Rapid prototyping uses additive manufacturing processes to build 3D objects from CAD models in layers. There are several types of rapid prototyping technologies that differ in the form of starting material used - liquid-based, solid-based, or powder-based. Stereolithography (SLA) is a common liquid-based technique that uses a UV laser to cure liquid resin into layers to build a prototype. Prototypes allow designers to validate designs and engineers to conduct tests prior to full production.
The document provides information on rapid prototyping and different rapid prototyping technologies. It begins with defining what a prototype is and why prototypes are developed. It then discusses the development of rapid prototyping, including manual, soft, and rapid prototyping phases. Key rapid prototyping technologies are described such as stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering. Applications and basic principles of rapid prototyping are also covered.
This document discusses rapid prototyping and provides details on various rapid prototyping techniques. It begins by defining what a prototype is and explaining the development of rapid prototyping from manual methods to soft and then rapid prototyping using additive manufacturing. Specific rapid prototyping techniques covered include stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). Applications of rapid prototyping include design, engineering analysis, and tooling. Advantages are listed as fast, accurate production with minimal material waste, while limitations include staircase effects and cost.
The document discusses rapid prototyping techniques. It begins by defining what a prototype is and the purposes of prototypes. It then discusses the development of rapid prototyping from manual prototyping to soft/virtual prototyping to rapid prototyping using computer-aided design. Common rapid prototyping techniques are described such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and 3D printing. Applications and advantages of rapid prototyping are also summarized.
Rapid prototyping uses layer-by-layer additive manufacturing techniques to quickly produce physical prototypes directly from 3D CAD models. It offers significant time and cost savings over traditional subtractive methods. The basic rapid prototyping process involves (1) creating a CAD model, (2) converting it to STL format, (3) slicing the digital model into thin layers, and (4) constructing the physical model layer-by-layer using materials like polymers, paper or powdered metals. This allows for the fabrication of objects with complex internal features.
Rapid prototyping uses 3D printing technologies to quickly produce physical models from 3D CAD files. It allows engineers to test designs before full production. The document discusses the rapid prototyping process which includes: 1) Creating a CAD model, 2) Converting it to STL format, 3) Slicing the STL file into layers, 4) Constructing the model layer-by-layer using different techniques like stereolithography, fused deposition modeling or selective laser sintering, and 5) Cleaning and finishing the prototype. Rapid prototyping reduces costs and development time by finding design flaws earlier compared to traditional prototyping methods.
Rapid prototyping technologies allow engineers to create physical prototypes of designs prior to full production. The document discusses the rapid prototyping process which involves:
1. Creating a CAD model and converting it to STL format.
2. Slicing the STL file into thin layers and constructing the prototype layer-by-layer using different techniques like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, or fused deposition modeling.
3. Post-processing the prototype by removing supports, cleaning, and finishing the surface.
Specific rapid prototyping methods like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling are described in detail. The document also discusses applications and limitations of rapid
Design Development Experimental Approach of Industrial Product Enhancement Pr...IJMER
This document discusses stereo lithography (SLA), a type of rapid prototyping. SLA uses a laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resin layer by layer based on a 3D CAD model. The key steps are: 1) creating a CAD model; 2) slicing the model into layers; 3) using a laser to solidify each layer on top of the previous one. SLA can produce prototypes faster and cheaper than conventional methods. However, the layered construction results in stair-stepping on slanted surfaces that requires post-processing smoothing.
Rapid prototyping allows engineers to create physical models using 3D CAD data and layer-by-layer construction. The process involves designing a part in CAD software, converting it to an STL file, slicing the digital model into layers, and building a physical prototype one layer at a time. Rapid prototyping reduces costs and development time by finding design issues earlier compared to traditional prototyping methods.
The document provides information on rapid prototyping and different rapid prototyping technologies. It begins with defining what a prototype is and why prototypes are developed. It then discusses the development of rapid prototyping, including manual, soft, and rapid prototyping phases. Key rapid prototyping technologies are described such as stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering. Applications and basic principles of rapid prototyping are also covered.
This document discusses rapid prototyping and provides details on various rapid prototyping techniques. It begins by defining what a prototype is and explaining the development of rapid prototyping from manual methods to soft and then rapid prototyping using additive manufacturing. Specific rapid prototyping techniques covered include stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). Applications of rapid prototyping include design, engineering analysis, and tooling. Advantages are listed as fast, accurate production with minimal material waste, while limitations include staircase effects and cost.
The document discusses rapid prototyping techniques. It begins by defining what a prototype is and the purposes of prototypes. It then discusses the development of rapid prototyping from manual prototyping to soft/virtual prototyping to rapid prototyping using computer-aided design. Common rapid prototyping techniques are described such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and 3D printing. Applications and advantages of rapid prototyping are also summarized.
Rapid prototyping uses layer-by-layer additive manufacturing techniques to quickly produce physical prototypes directly from 3D CAD models. It offers significant time and cost savings over traditional subtractive methods. The basic rapid prototyping process involves (1) creating a CAD model, (2) converting it to STL format, (3) slicing the digital model into thin layers, and (4) constructing the physical model layer-by-layer using materials like polymers, paper or powdered metals. This allows for the fabrication of objects with complex internal features.
