Reading & writing lesson 1

1. CAUSE AND EFFECT

2. A cause and effect present why something
happens, what causes it, what are the effects, and
how it is related to something else. It is a
relationship between an action and a reaction
where an action if taken, would result in a reaction.
The cause is a reason for an action or condition
that brings an effect while the effect is something
that follows an antecedent (such as a cause or
agent).

3. • A cause of, because of, for, due to, as, and since are cue
words to signify a cause. On the other hand, some
expressions that signify effect are, therefore, consequently,
so, so that, thus, the explanation for, and accordingly.
Example:
•Depression and anxiety, can lead to loss
of interest in activities they used to
enjoy.

4. CLASSIFICATION
• A classification pattern of written text groups or classifies
items or things into their parts, types, kinds, or categories.
• The signal words to indicate that the classification pattern
of written text is used are a part of, a kind of, a group of, a
way of, a class of, an example of, divided into, and
comprised of

5. EXAMPLE:
Types of Bullying
There are three types of bullying:
• Verbal bullying is saying or writing mean things.
Verbal bullying includes: • Teasing • Name-calling • Inappropriate sexual comments • Taunting •
Threatening to cause harm Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational bullying, involves hurting
someone’s reputation or relationships.
• Social bullying includes: • Leaving someone out on purpose • Telling other children not to be friends
with someone • Spreading rumors about someone • Embarrassing someone in public
• Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Physical bullying includes: •
Hitting/kicking/pinching • Spitting • Tripping/pushing • Taking or breaking someone’s things • Making
mean or rude hand gestures

6. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
• The comparison involves the identification of similarities of at
least two things, ideas, concepts, or persons being compared
while contrast encompasses the identification of differences
between or among two subjects or topics. To help you in
making a comparison and contrast, signal words such as
similarly, in like manner, and in the same way present
similarities or comparison while expressions like on the
contrary, the opposite, compared to, in contrast, although,
unless, however, signify differences or contrast.

7. ONLINE VS. CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION (AN EXCERPT) BY
KORI MORGAN
As universities make greater use of Internet resources, online classes
have continued to grow in popularity and effectiveness. Online
courses let students learn at their own pace, accomplish assignments
on their schedules, and acquire the same knowledge as they would in
a traditional, classroom-based course. Just like traditional classes,
online instructors use discussion, assignments, and community to
educate students. However, their means of execution for these tools
are quite different

8. DEFINITION
• Context clues are hints given by the author in a written text to help the reader
grasp the meaning of the unfamiliar or unusual
• Definition text explains what something is in comparison to other members of its
class, along with any limitations. It explains the nature of something and moves
beyond a dictionary definition to deeply examine the word, idea, or concept as
we use and understand it. It expounds the word, concept, or idea so that the
reader
2 TYPES OF DEFINITION
• Denotation is the literal meaning of a word which means that consulting the
dictionary is the best way for it while connotation is the feeling or idea that the
word suggests to its literal meaning.

9. Some expressions that signal a definition text are:
contain, make-up, involves, is/are, means, is defined as,
refers to, appears to be, as, and pertains to. When
phrases like “because” or “that are” follow a word, these
may be explanations. Meanwhile, definitions may follow
an unfamiliar word. Terms like “is,” “means,” “is defined
as,” and “refers to” are used with definitions.

10. • CONTEXT CLUES EXAMPLE
Gerard consumed three sandwiches and a quart of
milk.
• CONOTATION EXAMPLE
You’re so hot.

11. Why freedom By F. Sionil Jose
My novel Sherds, which some consider as my very best, details the poignant relationship
between PG Golangco, a rich and accomplished potter, and his poor and beautiful protégé,
Guia Espiritu. Beyond the narrative level, I like to consider it as an elegiac meditation on art,
truth, and freedom. All these are, of course, beautiful abstractions, inane and meaningless, if
they are not given value—social, political, national, and even personal.
What is freedom? What is truth? Are they useful?
Freedom itself, may be the root of injustice. A billionaire publisher, righteously claiming
freedom as is beacon may oppress his employees, intimidate his rivals or corrupt officials to
protect and enlarge his empire. Freedom then becomes a social menace. Freedom as value as
discussed in Sherds. In a major scene, the potter artist, PG Golngco is asked: “Do you believe
in art as social protest? Goya and Picasso used their art politically.”
Golangco replies: “I would ask you to permit any artist all the freedom he needs. Art thrives
on freedom. The artist is free to determine his purpose.”

