and braking control equipment. In addition, they
need a machine to operate the AI program fast enough. Many training datasets is needed is an essential part of the
autonomous vehicle issue. Showing trillion of hours of real time driving footage is the best way to train an
autonomous vehicle and use it to teach good driving behavior to the machine. Current machine learning's models
are very good if its train have a lot of data, and badly when it trains by a little bit. But data collection is costly for
autonomous vehicle [2]. Autonomous vehicle has a significant advantage in enhancing road safety and thereby
improve advanced mobility technologies to encourage the efficient usage of everyday commuters. We still need
self-driving cars currently becoming to be able to drive hand-driven cars. Self-driving technology is still not
possible until other vehicles on the highway are equally authorized. Such vehicles must also have features that
authorize them, much like all manually-operated cars, to comply with traffic laws. The ability to identify the stop
point of road blockers is a key feature of the autonomous vehicles of today with Advanced Driver (AD). To see a
traffic rule as a stop, understand how far and then make the decision to slow down, is not so straightforward for a
computer as to make a human being stop within 5 meters of a stop. This paper is an attempt to use computer vision
ABSTRACT
Statistics indicate that most road accidents occur due to a lack of time to react to instant traffic. This problem can be addressed with self-driving
vehicles with the application of automated systems to detect such traffic events. The Autonomous Vehicle Navigation System (ATS) has been a
standard in the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and many Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) have been adopted to support these Advanced
Autonomous Vehicles (IAVs). To develop these recognition systems for automated self-driving cars, it's important to monitor and operate in
real-time traffic events. It requires the correct detection and response of traffic event an automated vehicle. In this paper proposed to develop such a
system by applying image recognition to detect and respond to a road blocker by means of real-time distance measurement. To study the performance
by measuring accuracy and precision of road blocker detection system and distance calculation, various experiments were conducted by using
Shalom frame dataset and detection accuracy, precision of 99%, 100%, while distance calculation 97%, 99% has been achieved by this approach.
Keywords: Color Segmentation, Distance Calculation, Autonomous vehicle, Driver Assistant system.
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techniques to bestow such smart behavior upon the car. The experiments described satisfactory results in the
proposed approach.
This paper consists from a literature review on the relevant research conducted in the field of autonomous vehicle
distance calculation system, in five different sections. The section three describes proposed methodology for road
blocker detection and distance calculation and study are summarized in Section four. The last section of the paper
deals with the direction of the research performed and its conclusions.
2. Literature Review
The improvement of cameras for road navigation detection is also useful to increase the chance of safety. One of the
supporting technologies is Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS) which is extremely contributing
navigation detection. Authors proposed a new technology to recognize stop signs and calculate the distance. The
stop signal falls outside the camera's field of view when the vehicle approaches the stop signal. Stop character
recognition is performed using the cascade classification, which is composed of three different types of classifiers:
haar-like classifiers, LBP and HOG [3]. This article aims to build such a system using image recognition to identify
traffic signals, and correctly classify it using the neural convolution network via an Arduino-controlled
autonomous car [4].
Two neural networks are being built during the reconnaissance process to extract the color and shape features. This
process is primarily designed in relation to the discipline of fuzzy sets. Tracking was formed through image
sequences using a Kalman filter [5]. One such introduces a new technology focused on colors and functions for
identification of floating traffic lights. In the case of a red traffic light, the distance from the traffic light is often
determined to slow down and stop at the appropriate location [6]. The advanced driver assistance system developed
can detect traffic lights. The usefulness of this system was demonstrated during the public test of driverless cars in
2013 by Public Road Urban in Italy [7]. This paper improved performance for the less effective that the sign and
registration were linked to the age of the driver, professional status, type of driving and mileage per year. Young
drivers, professional drivers and those who drive more often remember the signs better [8]. The traffic signs were
seen at a distance much closer than their line of sight. The threshold was 35 ms, which shows that short connections
to traffic signs can lead to correct identification [9].