Rapid prototyping uses 3D printing technologies to quickly produce physical models from 3D CAD files. It allows engineers to test designs before full production. The document discusses the rapid prototyping process which includes: 1) Creating a CAD model, 2) Converting it to STL format, 3) Slicing the STL file into layers, 4) Constructing the model layer-by-layer using different techniques like stereolithography, fused deposition modeling or selective laser sintering, and 5) Cleaning and finishing the prototype. Rapid prototyping reduces costs and development time by finding design flaws earlier compared to traditional prototyping methods.
Rapid prototyping technologies allow engineers to create physical prototypes of designs prior to full production. The document discusses the rapid prototyping process which involves:
1. Creating a CAD model and converting it to STL format.
2. Slicing the STL file into thin layers and constructing the prototype layer-by-layer using different techniques like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, or fused deposition modeling.
3. Post-processing the prototype by removing supports, cleaning, and finishing the surface.
Specific rapid prototyping methods like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling are described in detail. The document also discusses applications and limitations of rapid
Design Development Experimental Approach of Industrial Product Enhancement Pr...IJMER
This document discusses stereo lithography (SLA), a type of rapid prototyping. SLA uses a laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resin layer by layer based on a 3D CAD model. The key steps are: 1) creating a CAD model; 2) slicing the model into layers; 3) using a laser to solidify each layer on top of the previous one. SLA can produce prototypes faster and cheaper than conventional methods. However, the layered construction results in stair-stepping on slanted surfaces that requires post-processing smoothing.
Rapid prototyping allows engineers to create physical models using 3D CAD data and layer-by-layer construction. The process involves designing a part in CAD software, converting it to an STL file, slicing the digital model into layers, and building a physical prototype one layer at a time. Rapid prototyping reduces costs and development time by finding design issues earlier compared to traditional prototyping methods.
This document provides information about rapid prototyping, including stereolithography. It discusses the history and applications of rapid prototyping. Stereolithography is described as the first rapid prototyping technique developed in 1988, using a UV laser to cure liquid photopolymer resin into solid layers to build a 3D model from a CAD file. Parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and materials used are summarized for stereolithography systems.
Manufacturing Processes is the title of the subject. The document outlines the teaching scheme, examination scheme, syllabus and internal assessment for the subject. The syllabus covers 6 units - casting processes, melting and molding, joining processes, conventional forming processes, advanced forming processes, and advanced manufacturing processes like rapid prototyping. Rapid prototyping involves 5 main steps - CAD modeling, CAD conversion, STL model slicing, model fabrication using techniques like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling and post-processing. It has advantages like reduced design time but also limitations such as material properties.
This document summarizes the process of rapid prototyping (RP). It begins with an introduction to RP and how it uses techniques like 3D printing to directly produce physical models from 3D CAD files in a layer-by-layer process. The document then outlines the typical 5-step RP workflow of creating a CAD file, converting it to STL format, slicing the digital model into layers, building the model one layer at a time, and finishing the prototype. Several common RP technologies are described like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The document also discusses benefits of RP for product design like reducing costs and improving feedback. An example of using RP to fabricate a trans-tibial
This document discusses rapid prototyping (RP), which uses 3D printing technologies to quickly produce physical prototypes directly from 3D CAD models. It begins by introducing RP and its benefits. It then describes common RP techniques like stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering. These techniques are classified based on the form of their starting materials as liquid-based, solid-based, or powder-based. The document concludes by discussing applications of RP in design, engineering analysis, and tooling manufacturing.
Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling.pdfParhanAkbar
This document discusses rapid prototyping and rapid tooling technologies. It begins with an introduction to why rapid prototyping is important for reducing product development time. It then defines rapid prototyping and rapid tooling as the generative layer-by-layer building of parts or molds directly from CAD data. The document provides an overview of various rapid prototyping systems categorized by the form of the starting material as liquid-based, solid-based, or powder-based. Examples of applications for rapid prototyping in design, engineering analysis, and tooling/manufacturing are also presented.
very good to have a this type of context in theRemember that a 3D printer works by depositing raw material layer by layer along the X, Y and Z axis. The accuracy of the 3D printer therefore depends upon the minimum distance the nozzle can travel vertically (the Z axis). Minimum the distance it can move, more the points along the sinusoid that it can capture, and better the accuracy.For Stratasys 3D printers, which are the pioneers of the FDM printers, the current best possible dimensional accuracy is about 0.127 mm. Of course, the choice of raw material too plays an important part in achieving dimensional stability. It should also be remembered that the accuracy comes at the cost of printing time required.
A few advantages of FDM 3D printers include: slideshare FDM 3D Printers find application in:
creating prototypes for Fit, Form and Function testing
rapid tooling patterns and mould inserts
creating and testing any parts that work under thermal loads
production of precise and complex end-use parts e.g. jigs & fixtures
Sectors that use FDM 3D Printers include:
Automotive
Aerospace
Manufacturing
Industrial
Medical
Architecture
Consumer Goods
Fashion
Education & Research
Overall, FDM 3D printers give a very high value for money and a
Rapid prototyping refers to technologies that can automatically construct physical models from CAD data. These technologies allow designers to quickly create tangible prototypes rather than just 2D pictures. The document discusses several rapid prototyping techniques including stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, solid ground curing, and 3D inkjet printing. All techniques involve slicing a 3D CAD model into layers and building the model layer-by-layer. Rapid prototyping enables faster and cheaper prototype production compared to traditional methods, facilitating improved product design and testing.
