Rationalization
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(1) After the expansion of the transatlantic slave trade, pseudo-scientific explanations began to emerge to rationalize why Africans should be enslaved, citing measurements of cranium sizes. (2) Johann Friedrich Blumenbach conducted early anthropological research involving measurements of craniums and divided mankind into five races, naming the Caucasian race after the Caucasus region. (3) Similarly, Carl Von Linneaus published one of the first modern studies of man, categorizing humans into four distinct races (Europeanus, Americanus, Asiaticus, Africanus) based on skin tone and stereotypical behaviors, helping to propagate the ideology of racial superiority.
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Key words-forensic anthropology, race, race identification, human variation
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The document provides biographical information about Dr. John Henrik Clarke, a prominent historian known for his work highlighting the role and achievements of Africans and African Americans in history. It details how Clarke's early experiences noticing the exclusion of Africans from biblical stories and lessons led him to embark on a lifelong search to uncover the true history of African peoples around the world. Through extensive research across multiple continents, Clarke found that early civilizations and advancements originated in Africa. He shared his findings in numerous books and lectures. The document also discusses Clarke being honored with libraries and collections named after him in recognition of his contributions to the field of Africans and African American studies.
Chapter 1 inventing the aryan race
The document discusses how European colonialists imposed biblical stories as historical facts to dominate non-Western cultures. It describes how biblical myths like Noah's flood, the curse of Ham, and the Tower of Babel were applied to interpret societies in Africa and India. Key figures like William Jones mapped Sanskrit literature onto biblical narratives to establish Indian history within a biblical framework and justify European rule. This led to the construction of the "Aryan race" and legacy of colonial indology that shaped the racialization of Asian and African peoples.
Chapter 1 inventing the aryan race
The document discusses how European colonialists imposed biblical stories as historical facts to dominate non-Western cultures. It describes how biblical myths like Noah's flood, the curse of Ham, and the Tower of Babel were applied to interpret societies in Africa and India. Key figures like William Jones mapped Sanskrit literature onto the biblical framework to establish Indian history within a biblical timeline. This led to the construction of the "Aryan race" and idea of Aryans invading India, which later influenced racist ideologies in Europe. The document examines the indological legacy of these colonial interpretations and their institutions in India.
Bio380 hum evolgen2011_major_populations
The document discusses human evolution and major population movements based on genetic evidence. It summarizes that Bushmen from Southern Africa represent an early lineage of anatomically modern humans. It also describes the Bantu expansion from West Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa around 5,000 years ago. Additionally, it outlines five episodes of settlement in Europe over the past 50,000 years based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome evidence.
HIS 2213 LU3 What Is Civilization?
1. The document provides context about Tampa Bay, Florida prior to Spanish contact, including that the Taino people had a vibrant civilization, economic systems, and governance structures that allowed sustainable living.
2. It discusses definitions of "civilization" and challenges Eurocentric views that defined civilization based on standards like writing, instead recognizing multiple civilizations.
3. It cautions against Eurocentric propaganda in some slides and provides context for indigenous peoples in the Americas and religious practices sometimes misunderstood by Europeans.
Fossil_Evidence_for_the_Origin_of_Homo_s.pdf
This document summarizes the history of defining and classifying Homo sapiens based on fossil and morphological evidence. It discusses how early thinkers like Aristotle and Linnaeus began to characterize humans, but left the species undefined. Blumenbach in the 18th century was the first to propose morphological features to diagnose H. sapiens, based only on living humans. Despite early fossil finds suggesting human antiquity, it was not until the 19th century that fossils like Neanderthals were acknowledged as ancient humans rather than recent barbarians. Debate continued around classifying archaic fossils as H. sapiens or separate species. The document argues a reexamination of fossils based on developmental biology can help define our species.
Annotated Bibliographic Pathfinder: Minstrel Show
Research & Reference Tool:
Minstrel Show: A popular stage entertainment featuring comic dialogue, song, and dance in highly conventionalized patterns, performed by a troupe of actors, traditionally comprising two end men and a chorus in blackface and an interlocutor: developed in the U.S. in the early and mid-19th century.
Scientific Racism
One of our greatest historians, Dr. John Henerik Clarke informs us that, “THERE HAS BEEN A DELIBERATE DESTRUCTION OF AFRICAN CULTURE AND THE RECORDS RELATING TO THAT CULTURE. THIS DESTRUCTION STARTED WITH THE FIRST INVADERS OF AFRICA. IT CONTINUED THRU THE PERIOD OF SLAVERY AND THE COLONIAL SYSTEM. IT CONTINUES TODAY ON A MUCH HIGHER AND MORE DANGEROUS LEVEL. THERE ARE NOW ATTEMPTS ON THE HIGHEST ACADEMIC LEVEL TO DIVIDE AFRICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE WITHIN AFRICA IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE BEST OF IT [ESPECIALLY THE AFRIKAN HISTORY OF ANTIQUITY] CAN BE CLAIMED, FOR EUROPEANS, OR AT LEAST ASIANS…AND THIS IS ONE OF THE WAYS THAT AFRIKAN PEOPLE HAVE BEEN PROGRAMMED OUT OF THE RESPECTFUL COMMENTARY OF [WORLD] HISTORY.”
