Read the two post below and answer the following questions for each post. · Identify one element that you would recommend including in the S. health care system. · Discuss why this element would benefit the S. health care system. 1. Jamaica Healthcare System The country healthcare system I chose to write about is Jamaica. There are twenty-four public hospitals and estimates of three hundred and forty healthcare center, and ten private hospitals (Commonwealth Health Online, 2019). In Jamaica, there is public healthcare that is free to all citizens and legal residents that is subsidized by the government. But if the person is working, then they pay a share cost for public healthcare. This also includes prescription drugs. Which a third of the pharmaceutical are imported in from the USA (Commonwealth Health Online, 2019). There is a longer wait time to see a physician at the public hospital or clinic. If a person lives in a remote part of the island, they are limited to quality emergency care. You would have to travel to the larger cities like Kingston Jamaica. According to InterNations.org they stated that the public hospital is “often unreliable, frequently overcrowded, and have low funding from the government “(InterNations 2018). They also said that pharmacies usually have a shortage of free medication and offer overpaid medicines to the patient. So, this means many people go without prescribed medication.  But in Jamaica, they do have private healthcare institutions. Private health insurance is offered by some employer or those who can afford to pay cash for their care. Private healthcare provides a higher standard of care to their patients. It is said that people get a better quality of care in private hospitals vs. the public health facility. Many of the island hospitals that offers state-of-the-art medical technology are a private hospital that accepts private insurance. They offer state of the art three-dimensional ultrasound scan, x-rays, CT scans, mammograms, fluoroscopy, etc. These hospitals are in located in larger parts of Kingston, Jamaica. One pro for Jamaica healthcare is that they have free healthcare for their citizen. But a con to their healthcare system would be the shortage of free medication. This means many people are still suffering from their injuries or sick because they do not have access to the prescribed medication by the doctor. Both Jamaica and the U.S offer free healthcare to their citizen.  Jamaica state-of-the-art medical technology is similarities the United States. In the United States, if you live in a rural area, you must travel to get medical care just like in Jamaica. One significant difference between the two countries healthcare system is there is not a shortage of prescribing medication for people who have free healthcare in the U.S. But in Jamaica, they are faced with a shortage of medicines because they do not have the same regulation as the United States for healthcare. 2. Switzerland HealthCare S.

1. Read the two post below and answer the following questions for
each post.
· Identify one element that you would recommend including in
the S. health care system.
· Discuss why this element would benefit the S. health care
system.
1. Jamaica Healthcare System
The country healthcare system I chose to write about is Jamaica.
There are twenty-four public hospitals and estimates of three
hundred and forty healthcare center, and ten private hospitals
(Commonwealth Health Online, 2019). In Jamaica, there is
public healthcare that is free to all citizens and legal residents
that is subsidized by the government. But if the person is
working, then they pay a share cost for public healthcare. This
also includes prescription drugs. Which a third of the
pharmaceutical are imported in from the USA (Commonwealth
Health Online, 2019). There is a longer wait time to see a
physician at the public hospital or clinic. If a person lives in a
remote part of the island, they are limited to quality emergency
care. You would have to travel to the larger cities like Kingston
Jamaica. According to InterNations.org they stated that the
public hospital is “often unreliable, frequently overcrowded,
and have low funding from the government “(InterNations
2018). They also said that pharmacies usually have a shortage
of free medication and offer overpaid medicines to the patient.
So, this means many people go without prescribed medication.
But in Jamaica, they do have private healthcare institutions.
Private health insurance is offered by some employer or those
who can afford to pay cash for their care. Private healthcare
provides a higher standard of care to their patients. It is said
that people get a better quality of care in private hospitals vs.
the public health facility.

2. Many of the island hospitals that offers state-of-the-art medical
technology are a private hospital that accepts private insurance.
They offer state of the art three-dimensional ultrasound scan, x-
rays, CT scans, mammograms, fluoroscopy, etc. These hospitals
are in located in larger parts of Kingston, Jamaica.
One pro for Jamaica healthcare is that they have free healthcare
for their citizen. But a con to their healthcare system would be
the shortage of free medication. This means many people are
still suffering from their injuries or sick because they do not
have access to the prescribed medication by the doctor.
Both Jamaica and the U.S offer free healthcare to their citizen.
Jamaica state-of-the-art medical technology is similarities the
United States. In the United States, if you live in a rural area,
you must travel to get medical care just like in Jamaica. One
significant difference between the two countries healthcare
system is there is not a shortage of prescribing medication for
people who have free healthcare in the U.S. But in Jamaica,
they are faced with a shortage of medicines because they do not
have the same regulation as the United States for healthcare.
2. Switzerland HealthCare System
The country I choose to compare with the United States health
care system is Switzerland's health care system. Unlike the
United States, Switzerland has universal health care coverage.
Switzerland offers and requires their citizens to get coverage. It
is offered to each citizen from birth and if you have been a
resident for at least three months. Each citizen will receive care
even if you can't afford it. The cost an individual has to pay for
basic coverage is CHF447(449.42 US). The quality of
healthcare they receive is the best even if they have basic health
care coverage. There are no unique services provided.
Technology helps to reduce the cost of health care by
optimizing operations. One pro of Switzerland's health care
system is that there is no yearly turnover between health
insurers. Con is that health insurance is no competition
anymore.
Two similarities between Switzerland and the United States