This document discusses rapid prototyping, including its definition, historical development, standard terminology, principles, applications, advantages/disadvantages, and process. Rapid prototyping is defined as building a prototype in one step using additive layer manufacturing without tools. It has expanded from prototype modeling to manufacturing parts for various applications. The standard terminology includes terms like additive manufacturing, layer-based, and digital fabrication. The process involves CAD modeling, STL formatting, data validation, orientation, support generation, parameter setting, slicing, layer construction, and finishing.
Rapid prototyping (RP) uses additive manufacturing techniques to quickly produce prototype models and parts directly from 3D CAD files or scanned images. Key benefits of RP include shortened development timelines, reduced costs through enabling more design iterations, and improved communication through 3D visualization of designs. Common RP techniques are stereolithography (SL), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and 3D printing (3DP). RP has applications in design/concept modeling, marketing/presentations, testing/analysis, tooling/molds, and medical fields.
This document provides an overview of rapid prototyping (RP) and additive manufacturing. It defines RP as a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part using 3D CAD data. It then covers the history and development of RP, categorizing RP systems as liquid-based, solid-based, or powder-based. The roles of prototypes in product development are discussed, including experimentation, testing, communication, synthesis, and scheduling. Additive manufacturing is introduced as a process of joining materials layer by layer from a 3D model. Popular additive manufacturing materials and applications are briefly outlined.
Rapid prototyping is an additive manufacturing process that builds 3D models layer by layer directly from CAD data. It allows for quick fabrication of parts and reduces development time and costly mistakes compared to conventional machining. The document discusses various rapid prototyping technologies such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. It provides details on the working, advantages, applications, and history of these additive manufacturing methods.
This document provides information on rapid prototyping. It defines rapid prototyping as an additive manufacturing process that fabricates a physical model layer by layer directly from 3D CAD data. The document discusses several rapid prototyping technologies including stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. It explains the basic principles, materials, and processes for each technique. The document also covers the history and applications of rapid prototyping.
The document provides information on liquid-based rapid prototyping systems, specifically Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA). It describes the SLA process which involves using a UV laser to cure liquid photopolymer resin layer-by-layer to produce a 3D object. Key aspects covered include the working principle, use of photopolymers and laser scanning, applications such as models and prototypes, and advantages like good accuracy and surface finish. Disadvantages mentioned are the need for support structures.
The document discusses additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing. It describes AM as a process of joining materials layer by layer to make objects from 3D model data, unlike subtractive manufacturing which removes material. The key steps in AM are developing a 3D CAD model, converting it to an AM file format, slicing it into layers, and building the part layer by layer using an AM device. Common AM techniques include stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering.
IRJET- Analysis and Review of Rapid Prototyping Technology, & Study of Materi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses 3D printing technology and materials used in the 3D printing process. It begins with an introduction to rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing technologies. It then provides details on the general principles and processes involved, including CAD modeling, file conversion, printing, post-processing, and different 3D printing methods like vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, fused deposition modeling, and others. Finally, it discusses materials that can be used for 3D printing, including metals, polymers, and their combinations. The goal is to provide an overview of 3D printing technologies and materials to help guide selection for different applications.
This document discusses additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping. It outlines the objectives of using these technologies, which include increasing efficiency, providing training, and designing tools and molds. Rapid prototyping allows for design validation without investment in tooling and multiple iterations. The document then describes various rapid prototyping processes like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, 3D printing, and fused deposition modeling. It provides details on their materials, advantages, applications and areas for further research to improve these additive manufacturing techniques.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) refers to processes that build 3D objects by depositing material layer by layer based on a digital model. This document discusses AM technologies including stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and others. It also covers common materials used like polymers, metals, and ceramics as well as the typical steps in the AM process from CAD file to final part.
This document provides an introduction to academic portfolios, including their fundamental features, processes for creation, examples, advantages, and the potential for electronic portfolios. It discusses two approaches to portfolio creation for self-evaluation or professional purposes. Key aspects covered include collection, selection, reflection, and making connections between teaching, research, and experiences. Examples of reflective statements and portfolio contents are provided.
AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.pptxsamygs1
This document provides an overview of automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS). It discusses the problems with conventional storage systems and introduces the concept and basic structure of AS/RS. The structure includes storage racks, storage/retrieval machines, storage modules, pick-and-deposit stations, and external handling systems. It also covers AS/RS control using computers and positioning methods. Benefits include improved efficiency, accuracy, space usage, and costs. Design considerations include structural dimensions and load capacities. Carousel storage systems operate items on continuous conveyors and are used for storage, transport, and work-in-process applications.
This document provides information about rapid prototyping, including stereolithography. It discusses the history and applications of rapid prototyping. Stereolithography is described as the first rapid prototyping technique developed in 1988, using a UV laser to cure liquid photopolymer resin into solid layers to build a 3D model from a CAD file. Parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and materials used are summarized for stereolithography systems.
Manufacturing Processes is the title of the subject. The document outlines the teaching scheme, examination scheme, syllabus and internal assessment for the subject. The syllabus covers 6 units - casting processes, melting and molding, joining processes, conventional forming processes, advanced forming processes, and advanced manufacturing processes like rapid prototyping. Rapid prototyping involves 5 main steps - CAD modeling, CAD conversion, STL model slicing, model fabrication using techniques like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling and post-processing. It has advantages like reduced design time but also limitations such as material properties.