Sm. Sri. Med. Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 107-111, 1992 0277-9536192 S.docx
Sm. Sri. Med. Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 107-111, 1992 0277-9536192 S5.00 + 0.00
Printed in Great Britain Pergamon Press plc
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE CONCEPT OF
RACE: IF RACES DON’T EXIST, WHY ARE FORENSIC
ANTHROPOLOGISTS SO GOOD AT IDENTIFYING THEM?
NORMAN J. SAUER
Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A.
Abstract-Most anthropologists have abandoned the concept of race as a research tool and as a valid
representation of human biological diversity. Yet, race identification continues to be one of the central
foci of forensic anthropological casework and research. It is maintained in this paper that the successful
assignment of race to a skeletal specimen is not a vindication of the race concept, but rather a prediction
that an individual, while alive was assigned to a particular socially constructed ‘racial’ category. A
specimen may display features that point to African ancestry. In this country that person is likely to have
been labeled Black regardless of whether or not such a race actually exists in nature.
Key words-forensic anthropology, race, race identification, human variation
Several years ago, I was approached by the Michigan
State Police for assistance with the identification of a
set of decomposed human remains. The specimen,
obviously human, was discovered in a wooded area
by hunters, reported to police and transported to a
morgue at a local hospital. After a standard anthro-
pological evaluation of the material I concluded that
the remains represented a Black female, who was
18-23 years old at death and between 5’2” and 5’6”.
The condition of the remains suggested that depo-
sition occurred between 6 weeks and 6 months before
discovery. That information was reported to the
Investigative Resources Division of the State Police
who matched it against Missing person records. In a
few weeks time the remains were positively identified
as representing a Black female, who was 5’3” tall and
19 years of age when she disappeared about 3 months
earlier.
For many anthropologists there currently exists
a dilemma. While most have rejected the traditional
Western notion of race, as bounded, identifiable
biological groups and have renounced its use as
harmful, the race concept as it is understood by
the public continues to be one of the central
foci of forensic anthropological research and
application. Does the fact that forensic anthropolo-
gists are able to correctly guess the race of a subject
from skeletal remains in any way validate the
concept?
THE NON-EXISTENCE OF RACES
In the 1960s C. Loting Brace and Frank Living-
stone presented arguments for the nonexistence of
human races [l, 21. Extending a debate that began a
decade earlier in zoology [I, 31, they argued that the
discordance of traits made defining races on the basis
of more than one or two characters impossible. Since
no human biologist would support such limited
criteria for d.
Amlit 171214115815
This document provides an overview of the origin and development of American literature from the colonial period through the 20th century. It outlines the major periods of American literature and discusses some of the influential early American authors and works. The document also discusses the colonial settlement of North America by European powers and the impact on native cultures and the emergence of American literary traditions.
Alexander von humboldt by haroon khan bazai uob
A presentation on germen geographer one of the founder of modern geography ''alexander von Humboldt " by M Haroon khan bazai university of Baluchistan, Quetta
Volume 23, No. 1 Bulletin of the General Anthropology.docx
Volume 23, No. 1 Bulletin of the General Anthropology Division Spring, 2016
Tales of the ex-Apes
By Jonathan Marks
UNC-Charlotte
The GAD Distinguished Lecture, given
November 20, 2015, is based on a book
of the same title, recently published by
the University of California Press.
This will be an exploration of meaning
in human evolution without paleoanthro-
pology. I’m not talking about the foot of
Australopithecus sediba or the supraor-
bital torus of Homo erectus; I want to
talk about who we are and where we
came from. I am talking about origin
myths; I am talking about kinship. I am
not talking about human evolution; I’m
talking about how we talk about human
evolution.
Human evolution as bio-politics
Let me start off, then, with a sort of epi-
graph by Carleton Coon. Coon is not
remembered fondly today, because in the
early 1960s, as President of the Ameri-
can Association of Physical Anthropolo-
gists, he was secretly colluding with the
segregationists, giving them preprints of
his book which purported to demonstrate
that the reason that Africans were eco-
nomically and politically subjugated by
Europeans is that they hadn’t been mem-
bers of our species for very long, be-
cause whites had evolved into Homo
sapiens 200,000 years before blacks did.