3. health care system is that everyone is free to choose their own
doctors unless the doctor doesn't accept their particular
insurance. Without adequate coverage you may be asked to pay
upfront out of pocket fees to receive services at the hospital.
The two differences between Switzerland and the United States
health care system are that a doctor has to refer you to be seen
at the hospital whereas in the U.S. you can go without a
referral. Another difference is if a woman wants to get an
abortion her insurance will cover if up to 12 weeks after
conception.
C6-1
CASE STUDY 6
CHEVRON’S INFRASTRUCTURE
EVOLUTION
Chevron Corporation (www.chevron.com) is one of the world’s
leading
energy companies. Chevron’s headquarters are in San Ramon,
California.
The company has more than 62,000 employees and produces
more than
700,000 barrels of oil per day. It has 19,500 retail sites in 84
countries. In

4. 2012, Chevron was number three on the Fortune 500 list and
had more than
$244 billion in revenue in 2011 [STAT12].
IT infrastructure is very important to Chevron and to better
support all
facets of its global operations, the company is always focused
on improving
its infrastructure [GALL12]. Chevron faces new challenges
from increased
global demand for its traditional hydrocarbon products and the
need to
develop IT support for new value chains for liquid natural gas
(LNG) and the
extraction of gas and oil from shale. Huge investments are being
made
around the world, particularly in Australia and Angola on
massive projects of
unprecedented scale. Modeling and analytics are more important
than ever
to help Chevron exploit deep water drilling and hydrocarbon
extraction in
areas with challenging geographies. For example, advanced
seismic imaging
tools are used by Chevron to reveal possible oil or natural gas

5. reservoirs
beneath the earth’s surface. Chevron’s proprietary seismic
imaging
http://www.chevron.com/
C6-2
technology contributed to it achieving a 69% discovery rate in
2011[CHEV12].
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Systems
Chevron refineries are continually collecting data from sensors
spread
throughout the facilities to maintain safe operations and to alert
operators to
potential safety issues before they ever become safety issues.
Data from the
sensors is also used to optimize the way the refineries work and
to identify
opportunities of greater efficiency. IT controls 60,000 valves at
Chevron’s
Pascagoula, Mississippi refinery; the efficiency and safety of its
end-to-end

6. operations are dependent on advanced sensors, supervisory
control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems, and other digital industrial
control systems
[GALL12].
SCADA systems are typically centralized systems that monitor
and
control entire sites and/or complexes of systems that are spread
out over
large areas such as an entire manufacturing, fabrication, power
generation,
or refining facility. The key components of SCADA systems
include:
units (RTUs)
connected to sensors that convert sensor signals to digital data
and
send it to the supervisory system
sory computer system that acquires data about the
process
and sends control commands to the process
-machine interface (HMI) that presents process to
the human

7. operators that monitor and control the process.
alysis instruments
system and
RTUs and PLCs.
These are illustrated in Figure C6.1.
C6-3
Data acquisition occurs at the PLC or RTU level. This includes
meter
readings and equipment status reports that are sent to the
supervisory
system. The collected data is compiled and formatted by the
HMI to enable
the operator to make determine whether adjustments to normal
PLC or RTU
settings are needed. Current data may also be compared to
historical data in
a SCADA database to assess trends or perform analytical
auditing.