This document summarizes the process of rapid prototyping (RP). It begins with an introduction to RP and how it uses techniques like 3D printing to directly produce physical models from 3D CAD files in a layer-by-layer process. The document then outlines the typical 5-step RP workflow of creating a CAD file, converting it to STL format, slicing the digital model into layers, building the model one layer at a time, and finishing the prototype. Several common RP technologies are described like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. The document also discusses benefits of RP for product design like reducing costs and improving feedback. An example of using RP to fabricate a trans-tibial
This document discusses rapid prototyping (RP), which uses 3D printing technologies to quickly produce physical prototypes directly from 3D CAD models. It begins by introducing RP and its benefits. It then describes common RP techniques like stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering. These techniques are classified based on the form of their starting materials as liquid-based, solid-based, or powder-based. The document concludes by discussing applications of RP in design, engineering analysis, and tooling manufacturing.
Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling.pdfParhanAkbar
This document discusses rapid prototyping and rapid tooling technologies. It begins with an introduction to why rapid prototyping is important for reducing product development time. It then defines rapid prototyping and rapid tooling as the generative layer-by-layer building of parts or molds directly from CAD data. The document provides an overview of various rapid prototyping systems categorized by the form of the starting material as liquid-based, solid-based, or powder-based. Examples of applications for rapid prototyping in design, engineering analysis, and tooling/manufacturing are also presented.
very good to have a this type of context in theRemember that a 3D printer works by depositing raw material layer by layer along the X, Y and Z axis. The accuracy of the 3D printer therefore depends upon the minimum distance the nozzle can travel vertically (the Z axis). Minimum the distance it can move, more the points along the sinusoid that it can capture, and better the accuracy.For Stratasys 3D printers, which are the pioneers of the FDM printers, the current best possible dimensional accuracy is about 0.127 mm. Of course, the choice of raw material too plays an important part in achieving dimensional stability. It should also be remembered that the accuracy comes at the cost of printing time required.
A few advantages of FDM 3D printers include: slideshare FDM 3D Printers find application in:
creating prototypes for Fit, Form and Function testing
rapid tooling patterns and mould inserts
creating and testing any parts that work under thermal loads
production of precise and complex end-use parts e.g. jigs & fixtures
Sectors that use FDM 3D Printers include:
Automotive
Aerospace
Manufacturing
Industrial
Medical
Architecture
Consumer Goods
Fashion
Education & Research
Overall, FDM 3D printers give a very high value for money and a
Rapid prototyping refers to technologies that can automatically construct physical models from CAD data. These technologies allow designers to quickly create tangible prototypes rather than just 2D pictures. The document discusses several rapid prototyping techniques including stereolithography, laminated object manufacturing, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, solid ground curing, and 3D inkjet printing. All techniques involve slicing a 3D CAD model into layers and building the model layer-by-layer. Rapid prototyping enables faster and cheaper prototype production compared to traditional methods, facilitating improved product design and testing.
This document discusses rapid prototyping, including its definition, historical development, standard terminology, principles, applications, advantages/disadvantages, and process. Rapid prototyping is defined as building a prototype in one step using additive layer manufacturing without tools. It has expanded from prototype modeling to manufacturing parts for various applications. The standard terminology includes terms like additive manufacturing, layer-based, and digital fabrication. The process involves CAD modeling, STL formatting, data validation, orientation, support generation, parameter setting, slicing, layer construction, and finishing.
Rapid prototyping (RP) uses additive manufacturing techniques to quickly produce prototype models and parts directly from 3D CAD files or scanned images. Key benefits of RP include shortened development timelines, reduced costs through enabling more design iterations, and improved communication through 3D visualization of designs. Common RP techniques are stereolithography (SL), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and 3D printing (3DP). RP has applications in design/concept modeling, marketing/presentations, testing/analysis, tooling/molds, and medical fields.
This document provides an overview of rapid prototyping (RP) and additive manufacturing. It defines RP as a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part using 3D CAD data. It then covers the history and development of RP, categorizing RP systems as liquid-based, solid-based, or powder-based. The roles of prototypes in product development are discussed, including experimentation, testing, communication, synthesis, and scheduling. Additive manufacturing is introduced as a process of joining materials layer by layer from a 3D model. Popular additive manufacturing materials and applications are briefly outlined.
Rapid prototyping is an additive manufacturing process that builds 3D models layer by layer directly from CAD data. It allows for quick fabrication of parts and reduces development time and costly mistakes compared to conventional machining. The document discusses various rapid prototyping technologies such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. It provides details on the working, advantages, applications, and history of these additive manufacturing methods.
This document provides information on rapid prototyping. It defines rapid prototyping as an additive manufacturing process that fabricates a physical model layer by layer directly from 3D CAD data. The document discusses several rapid prototyping technologies including stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling. It explains the basic principles, materials, and processes for each technique. The document also covers the history and applications of rapid prototyping.
The document provides information on liquid-based rapid prototyping systems, specifically Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA). It describes the SLA process which involves using a UV laser to cure liquid photopolymer resin layer-by-layer to produce a 3D object. Key aspects covered include the working principle, use of photopolymers and laser scanning, applications such as models and prototypes, and advantages like good accuracy and surface finish. Disadvantages mentioned are the need for support structures.