12. The artist is challenged by an academic. “Freedom is a political condition.
And you have freedom because you are very rich and can afford to speak
your mind, because you do not care whatever the consequences. Mr.
Golangco, you are free because you have the influence and the money to
buy your freedom. But what about the artists of the people? Who are not
pampered like you? Who are denied this precious freedom?
Yes, indeed, how can the poor be free? By praying, by striving, by revolution
perhaps? In the end, freedom needs no logic, no reason. It is man’s fate, his
ultimate destiny. There is no insurmountable barrier to this desire to be free.
No dictator’s lash, no tyrant’s sword can halt this striving for it is man’s pre-
determined purpose, entwined with every fiber in his being, a programmed
culmination, the butterfly emerging from the cocoon, the sperm and the
ovum becoming and the river flowing to the sea to become the sweet air we
breathe.

13. •But take care for this freedom is also very
fragile and needs constant nurturing. It lives
only in the heart where it is often neglected
or abused. If it dies there, no power on earth
can ever ever bring it back to life.

14. DESCRIPTION
• Description as a pattern of written texts refers to identifying
concrete details about appearances, characteristics, and
actions. Adjectives and adverbs are abundant in descriptive
texts. Adjectives are used to denote quality, to indicate
quantity or extent, or to specify a thing as distinct from
something else, and adverbs used to modify verb, adjectives,
or another adverb can be used to signal description.

15. HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A WIFE (AN
EXCERPT) BY MANUEL E. ARGUILLA
She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate grace. She was
lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother with a smile, and her forehead was on a
level with his mouth.
"You are Baldo," she said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder. Her nails were
long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a morning when papayas are in
bloom. And a small dimple appeared momently high on her right cheek. "And this is
Labang of whom I have heard so much." She held the wrist of one hand with the other
and looked at Labang, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud. He swallowed and
brought up to his mouth more cud and the sound of his insides was like a drum.

16. I laid a hand on Labang's massive neck and said to her:
"You may scratch his forehead now." She hesitated and I
saw that her eyes were on the long, curving horns. But
she came and touched Labang's forehead with her long
fingers, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud
except that his big eyes half closed. And by and by she
was scratching his forehead very daintily.

17. NARRATION
• Narration deals with stories. When you write a narrative, you are expected to tell a
story, whether it is real or imaginary. You use your creativity and imagination on how
are you going to bring your characters to life in the minds of your readers.
• Writing a story is not only about how you vividly described your characters, how you
amazingly knitted your plot, how you have perfectly chosen your settings, how you
flawlessly showcased your tone and style of writing but it is also about how you
sincerely touched your readers’ hearts and how you effectively made a difference in
their lives.

18. ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE WRITING
1. CHARACTERS – the people, animals, or inanimate objects in the story
2. SETTING- the time and place in which a story is told
3. PLOT- the sequence of event in the story
4. POINT OF VIEW- the writers way of deciding who is telling the story.
First person (I/We perspective, Second person (YOU), Third person (HE,SHE,IT)
5. THEME- the message the writer is trying to convey
6. TONE- the attitude that a narrator takes towards a given subject (joyful,serious,pessimistic)
7. STYLE- describes the ways that the author uses words
8. CONFLICT- problems in the story

19. The monkey sat firmly on the crocodile’s back, and they began to move. In
a short while, they reached the middle of the stream. Then the crocodile
began to laugh aloud. “You foolish monkey!” it said, “I’ll eat your liver and
kidneys, for I’m very hungry.” The monkey became nervous. Trying to
conceal its anxiety, it said, “I’m very glad that you mentioned the matter. I
thought myself that you might be hungry, so I have prepared my liver and
kidneys for your dinner. Unfortunately, in our haste to depart, I left them
hanging on the macopa tree. Let us return, and I’ll get them for you.”
Convinced that the monkey was telling the truth, the crocodile turned
around and swam back in the direction of the macopa tree. When they got
near the riverbank, the monkey nimbly jumped up onto the land and
scampered up the tree. The crocodile came to realize what happened and
said, “I am a fool.”

20. THE MONKEY AND THE CROCODILE (A TAGALOG
FABLE)
• One day, a monkey saw a tall macopa tree laden with ripe fruits, which stood by a
wide river. It was hungry, so it climbed the tree and ate all of the fruits. When it
climbed down, it could find no means by which to cross the river. Then it saw a
young crocodile who had just woken up from its siesta. It said to the crocodile in a
friendly way, “My dear crocodile, will you do me a favor?” The crocodile was greatly
surprised by the monkey’s amicable salutation. So, it answered humbly, “Oh, yes! If
there is anything I can do for you, I shall be glad to do it.” The monkey then told the
crocodile that it wanted to get to the other side of the river. Then the crocodile said,
“I’ll take you there with all my heart. Just sit on my back, and we’ll go at once.”

