Miltiades led the Athenian army to the plain of Marathon where they camped in a wooded area for three days, waiting for reinforcements from Sparta. Spies reported that a portion of the Persian forces left by ship, presumably to attack Athens directly. When Miltiades' spies informed him of this, he marched the Athenian hoplites at a run towards the Persians in a modified formation, with wings of 8 men deep and a center of 4 men deep, and attacked the remaining Persian forces at Marathon. The Athenians were victorious, repelling the first Persian invasion of Greece.

1. Decisions at Marathon

3. What will you do?
Scenario I
• It is summer 490 BC and you are an Athenian statesman
• You have just heard news – the Persians are coming!
• The Persian fleet is over 1000 warships and their army is 200 000
• The Athenian fleet is 25 warships and our army is 10 000
• It is led by the experienced commanders, Datis and Artaphernes
• They have successfully besieged, captured, burned and enslaved the
cities of Naxos and Eretria
• Their fleet is now on its way to Attica

4. What will you do?
Options
a) Submit to Persia
b) Flee (maybe to Italy where you have colonies)
c) Send messengers to other poleis for help
d) Prepare to defend the city
e) Prepare to defend the beaches

5. What actually happened?
• Runners sent to Plataea and Sparta
• Athenian army sent to defend the beaches

6. What will you do?
Scenario II
• It is summer 490 BC and you are the Athenian general
Miltiades
• Your colony in Thrace was made Persian vassal 513 BC
• You fought alongside Darius in the Scythian campaign but
betrayed him and were forced to flee to your hometown
(Athens)
• You were part of Athens force sent to the Ionian Revolt
• You have led the Athenian army to the plain of Marathon
• The Persian army is 25 000 trained infantry, 1000 cavalry and
100 000 sailors
• The Persians have beached their ships and set up camp on
the beach
• The Athenian army is 10 000 + 1000 Plataens
• The Greek force is mostly hoplites

7. What will you do?
Options
a) Retreat to defend the city from behind its walls
b) Set ambushes along the road to Athens
c) Set up in the wooded area on the edge of the plain and await the
arrival of the Spartans
d) Set up in the wooded area and send spies to observe the Persians

9. What actually happened?
• Athenians set up camp in the wooded area
• Waited for Spartans
• Sent out spies to watch the Persians

10. What will you do?
Scenario III
• You have led the Athenian army to the plain of
Marathon
• You have camped for three days in a wooded
area
• You are still waiting for the Spartans to arrive
• Your spies report that in the night a force of
Persian cavalry and infantry left in ships headed
South (towards Athens)

11. What will you do?
Options
a) Retreat and defend Athens
b) Build a rough wall around your camp at Marathon and defend it
c) Have your the light infantry and small force of cavalry use ‘hit and
run’ tactics to attack the Persians
d) March your hoplites at a steady pace toward the Persian in ranks 8
men deep, as they have trained to do
e) Make the wings 8 men deep and the centre to 4 men deep, and
charge your hoplites at a run towards the Persians

12. What actually happened?