The document discusses additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing. It describes AM as a process of joining materials layer by layer to make objects from 3D model data, unlike subtractive manufacturing which removes material. The key steps in AM are developing a 3D CAD model, converting it to an AM file format, slicing it into layers, and building the part layer by layer using an AM device. Common AM techniques include stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering.
IRJET- Analysis and Review of Rapid Prototyping Technology, & Study of Materi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses 3D printing technology and materials used in the 3D printing process. It begins with an introduction to rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing technologies. It then provides details on the general principles and processes involved, including CAD modeling, file conversion, printing, post-processing, and different 3D printing methods like vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, fused deposition modeling, and others. Finally, it discusses materials that can be used for 3D printing, including metals, polymers, and their combinations. The goal is to provide an overview of 3D printing technologies and materials to help guide selection for different applications.
This document discusses additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping. It outlines the objectives of using these technologies, which include increasing efficiency, providing training, and designing tools and molds. Rapid prototyping allows for design validation without investment in tooling and multiple iterations. The document then describes various rapid prototyping processes like stereolithography, selective laser sintering, 3D printing, and fused deposition modeling. It provides details on their materials, advantages, applications and areas for further research to improve these additive manufacturing techniques.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) refers to processes that build 3D objects by depositing material layer by layer based on a digital model. This document discusses AM technologies including stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and others. It also covers common materials used like polymers, metals, and ceramics as well as the typical steps in the AM process from CAD file to final part.
This document provides an introduction to academic portfolios, including their fundamental features, processes for creation, examples, advantages, and the potential for electronic portfolios. It discusses two approaches to portfolio creation for self-evaluation or professional purposes. Key aspects covered include collection, selection, reflection, and making connections between teaching, research, and experiences. Examples of reflective statements and portfolio contents are provided.
AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM.pptxsamygs1
This document provides an overview of automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS). It discusses the problems with conventional storage systems and introduces the concept and basic structure of AS/RS. The structure includes storage racks, storage/retrieval machines, storage modules, pick-and-deposit stations, and external handling systems. It also covers AS/RS control using computers and positioning methods. Benefits include improved efficiency, accuracy, space usage, and costs. Design considerations include structural dimensions and load capacities. Carousel storage systems operate items on continuous conveyors and are used for storage, transport, and work-in-process applications.
LPG is a flammable gas mixture used as a fuel. It is odorless and colorless, so an odorant is added to help detect leaks. LPG is heavier than air and can accumulate near the ground in low-lying areas if there is a leak. Strict safety measures must be followed when handling, storing, and transporting LPG to prevent fires and explosions, including proper design of storage facilities, maintenance of equipment, and avoidance of potential ignition sources.
Fire safety involves understanding fire types and classes, the fire triangle, methods for removing fire such as cooling, smothering, and starvation, and types of fire extinguishers like water, powder, foam, and CO2. It is important to have evacuation plans, know emergency contact numbers, fire safety equipment locations, and what to do in the event of a fire for protecting life and property.
Engineering ethics can be understood from normative and descriptive senses. The normative sense involves knowing moral values and solving moral problems in engineering practices. The descriptive sense refers to how engineers actually behave ethically. Some key principles of engineering ethics include prioritizing public safety, health, and welfare.
Augmented reality (AR) combines real-world and computer-generated content to enhance a user's perception of the real world. AR systems have three key characteristics: they combine real and virtual objects, interact in real-time, and align real and virtual objects spatially. While virtual reality aims to fully immerse users in a simulated world, AR enhances the real world with additional information. AR uses devices like head-mounted displays and mobile phones to overlay digital content on the real world. Common applications of AR include entertainment, navigation, education, and more. As technology advances, the line between physical and virtual worlds will continue to blur through AR.
This document provides an introduction and overview of ANSYS Workbench simulation software. It describes ANSYS Workbench as an integrated simulation platform that allows users to perform multi-physics simulations and coordinate simulation data in one place for more accurate modeling. The summary outlines the types of analysis available in ANSYS Workbench including linear stress, modal, heat transfer, harmonic, linear buckling, and nonlinear structural analyses. It also briefly describes the process of setting up a static structural analysis in ANSYS Workbench including defining material properties, geometry, meshing, and solving the analysis.
The document discusses key concepts in industrial safety engineering including the evolution of modern safety concepts, safety policy, safety organization, and accident prevention. It defines important safety terms like accident, injury, unsafe acts, and unsafe conditions. It also outlines the need for safety organizations, safety posters, safety displays, safety pledges, and safety incentive schemes to promote a culture of safety in industrial settings.
This document outlines safety training procedures for industrial work. It discusses the purpose of safety training which is to prevent accidents and involve employees in safety. It also provides a short list of personnel who require training, including new employees, promoted employees, supervisors, and contractors. The training procedure is explained as well, including providing order and instruction to employees, conducting job cycle checks, and holding safety meetings.
The Carnot cycle operates between a high temperature heat reservoir (T1) and a low temperature heat reservoir (T2). It consists of four processes:
1) Isothermal expansion where heat Q1 is absorbed from T1 and the gas expands at constant temperature T1.
2) Adiabatic expansion where the gas expands without heat transfer, causing its temperature to drop from T1 to T2.
3) Isothermal compression where heat Q2 is rejected to T2 and the gas is compressed at constant temperature T2.