And I’m happy to say that most of his
contemporaries smacked him down, and
in particular he got into a heated ex-
change with the great fruit fly geneticist
Theodosius Dobzhansky, who, I might
add, was a member of the American An-
(See Marks, page 2)
When the Mines Closed:
Heritage Building in North-
eastern Pennsylvania
By Paul A. Shackel and V. Camille
Westmont
University of Maryland
Introduction
Since 2009, the Anthracite Heritage Pro-
ject has focused on social issues in
Northeastern Pennsylvania (NEPA).
NEPA is a resource rich, economically
poor area located in the northernmost
reaches of the Appalachian Region.
While anthracite coal was discovered in
this region in the late eighteenth century,
large scale extraction of this carbon fos-
sil fuel did not occur until the middle of
the nineteenth century with the develop-
ment of railroads and canal systems. It is
the fuel that helped propel American
industry to become an international
leader in manufacturing. Our goal in this
project is to study the rise and fall of the
anthracite coal industry, and to address
inequities in the community, past and
present, related to work, labor, gender,
race, and immigration.
The NEPA communities, including
the city of Hazleton, the focus of our
study, developed in the mid-nineteenth
century with a massive influx of newly
arrived foreign immigrants who were
necessary for the extraction of coal. This
migration also created a ready workforce
with more available workers than jobs.
Surplus labor allowed the coal operators
to keep wages relatively low with the
threat that there were always willin.
Similar to Rationalization (20)
ACADEMICALLY NEGLECTED, THE INCAS WERE PRODIGY AGRONOMISTS
ACADEMICALLY NEGLECTED, THE INCAS WERE PRODIGY AGRONOMISTS
Africans at the Crossroads: African World Revolution-Dr. John Henrik Clarke
Africans at the Crossroads: African World Revolution-Dr. John Henrik Clarke
Sm. Sri. Med. Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 107-111, 1992 0277-9536192 S.docx
Sm. Sri. Med. Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 107-111, 1992 0277-9536192 S.docx
Volume 23, No. 1 Bulletin of the General Anthropology.docx
Volume 23, No. 1 Bulletin of the General Anthropology.docx
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- Africa has abundant natural resources like oil, gold, cobalt and others that contribute to its export earnings. Contemporary African artists have also gained prominence on the international stage
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Rationalization
- 1. C R A F T I N G W H I T E S U P R E M A C Y Rationalization
- 2. Psuedo Science After the expansion of the trasatalcitc clave trade to the americas, "scientic" explnations beign to pouulate western popular cutlre to provide clearity on why Aficnas in particualr should be enslaved. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Was the first to show the value of comparative anatomy in the study of man’s history.
- 3. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach R E S E R C H His research in the measurement of craniums led him to divide mankind into five great families—Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, and American. D A T A C O L L E C T I O N His most important anthropological work was a collection of 60 human craniums. L O G I S T I C S A N D Blumenbach's definition of the term named for a mountain range that straddles Russia and Georgia cites two reasons for his choice- -the maximal beauty of people from this small region, and the probability that humans were first created in this area. Britannica.com/ johan Friedrich Blumenbach
- 4. Pseudo Science Any sucessful form of brainwashing must have propoganda. Enter Carl Von Linneaus. In 1735, he first produced the first modern study of man. In is four families of man with moral identification of man. Linnaeus was the first to develop and publish a proposed division of humans into different races, which he called taxa (subspecies). w World Encyclopedia, Carl Von Linneaus
- 5. Carl Von Linneaus C A T A G O R I E S Linnaeus first scribes Homo sapiens, and then breaks the genus Homo down further into four tax: T H E R E A S O N I N G Linnaeus describes Africanus categorized as “black, phlegmatic, cunning, lazy, lustful, careless and governed by caprice.” T H E N A R R I T V E Linnaeus describes each by their skin tone and supposed behaviors. Homo Europeanus, the species, and taxon to which he himself belonged as a Swedish man, was described as “white, gentle and inventive,” K N O W N A S H O M O : Europeanus. Americanus (referr ing to Native Americans). Asiaticus ·Africanus. New World Encyclopedia, Carl Von Linneaus
- 6. And The Story is Written These form of ‘scientific' explanation of racial superiority/inferiority continued to spread through the 18th and 19th centuries. Including the Science of Phrenology and the misusage of IQ test and standardized testing. The products of these ‘scientific' studies were promoted in literature, film and TV for centuries. This legacy of gaslighting was not the only story crafted during chattel slavery in the Americas.
- 7. Chattle Slavery in the Americas There are thousands of resources and literature on African Civilzations, Chattel Slavery, Black codes, Jim Crow and systematic racism in America, here are a few. Africa's Great Civilization PBS Eyes on the Prize Series PBS 13th Ava DuVernay The African Americans Many Rivers to Cross PBS Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome- Dr. Joy Degury