This document provides information about different reading and writing strategies including paragraph development, narration, description, definition, and classification. It begins with an introduction to comparing and contrasting patterns of written texts across disciplines. It then discusses each strategy in more detail providing examples and activities for students to identify topics, supporting details, and other elements of each type of paragraph development. The document aims to help students learn and practice essential reading and writing skills.

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WELCOME TO
SECOND SEMESTER

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READING
AND
WRITING

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Reading & Thinking Strategies
across Text Types

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Learning competency 1: Compare and contrast patterns of
written texts across disciplines.
a)Paragraph Development
b)Narration
c)Description
d)Definition
e)Classification
f) Comparison & Contrast
g)Cause & Effect
h)Problem-Solution
i) Persuasion

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Reading & Thinking Strategies:
Paragraph Development

7. By the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across
disciplines:
a) Narration
b) Description & Definition
c) Classification
d) Comparison & Contrast
e) Cause & Effect
f) Problem-Solution
g) Persuasion

8. Read the statements carefully, and determine what is being referred to, then write your
answers on the blanks provided before each number.
___________1. It is a method of writing a paragraph by drawing pictures with
words.
___________2. This method of paragraph development involves similarities and
differences between two things.
___________3. This gives a written account of an event or story.
___________4. This is a collection of related sentences with one central idea.
___________5. This pattern of development classifies or divides people, places,
things or ideas into categories.
Description Paragraph
Narration
Classification Comparison & Contrast

9. PARAGRAPH
Can you define what a paragraph
is? Try filling up this graphic
organizer, with your ideas of what
a paragraph is.

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Reading & Thinking Strategies:
Writing Paragraphs

11.  The word paragraph comes from two Greek
words: para which means “beyond” or “beside”
and graphein which means “to write”.
 A paragraph is a collection of related sentences
with one central idea. Each sentence shows
connection to other sentences in the
paragraph.

12.  A paragraph is an independent unit or a
related unit. As an independent unit, it is
complete in itself. As a related unit, it is a part
of a composition that is combined with other
paragraphs to make a larger composition.
 Whether a paragraph is an independent unit or
a related unit, it has its beginning, middle and
end.

13. DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPHS
One of the most important elements in writing is the
form or structure. It is worth noting that without a solid
structure in place, the content you have gathered would
fall apart. After constructing an outline and writing your
first draft, it is time to get on to paragraph writing.
An effective paragraph shows the unity of the
sentences used in developing the main idea. A paragraph
is made up of the topic sentence which contains the
main idea, the supporting details and the conclusion or
the clinching sentence at the end.

14.  Topic sentence – it reveals the main or central
idea of the paragraph. It does not necessarily
have to be placed at the beginning of the
paragraph. It may be found in the middle of the
first and the last sentence or at the end. If it is
found at the end of the paragraph, it may be
used as a clinching or concluding sentence.

15.  Supporting details – they give the paragraph
life as it elaborates on the scope given by the
topic sentence.

16.  Clinching sentence – it closes your paragraph.
According to Dagdag (2010), this “may be a
restatement of the topic sentence, a summary,
or a conclusion based on the supporting
details.”

17. Activity 1: Read the paragraph below and identify the topic sentence.
Write your answer on the blank provided below each paragraph.
1. Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite
different. Both are bodies of water, but oceans are very large bodies
of salt water, while lakes are much smaller bodies of fresh water.
Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while oceans are what
surround continents. Both have plants and animals living in them.
The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes
support much smaller forms of life. When it is time for a vacation,
both will make a great place to visit and enjoy. I want to swim in the
lake.
Topic Sentence:
________________________________________________________

18. 2. Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar
winds. There are blue, pink, and purple swirls, spinning and twisting,
like clouds of balloons caught in a blender. Sunset is the opposite of
sunrise. The sun moves slowly to hide behind the line of horizon,
while the moon races to take its place in prominence atop the night
sky. People slow to a crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the deeds that
still must be done. There is a coolness, a calmness, when the sun does
set.
Topic Sentence:
___________________________________________________________

19. 3. Here is the perfect system for cleaning your room. First, move all
of the items that do not have a proper place to the center of the room.
Get rid of at least five things that you have not used within the last
year. Take out all of the trash, and place all of the dirty dishes in the
kitchen sink. Now find a location for each of the items you had
placed in the center of the room. 5s is a Japanese cleaning system.
For any remaining items, see if you can squeeze them in under your
bed or stuff them into the back of your closet. See, that was easy!
Topic Sentence:
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Reading & Thinking Strategies:
Narrations

21.  Narration, from the root word narrates,
originated from the Latin word narrare— which
means related or told.
 It gives a written account of an event or story,
or simply, storytelling. The sequence of events is
told in chronological order.
 It usually contains the following: the who, what
and when.

22.  A narrative must have “vivid” description of
details, a consistent point of view and verb
tense, and a well-defined point or significance.”
(Tiongson, 2016).
 At the end of writing it, it must send a clear
message to its readers through the story.

23. A narrative paragraph simply tells what happened
and establishes facts. It is sharing of personal
experiences that offer lessons and insights. It is more
than just a chronological sequence of events that
happen to the different characters. It also contains
elements of drama and tension.

24. Narration is the most common type of paragraph
development. It has the following elements:
1.Setting
2.Characters
3.Plot
4.Point of View

25. 1. Setting. It is the time and location in
which a story takes place.
2. Characters. The life-giving element
of the story.

26. 3. Plot. It is the logical series of events in the story.
The five essential parts of the plot are:
a) Exposition . It is the part of the story where the characters
and the setting are revealed.
b) Rising Action . It is where the events in the story become
complicated and the conflict in the story is exposed.
c) Climax . This is the highest point of interest and the
turning point of the story.
d) Falling Action . The events and complications begin to
resolve themselves.
e) Denouement . The final resolution of the plot in the story.