21. PERSUASION
is a literary technique that writers use to present their ideas
through reason and logic, to influence the audience.
Persuasion may simply use an argument to persuade the
readers, or sometimes may persuade readers to perform a
certain action. Simply, it is an art of effective speaking and
writing in which writers make their opinions believable to the
audience through logic, by invoking emotions, and by proving
their credibility.

22. TYPES OF PERSUASION
Persuasion has three basic types:
1. Ethos
It is linked with morality and ethics. In this method of persuasion, writers or speakers convince their audience of
their goodwill and present themselves as trustworthy. To determine whether a writer is credible or not, the
audience needs to understand his intention and his strong understanding of the subject.
2. Logos Logos comes from logic, therefore writers use logic, reasoning, and rationality to convince audiences
of their perspectives.
3. Pathos The third method is pathos, which invokes and appeals to the emotions of the audience. This is
contrary to logos, as it presents arguments without using logic or reasoning. Many writers consider love, fear,
empathy, and anger as strong factors to influence the emotions of their audiences.

23. CAMPAIGN SPEECH, NOVEMBER 3, 2008 (BY
BARACK OBAMA)
• Barack Obama made a public speech a night before his election campaign in Virginia
on November 3, 2008, saying: “This country is more decent than one where a woman in
Ohio, on the brink of retirement, finds herself one illness away from disaster after a
lifetime of hard work…This country is more generous than one where a man in Indiana
has to pack up the equipment, he’s worked on for twenty years and watch it shipped
off to China… We are more compassionate than a government that lets veterans sleep
on our streets and families slide into poverty; that sits on its hands while a major
American city drowns before our eyes…” This emotional speech plays on people’s sense
of guilt, making it a good example of pathos. Although Obama employs the snob
appeal fallacy in his argument, it is a very influential and emotional appeal.

24. PROBLEM SOLUTION
•One of the patterns of development in writing is a
problem-solution. A problem-solution text starts with a
negative situation (a problem) and ends with a positive
situation (a solution). They are in some ways similar to
cause-effect in terms of structure.

25. PROBLEM-SOLUTION CONSISTS OF FOUR KEY COMPONENTS:
A SITUATION, A PROBLEM, A SOLUTION, AND AN EVALUATION.
• Situation: Identify the problem and explain why it is a problem and who should be
responsible for it.
• Problem: Explain the problem clearly.
• Solution: Cite concrete solutions to the problem. Explain why it should be considered and
why it is the best solution to the problem. You may also present series of steps or actions to
be followed.
• Evaluation: It is a part of the conclusion in which you have to highlight the problem and the
value of your solution. Some key expressions that indicate a problem-solution text are: the
problem/dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer to, and addresses the problem of.

26. PROBLEM-SOLUTION ON OBESITY AND POOR
FITNESS BY SHELDON SMITH
Consumption of processed and convenience foods and our
dependence on the car has led to an increase in obesity and a reduction in the fitness level of
the adult population. In some countries, especially industrialized ones, the number of obese
people can amount to one-third of the population. This is significant as obesity and poor
fitness lead to a decrease in life expectancy, and it is therefore important for individuals and
governments to work together to tackle this issue and improve their citizens' diet and fitness.
Obesity and poor fitness decrease life expectancy. Overweight
people are more likely to have serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, which can
result in premature death. It is well known that regular exercise can reduce the risk of heart
disease and stroke, which means that those with poor fitness levels are at an increased risk of
suffering from those problems.

27. Changes by individuals to their diet and their physical activity
can increase life expectancy. There is a reliance today on the consumption of
processed foods, which have a high fat and sugar content. By preparing their foods,
and consuming more fruit and vegetables, people could ensure that their diets are
healthier and more balanced, which could lead to a reduction in obesity levels. To
improve fitness levels, people could choose to walk or cycle to work or to the shops
rather than taking the car. They could also choose to walk upstairs instead of taking
the lift. These simple changes could lead to a significant improvement in fitness
levels.
Governments could also implement initiatives to improve their
citizens' eating and exercise habits. This could be done through education, for
example by adding classes to the curriculum about healthy diet and lifestyles.
Governments could also do more to encourage their citizens to walk or cycle instead
of taking the car, for instance by building more cycle lanes or increasing vehicle taxes.
While some might argue that increased taxes are a negative way to solve the
problem, it is no different from the high taxes imposed on cigarettes to reduce
cigarette consumption.

28. In short, obesity and poor fitness is a
significant problem in modern life, leading to lower life
expectancy. Individuals and governments can work together
to tackle this problem and so improve diet and fitness. Of
the solutions suggested, those made by individuals
themselves are likely to have more impact, though it is clear
that a concerted effort with the government is essential for
success. With obesity levels in industrialized and
industrializing countries continuing to rise, we must take
action now to deal with this problem.