There are two phases discus in this system recognition and detection. In the recognition phases the relative position
of the road sign is recorded more accurately using a prior information, shape and color. In second phase of
detection involves two processes: the preparation and research. The training process offers a stronger foundation
for MP filter for each road sign [10]. This article describes the monitoring phase of a traffic sign identification
system using a Kalman filter estimation tool [11]. Authors present a design for the FPGA platform-based minimum
distance classification. The pipeline layout is designed to achieve a compromise between system use and
calculation speed [12]. A standard camera is used with a complementary metal oxide semiconductor sensor
(CMOS) and a red-green-blue (RGB) Bayer color filter. The taillights are segmented based on a red threshold. A
tracking-based detection phase is introduced to improve robustness and manage distortions caused by other light
sources and perspective distortions common in automotive environments [13]. A hierarchical coding scheme with
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LED lights is provided in this article. When individually modulated, each LED traffic light is also possible to
transmit parallel data. The authors suggest a hierarchical coding method based on fast wavelet transformation of 2D
hair to resolve this [14]. This paper presents a way of detecting a pedestrian in low light in real time with a
smartphone-based thermal imaging camera and of estimating the distance of the camera. Using multi-level
waterfall learning devices, a pedestrian detector is created to detect pedestrians in a light environment and the
pedestrian zone is detected using the same detector. [15]. This article proposed techniques based on monocular
real-time vision for vehicle simultaneous detection and distance calculation, using hair-like vehicle detection
adaption, heavy light segmentation, virtual symmetry detection, distance measurement and effective
multi-functional single-sensor fusion technology, to improve accuracy and the robustness of the vehicle of our
algorithm [16]. This work focuses on the navigation method of an autonomous vehicle to detect road blocker based
on a color probability model. Discussion is based on acceptable statements and abstract principles of
pre-processing, segmentation and post-processing and distance measurement are clarified in adequate detail.
Methodology for classification with machine algorithms Decision Tree (DT) support vector machine (SVM),
Naive Bayes (NB), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), algorithms have been identified and shown in an appropriate
manner. The study findings are provided with a promising / better outcome for SVM & NB and the comparative
review of the work is carried out accordingly [17].
3. Proposed Methodology
The road blocker must be detected and decisions taken in real time, for safe driving and for accident prevention.
These works are designed to build a system that autonomously identifies road blockers on a road and calculate its
distance from vehicle.
Fig.Error! No text of specified style in document.: Proposed Methodology for Road Blocker Detection
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In order to do so, it must be able to capture the road in real time, identify the road blocker accurately and respond in
time. Proposed algorithm contains four major phases such as 1) Pre-processing, 2) segmentation, 3)
post-processing, 4) and calculating distance.
3.1 Pre-Processing
The input to the proposed algorithm is raw video in RGB format taken from the front camera of the vehicle. In order
to eliminate unnecessary road areas, every frame of the image is considered as a single image and preprocessed by
cutting out from top the image only 1/3. After cropping of the real video image median filter is applied to remove
unnecessary noise in the original frame.
3.2 Color Segmentation
After pre-processing, the raw RGB color image converts to YCbCr color space, which is divided into three
channels independently as red, green and blue, and eventually takes into consideration each channel (intensity/pixel
value). The obtained binary image as result of color segmentation is shown in equation 1.
(𝐼 𝑖,𝑗
𝑅
≥ 𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛̇ 𝐼 𝑖,𝑗
𝑅
≤ 𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥̇ ) and (𝐼 𝑖,𝑗
𝐺
≥ 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛̇ 𝐼 𝑖,𝑗
𝐺
≤ 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥) and ( 𝐼 𝑖,𝑗
𝐵
≥ 𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛̇
𝐼 𝑖,𝑗
𝐵
≤ 𝐵𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥̇ ) (1)
3.3 Post- Processing
The resultant binary image obtain from color segmentation process were assign to post- processing. The
morphological and labeling technique is used in post processing, with the goal of reducing the area of color in a
road blocker as well, to decide the best characteristics of rectangle shape and the undesirable object contained in the
removal of the boundary.