27. 4. Point of View. It is the perspective of the writer in narrating
the story.
a) First person point of view . The story is told by the
protagonist or one of the characters using pronouns I , me ,
we.
b) Second person point of view . The author tells the story in
second point of view using the pronouns you , yours, and
your.
c) Third person point of view . The narrator is not part of the
story but describes the events that happen. The writer uses
the pronouns he, she , him, and her.

28. Activity 2: Read the story “Not Necessary News From The Beat” and
answer the comprehension questions that follow.
Palace liaison in Congress Jesus Ayala has an incident to share
with friends, after meeting a world-renowned missionary, Mother
Teresa of Calcutta, India last week. When Mother Teresa , dubbed a “
living saint “ in religious circles, paid a courtesy call on President
Aquino at the Malacanang Premier Guest House Thursday afternoon
last week, Chito was one among the palace staff members who
eagerly lived up to have a glimpsed of the 79-year-old nun. It was a
blessing that Chito even had the chance to kiss Mother Teresa’s hands.
And, on bended knees, Chito publicly confessed. “Bless me, Mother
Teresa for I have many sins, “ he whispered to her.

29. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. Who is the main character of the story?
A. Jesus Ayala B. Mother Teresa C. President Aquino D. Palace Sta
2. Where is the setting of the narrated story?
A. Malacanang Guest House B. Garden C. Office D. Sala
3. Who is the world –renowned missionary?
A. Chito Ayala B. Mother Teresa C. Sta. Rita D. Pres. Aquino
4. Where is the setting of the narrated story?
A. Spain B. Calcuta, India C. Philippines D. Malaysia
5. Who is the president mentioned in the story?
A. Pres. Estrada B. Pres. Macpagal C. Pres. Aquino D. Pres. Duterte

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Reading & Thinking Strategies:
Description

31.  Description gives information of what a
person, an object, a place or a situation is like.
 It appeals to the reader's senses.
 A descriptive paragraph has concrete and
specific details, which are carefully chosen by a
writer to paint a picture in the mind of the
reader.

32. Descriptive writing emphasizes a reader's ability
to paint vivid pictures using words on a reader's
mind. This relies on the writer's ability to appeal to
his/her five senses: the sight, smell, touch, taste,
and hearing.
To arouse feelings, emotion and reactions from
the readers is what descriptive paragraphs aims for.
Simple adjectives will not simply cut it for readers
desiring for appropriate description of an event,
thing, place, or person.

33. According to Dagdag (2010), there are two types
of description: objective and subjective. Objective
description is a factual description of the topic at
hand. This relies its information on physical aspects
and appeals to those who crave for facts.
Meanwhile, subjective description allows the writer
to explore ways to describe an emotion, an event, a
thing, a place or person, appealing to emotions.
Often, this is an artistic way of describing things,
mostly from the eye and perspective of the writer.

34. Here is a word bank of sensory words to refer to when you want to add
descriptive details to your paragraphs:
Sight Sound Smell Touch Taste
sparkling
gloomy
glossy
bright
dazzling
cloudy
blurred
yelp
shriek
whisper
hiss
screech
chortle
sneeze
musty
rotten
fragrant
fresh
pungent
fruity
stinky
sticky
grainy
smooth
satiny
pointy
clammy
furry
spicy
sweet
sour
bitter
bland
creamy
delectable

35. Activity 3: Try these writing activities. Use your imagination!
A. Imagine yourself somewhere in the forest. You cannot find your way
to get back home. Write a short paragraph describing your sensations.
You may use the word bank list to help you express your sensations.
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B. Then imagine yourself still in the forest. You continue walking and
you get lost along the way and you really don’t know where to go. You
get tired, so you sit under a tree. Suddenly, a lady appears in front of
you. How would you describe the lady so that others could imagine
her?
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Reading & Thinking Strategies:
Definition

37.  Definition explains a concept, term or subject. Its main
purpose is to tell what something is.
 It consists of three parts: (1) the term, concept or subject to
be defined; (2) the general class to which it belongs; and (3)
the characteristics that differentiate it from the other
members of its class.
 A definition explains what a term means. When you want
your readers to know exactly how you are using a certain
term or an unfamiliar concept, you use definition.

38. Definition is the main constituent of any
dictionary. In developing a paragraph by
definition, you should take account of these
things:
a) the term to be defined
b) the class to which the term belongs
c) the characteristics that distinguish the term
from the other members of its class.

39. Take a look at this example of a definition:
An owl is a bird with a large head, strong talons
and has a nocturnal habit.
Owl – is the term to defined
Bird – is the class where the owl belongs with a
large head, strong talons and has a nocturnal habit
– are the characteristics that distinguish the owl
from the other birds.

40. The following are the different types of definitions:
1. Formal Definition
2. Informal Definitions
3. Definition Paragraph

41. 1. Formal Definition
The definitions provided in dictionaries.

42. 2. Informal Definitions
The three common informal definitions are operational
definitions, synonyms, and connotations.
a. Operational Definitions gives the meaning of an
abstract word for one particular time and place.
b. Synonyms or words that mean the same as another
word.
c. Denotation is the exact meaning of the word
d. Connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or
associated with a word or things.

43. 3. Definition Paragraph
It is a definition sentence which is extended into a paragraph
by adding meanings, descriptions, narrations , and other kinds
of paragraph development to make clear the term being
defined.

44. Activity 4: Try to develop a paragraph by using the definition
method. Choose your topic from the words listed below.
Define the term and expand it by description or giving
examples.
1. Education 4. COVID-19
2. Senior High School 5. Student
3. Family
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