4) Adiabatic compression where the gas is compressed without heat transfer, causing its temperature to rise from T2 back to T1, completing the
The document summarizes the development of the Indian economy. It discusses that India has one of the fastest growing economies in the world and ranks fourth in PPP. The key sectors driving growth are agriculture, manufacturing, and services. It also outlines some of the challenges India faces including poverty, unemployment, population growth, and the rural-urban divide. Infrastructure development and reforms in financial sectors are helping to support continued economic development. The document predicts India's economy will grow between 8-10% in the coming years and it could become one of the leading economies by 2020 if it maintains high growth rates.
Engineering ethics can be understood from normative and descriptive senses. The normative sense involves knowing moral values and solving moral problems in engineering practices. The descriptive sense refers to how engineers actually behave ethically. Some key principles of engineering ethics include prioritizing public safety, health, and welfare. Moral issues engineers may face include dilemmas evaluated using theories like Kohlberg's and Gilligan's.
The document summarizes the structure and roles of the state executive in India. It discusses the governor, chief minister, and council of ministers. The governor is the nominal executive head appointed by the president and represents the central government. The real executive authority lies with the chief minister and council of ministers, who are responsible for the administration of the state. Key powers and responsibilities of these bodies include legislative functions, financial administration, and executive implementation of policies and programs.
Indian federalism involves a dual polity with legislative powers distributed between the union and state governments according to three lists in the constitution. This system has led to tensions due to the centralization of power over time. Various commissions like the Sarkaria Commission have recommended reforms to improve center-state relations such as establishing an inter-state council, careful use of central intervention powers, and more financial and administrative autonomy for states. Overall, Indian federalism has balanced a strong central government with meaningful state powers through cooperative federalism.
The document summarizes the structure and roles of the executive branch of state governments in India. It discusses that the governor is the nominal executive head of the state and represents the central government, but the real executive power lies with the chief minister and the council of ministers. The chief minister exercises vast executive powers as the head of the government and shapes policies and legislation with the assistance of other ministers in the cabinet.
The document summarizes the structure and roles of the executive branch of state governments in India. It discusses that the governor is the nominal executive head of the state and represents the central government, but the real executive power lies with the chief minister and the council of ministers. The chief minister exercises vast executive powers as the head of the government. The council of ministers, led by the chief minister, formulates policies, initiates legislation, and guides the administration of the state.
The document outlines the structure of the state executive in India. It discusses the roles of the Governor, Chief Minister, and Council of Ministers. The Governor is the nominal executive head of the state and represents the central government. The real executive authority lies with the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers, who are responsible for the day-to-day administration of the state. The Chief Minister exercises significant powers as the head of the ruling party and head of the Council of Ministers.
This document outlines several key aspects of India's federal system of government, including the division of powers between the central and state governments, the supremacy of the central constitution, an emergency provisions, appointment of governors by the central government, and various ways the central government can interfere in state affairs or jurisdictions. It also discusses fiscal relations and financial commissions.
The document introduces the key concepts of the second law of thermodynamics, including:
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A PROTOTYPE?
⦿ A prototype is a draft version or an approximation
of a final product.
⦿ Prototypes are developed for several reasons:
⚫ to identify possible problems.
⚫ to confirm the suitability of a design prior to starting
mass production.
2
to conduct tests and verify
⚫ Provides a scale model
performance.
⚫ for visualization purposes.
⚫ Some prototypes are used as market research and
promotional tools.
⦿ Most importantly, it is cheaper to manufacture, test and
make changes to a prototype than it is to a final product.
3.
4.
5.
6. DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID
PROTOTYPING
6
⚫ First Phase : Manual (or Hard) Prototyping
Age-old practice for many centuries
Prototyping as a skilled craft is traditional and manual and based on
material of prototype
Natural prototyping technique
⚫ Second Phase : Soft (or Virtual) Prototyping
Mid 1970’s
Increasing complexity
Can be stressed, simulated and tested with exact mechanical and
other properties
7. DEVELOPMENT OF RAPID
PROTOTYPING
⚫ Third Phase : Rapid Prototyping
Mid 1980’s
Hard prototype made in a very short turnaround time (relies on CAD
modelling)
Prototype can be used for limited testing
prototype can consist in the manufacturing of the products
3 times complex as soft prototyping
7
8. RAPID
PROTOTYPING
Rapid prototyping is a broad term
technologies used to quickly fabricate
computer data.
that comprises many different
a physical model directly from
The first rapid prototyping method, called stereo lithography, was
developed in the late 1980s, but more sophisticated techniques are
available today.
8
9. RAPID
PROTOTYPING
9
⦿ The term “rapid” is relative. Some prototypes may take hours or even
days to build
⦿ Rapid prototyping systems are additive manufacturing processes that work
on the basic principle of producing a 3D part by building and stacking
multiple 2D layers together.
⦿ Most common types of rapid prototyping systems:
⚫ SLA (Stereo Lithography)
⚫ SLS (Selective Laser Sintering)
⚫ LOM (Laminate Object Manufacturing)
⚫ FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling).
⦿ Different technologies use different materials to produce the parts.
10. RAPID PROTOTYPING
There are many different RP processes, but the basic operating principles
are very similar.
1
0
11. BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF RP
1
1
⚫ Building computer model
Model is build by CAD/CAM system.
Model must be defined as enclosed volume or solid.
⚫ Converting model into STL file format
Stereo Lithography (STL) file is a standard format to describe CAD
geometry used in RP system.