Distance Calculation
The system is designed to determine the distance between the road blocker and the vehicle to maintain a reasonable
distance and allow the assisting control system to make the right decisions. A variety of methods are currently
being used for calculating the distance between various object in navigation systems such as (lidar, radar, and
convolution). But this paper is based on camera sensor data and implements a very simple and reliable architecture
as present in algorithm 1, and equation 3, 4, 5.
Algorithm 1: Road Blocker Detection and Distance Calculation
Problem: Detection and Distance Calculation
Input: Road Blocker Image
Output: Road Blocker Detected in Image Using Distance Measurement
START
Read Image= [Input Image (RGB)]
Convert image to YCbCr color model
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Extract channel Minimum and maximum value based on histogram.
Use invert mask.
If Edges are open in 20 pixels then //Use morphological operation
Using strel function close edges
end if
Detect edges using “log” function
Remove un-connected pixels using bwareaopen function
finding coordinates of bounding boxes.
Take mean of blocker width and height
nn=length(boxes);
FOR i=1: No of rows
FOR j=1: No of columns
If (Mean of width < 550 and mean height > 50) then
define Mean of classes
if (class prob is equal to confidence Mean)
finding bounding box with class label
nested if bounding box is less than out of class label
END if
Else if (class prob is! equal to confidence Mean)
Out of camera region
END Else
plot bounding box of finding the target region of interest
END if
END FOR
End FOR
At every meter of the road blocker we took a bunch of images, 15 to 5 meters from the vehicle to the road blocker to
find bounding box rectangle (road blocker) symmetry and to determine the distance for region of interest. The total
measurement (M) of length (L) and width (W) represents the bounding box of the road blocker is initially known. If
a road blocker is placed with a known measurement (M) from some distance (D) with a front camera of the vehicle
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to find whole pixel (P) for our region of interest which allows us to calculate the focal length (F). After
measurement (M), focal length (F), and pixel (P) we calculate the distance (D) between vehicle and road blocker.
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∗ 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ (2)
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 = (𝑃𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙 ∗ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)/𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (3)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙)/𝑃𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙 (4)
5. Result and Discussion
The tests are conducted at a distance of 15 meters to Shalom Road blocker. We are performing two separate
experiments to demonstrate the capabilities of our algorithm. The first is detection of the road blocker, and
the second is calculation of the distance. Each image has a resolution of 400 x 400 pixels, and the average number
of frames taken per second is 15. At the moment we are especially concerned in our work with automated distance
calculation of road blocker and for this purpose sequences are performed as batch processes.
Fig.2: Detection and distance calculation between Vehicle and Road Blocker (a) 13 meter
(b) 10 meter (c) 8 meter (d) 5 meter
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The confusion matrix is most commonly used to evaluate performance of the segmentation and classification
model. The confusion matrix specifies the most common matrix such is accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score.
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (TP + TN)/(TP + FP + FN + TN) (5)
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = TP/ TP + FP (6)
𝐹𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 2 ∗ TP /2 ∗ TP + FP + FN (7)
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = TP /TP + FN (8)
The algorithm performed well on the test data set we collected.
Table Error! No text of specified style in document.: Result With respect to Accuracy and precision
Methods Accuracy Precision Recall F1-Score
Detection 96% 100% 93% 96%
Distance Calculation 90% 93% 87% 90%
Figure 2: Performance Comparison of Proposed Algorithm
6. Conclusion
We broaden the limits of autonomous vehicle in this paper through efficient distance measurements, detection
between vehicle and road blocker. The proposed model for autonomous vehicle with the accurate detection of a
road blocker and distance measurement with a high accuracy rate of detection of 99% and an accuracy rate of 100%
as shown in Table 1. We assume our system of distance estimating may tackle such a scenario as allowing road
blockers that are near to the car. We plan in the future for broader data sets to train our model to detect the
multi-known road blockers found in other areas. The ability of the model to identify road blockers in deep neural
networks is another attribute that could be enhanced.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Accuracy
precision
Recall
F1-Score
Chart Title
Distance Detection
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