8. C6-4
In addition to Chevron refineries, SCADA are extremely
important in
national infrastructures such as water supplies, pipelines, and
electric grids.
Because attacks or damage to SCADA systems can affect large
numbers of
people, ensuring adequate security is important.
Business Infrastructure Transformation
Because of the complexity of its operational processes and the
IT that is
needed to support them, Chevron has traditionally been more
infrastructure
than business focused. SCADA systems and digital industrial
control systems
are critical IT infrastructure at Chevron’s refineries and will
always play an
important role in monitoring and managing facility-based
processes. These
also are among the first IT systems needed to support Chevron’s
new value

9. chains for LNG and shale oil extraction. However, like any
large corporation,
Chevron relies on a wide variety of business applications to run
its
businesses.
As it is for most global businesses, SAP ERP is a key
transaction
processing system at Chevron. Chevron has been using SAP for
more than
two decades and it has played an important role in the
development of SAP’s
vertical solutions for the hydrocarbon industry. There are more
than 50
instances of SAP used by Chevron [SCRI11]. Most of these run
on Oracle
databases. Some other key enterprise applications at Chevron
include Ariba
Buyer, EMC Documentum, Informatica, MicroStrategy,
multiple Oracle
applications [SCRI11].
Going forward, IT executives at Chevron would like to flip the
company’s
traditional IT priorities so that the majority of the IT staff’s
time and

10. attention is focused on improving business capabilities
[GALL12]. To do this,
Chevron’s IT leaders have increasingly turned their attention to
Web
services, software as a service (SaaS), and cloud computing to
help it run its
business. Chevron considers mobility to be a game changer in
how it
C6-5
delivers information and provides solutions and it is convinced
that it can do
both without sacrificing security or reliability.
IT infrastructure at Chevron pervades every facet of its
operations.
However, Chevron’s executives have not lost sight of the fact
that IT is not
the company’s core competency. By moving business solutions
to the cloud,
Chevron executives hope to help the company maintain its focus
on its core
competencies.

11. C6-6
Chevron has used business-oriented Web services for several
years.
Ariba Buyer, Salesforce.com, and Ketera’s price negotiation
system are just
a few of the SaaS solutions that Chevron has woven into its IT
architecture.
Chevron is interested in developing an integrated information
network
that includes all of its major supply chain partners, both
upstream and
downstream. Identify management has emerged as a priority at
Chevron to
ensure secure data transfer among its business partners. A
generic example
of an identify management system is illustrated in Figure C6.2.
When users
at Chevron partners need to access Chevron’s intranet and/or
SaaS data or
solutions, they are first cleared by an identity broker. The
identity broker

12. authenticates the user and transparently provides a single sign
on (SSO)
token that enables the partner to access Chevron’s intranet (2)
or the
company’s SaaS solution providers (3).
Chevron hopes to better align its operations with those of its
business
partners via its migration of business applications to the cloud.
It hopes that
the business infrastructure transformation that is currently
underway will
also lead to better IT and business alignment. As a global
company, the
cloud may be an ideal platform for running the business.
In the years ahead, Chevron’s IT leaders expect mobility,
analytics and
visualization, and social media to become critical aspects of its
business
infrastructure. At the facilities level, advanced sensors and
deeper
embedding of RTUs and PLCs within operations are foreseen
[GALL12].
Technical appreciation of convergence network infrastructure

13. will continue to
be important, but business literacy/savvy will be most important
to the long-
term success of Chevron’s IT leaders.
Discussion Points
1. Do some Internet research on Chevron’s use of seismic
imaging
technology. Briefly explain how it works and how it has helped
Chevron discover new oil and gas reservoirs.
C6-7
2. Do some Internet research on security vulnerabilities
associated with
SCADA and digital industrial control systems. Summarize the
major
security concerns associated with these systems and steps than
can be
taken to enhance their security.
3. Discuss the pros and cons of moving enterprise-wide
applications that
have traditionally been supported on premises to the cloud.

14. 4. Do some Internet research on identify management and single
sign on
systems. Briefly explain how these work and why they are
important in
business intranets and extranets.
5. Why is it increasing most important for a CIO or IT executive
who
oversees geographically distributed enterprise networks to be
business
literate?
Sources
[CHEV12] Chevron.com “Seismic Imaging.” Retrieved online:
at
http://www.chevron.com/deliveringenegy/oil/seismicimaging.
[GALL12] Gallant, J. ”Chevron’s CIO Talks Transformation
and Why IT
Leaders Should Smile.” April 12, 2012. Retrieved online at:
http://www.cio.com/article/print/704095.
[SCRI11] Scribd.com. “Chevron Corporation CRUSH Report.”
August 17,
2011. Retrieved online at

15. http://www.scribd.com/doc/62481977/Chevron-
CRUSH-Report-09A1.
[STAT12] Statistic Brain. “Chevron Company Statistics.”
February 12, 2102.
Retrieved online at: http://www.statisticbrain.com/chevron-
company-
statistics/.
http://www.chevron.com/deliveringenegy/oil/seismicimaging
http://www.cio.com/article/print/704095
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62481977/Chevron-CRUSH-Report-
09A1
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62481977/Chevron-CRUSH-Report-
09A1
http://www.statisticbrain.com/chevron-company-statistics/
http://www.statisticbrain.com/chevron-company-statistics/