STL file approximates the surfaces of the model by polygons.
12. ⚫ Fabricating the model
Building model layer by layer.
Forming a 3D model by solidification of liquid/powder.
⚫ Removing support structure and cleaning
After building Drain out extra material.
Cut out the prototype.
Cut out unnecessary support material.
⚫ Post processing
Includes surface finishing and other applications.
10
13. APPLICATIONS
OF RP
13
⦿ Applications of rapid prototyping can be classified into three
categories:
1. Design
2. Engineering analysis and planning
3. Tooling and manufacturing
14. DESIGN
APPLICATIONS
14
Designers are able to confirm their design by building a real physical model in
minimum time using RP
Design benefits of RP:
⚫ Reduced lead times to produce prototypes
⚫ Improved ability to visualize part geometry
⚫ Early detection of design errors
⚫ Increased capability to compute mass properties
15. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND
PLANNING
15
Existence of part allows certain engineering analysis and planning activities to be
accomplished that would be more difficult without the physical entity
⚫ Comparison of different shapes and styles to determine aesthetic appeal
⚫ Wind tunnel testing of streamline shapes
⚫ Stress analysis of physical model
⚫ Fabrication of pre-production parts for process planning and tool design
16. TOOLING
APPLICATIONS
16
⦿ Called rapid tool making (RTM) when RP is used to fabricate production tooling
⦿ Two approaches for tool-making:
1) Indirect RTM method
Pattern is created by RP and the pattern is used to fabricate the tool
⦿ Examples:
⚫ Patterns for sand casting and investment casting
⚫ Electrodes for EDM
2 )Direct RTM method
RP is used to make the tool itself
⦿ Example:
⚫ 3DP to create a die of metal powders followed by sintering and infiltration to
complete the die
17. ADVANTAGES OF RAPID PROTOTYPING
Process is Fast and accurate.
Superior Quality surface finish is obtained.
Separate material can be used for component and support .
No need to design jigs and fixtures.
No need of mould or other tools.
Post processing include only finishing and cleaning.
Harder materials can be easily used .
Minimum material wastage.
Reduces product development time considerably. 15
18. LIMITATIONS
OF RP
18
Some times staircase effect is observed.
Many times component get distorted.
Limited range of materials.
Cost of operating.
19. STEREO LITHOGRAPHY
FILES
19
The stereo lithography file format, known as STL (Standard Tessellation Language), is the
current industry standard data interface for rapid prototyping and manufacturing.
Before a 3D model is sent to a rapid prototype machine, it must be converted to this format.
From a user standpoint, the process typically requires only exporting or saving the model as
an STL file. Some software packages, however, allow the user to define some specific
parameters.
The STL file format defines the geometry of a model as a single mesh of triangles.
Information about color, textures, materials, and other properties of the object are ignored in
the STL file.
When a solid model is converted into an STL file, all features are consolidated into one
geometric figure. The resulting STL file does not allow individual features created with the
parametric modeling application to be edited.
21. STEREO LITHOGRAPHY
FILES
The process of approximating the actual surfaces of the object with a
closed mesh of triangles is known as Tessellation.
When the tessellated STL file is sent to the rapid prototype machine, the
model is sliced into multiple horizontal layers that are later reproduced
physically by the device.
19
22. WHY .STL FILE
FORMAT?
22
The STL files translate the part geometry from a CAD system to the RP machine.
Universal file format that every system needs to be able to produce so that an RP
machine can process model.
Slicing a part is easier compared to other methods such as B-rep (boundary
representation) and CSG (constructive solid geometry)
23. RP – TWO BASIC
CATEGORIES
23
1. Material removal RP –
Machining, using a dedicated CNC machine that is available to the design
department on short notice
⚫ Starting material is often wax
Easy to machine
Can be melted and re-solidified
⚫ The CNC machines are often small - called desktop machining
2. Material addition RP –
Adds layers of material one at a time to build the solid part from bottom to
top
24. CLASSIFICATION OF RP
TECHNOLOGIES
24
There are various ways to classify the RP techniques that have currently been
developed
The RP classification used here is based on the form of the starting material:
1. Liquid-based
2. Solid-based
3. Powder-based
25. LIQUID-BASED RAPID PROTOTYPING SYSTEMS
25
Starting material is a liquid Mostly resins and polymers.
About a dozen RP technologies are in this category
Includes the following processes:
⚫ Stereo lithography
⚫ Solid ground curing
⚫ Droplet deposition manufacturing
26. SOLID-BASED RAPID PROTOTYPING
SYSTEMS
26
Starting material is a solid wood, plastic, metal sheets etc.
Solid-based RP systems include the following processes:
⚫ Laminated object manufacturing
⚫ Fused deposition modeling
27. POWDER-BASED RP
SYSTEMS
27
Starting material is a powder of hard materials like
Powder-based RP systems include the following:
⚫ Selective laser sintering
⚫ Three dimensional printing
⚫ Laser engineered and Net shaping
28. STEREO LITHOGRAPHY (SLA)
Works based on the principle of
curing liquid photomer into specific
shape
A vat which can be lowered and raised
filled with photocurable liquid
acrylate polymer
Laser generating U-V beam is focused
in x-y directions
The beam cures the portion of photo
polymer and produces a solid body
This process is repeated till the level b
is reached as shown in the figure
Now the plat form is lowered by
distance ab
Then another portion of the cylinder
is shaped till the portion is reached
He-Cd Laser
UV beam
Focusing system Rotating mirror
High-speed
stepper motors
Liquid resin
Part
Platform
Elevation control
Support structures
He-Ne
Laser
Sensor
system
for
resin
depth
26
29. STEREO LITHOGRAPHY
(SLA)
Each layer is 0.076 mm to 0.50 mm (0.003 in to 0.020 in.) thick
⚫ Thinner layers provide better resolution and more intricate shapes; but
processing time is longer
Starting materials are liquid monomers
Polymerization occurs on exposure to UV light produced by laser scanning
beam
⚫ Scanning speeds ~ 500 to 2500 mm/s
Accuracy(mm) - 0.01- 0.2(SLA)
27
30. SLA: companies and applications
Companies that develop and sell SLA machines:
1. 3D Systems™ Inc. (www.3Dsystems.com)
2. Aaroflex Inc (www.aaroflex.com)
Shower head
28
Automobile Manifold
(Rover)
33. LAMINATED OBJECT
MANUFACTURING
33
⦿ Laminated Object Manufacturing is a relatively low cost rapid prototyping technology
⦿ where thin slices of material (usually paper or wood) are successively glued together
to form a 3D shape.
⦿ The process uses two rollers to control the supply of paper with heat-activated glue
to a building platform.
⦿ When new paper is in position, it is flattened and added to the previously created
layers using a heated roller.
⦿ The shape of the new layer is traced and cut by a blade or a laser. When the layer
is complete, the building platform descends and new paper is supplied.
⦿ When the paper is in position, the platform moves back up so the new layer can be
glued to the existing stack, and the process repeats.
34. LOM: companies, applications
Original technology developed by Helisys Inc.; Helisys acquired by Corum.
1. Cubic Technologies Inc [www.cubictechnologies.com]
2. KIRA Corp, Japan [www.kiracorp.co.jp]
[source: Corum Inc] [source: KIRAcorporation]
32
37. FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING
• Agantry robot controlled extruder
head moves in two principle
directions over a table
• Table can be raised or lowered as
needed
• Thermo plastic or wax filament is
extruded through the small orifice
of heated die
• Initial layer placed on a foam
foundation with a constant rate
• Extruder head follows a
predetermined path from the file
• After first layer the table is
lowered and subsequent layers are
formed
Fig: (a)Fused-deposition-modelingprocess3.5
(b)TheFDM5000, afused-decomposition-
modeling-machine.
38. FDM: companies and applications
FDM™ is a patented technology of Stratasys™ Inc.
Monkey Cinquefoil
Designed by Prof Carlo Sequin, UC Berkeley
5 monkey-saddles closed into a single edged toroidal ring
Gear assembly
Toy design using FDM models of different colors
36
41. SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
(SLS)
41
Uses a high power laser and powdered materials.
A wide variety of materials can be used, ranging from thermoplastic
polymers, such as nylon and polystyrene, to some metals.
3D parts are produced by fusing a thin slice of the powdered material
onto the layers below it.
The surfaces of SLS prototypes are not as smooth as those produced
by SLA processes.
SLS parts are sufficiently strong and resistant for many functional
tests.
43. SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
(SLS)
43
⦿ The powdered material is kept on a delivery platform and supplied to the
building area by a roller.
⦿ For each layer, a laser traces the corresponding shape of the part on the
surface of the building area, by heating the powder until it melts, fusing it with
the layer below it.
⦿ The platform containing the part lowers one layer thickness and the platform
supplying the material elevates, providing more material to the system.
⦿ The roller moves the new material to the building platform, leveling the surface,
and the process repeats.
⦿ Some SLS prototype machines use two delivery platforms, one on each side of
the building platform, for efficiency, so the roller can supply material to the
building platform in both directions.
44. SLS: companies and applications
First commercialized by Prof Carl Deckard (UT Austin)
Marketed by DTM Corp.
DTM acquired by 3Dsystems Inc.
1. 3D Systems™ Inc. (www.3Dsystems.com)
2. EOS GmbH, Munich, Germany.
[both examples, source: DTM inc.]
Plastic parts using SLS Metal mold using SLS, injection molded parts
42
45. 3D printing
45
Technology invented at MIT in1994, Part constructed with starch
powder
1. Layer of powder spread on platform
2.Ink-jet printer head deposits drops of water/glue* on part cross-
section
3. Table lowered by layer thickness
4. New layer of powder deposited above previous layer
5. Repeat steps 2-4 till part is built
6. Shake powder to get part
46. MATERIALS USED:
STARCH, PLASTER-CERAMIC POWDER, METAL POWDER
MULTI-COLORED WATER CAN BE USED TO MAKE ARBITRARY COLORED PARTS (SAME AS INK-JET
PRINTING)
46
Applications of 3DP
⚫ CAD-Casting metal parts. A ceramic shell with integral cores can be
fabricated directly from the CAD model
⚫ Direct metal parts. It is adaptable to a variety of material systems,
allowing the production of metallic/ceramic parts with novel
composition
⚫ Prototypes with colours and elastic feature
47. 3D Printing: companies, applications
1. Z-corporation [www.zcorp.com]
2. Soligen [www.soligen.com]
Engine manifold for GM racing car
Cast after Direct Shell Production Casting
[source: www.soligen.com]
45