Nutritional properties of proteins by KGKIRTIGAUTAM11
Nutritional Properties of Proteins
Protein digestibility
The quality of a protein is related mainly to its essential amino acid composition and digestibility. Animal proteins are better quality than plant proteins. Proteins of major cereals and legumes are often deficient in at least one of the essential amino acids. While proteins of cereals, such as rice, wheat, barley and maize are very low in lysine & rich in methionine, those of legumes and oilseeds are deficient in methionine and rich or adequate in lysine.
• The process of digestion is defined as the ‘process by which macromolecules in food are broken down into their component small molecule subunits’.
• Protein digestion takes place in two different phases:
¤ In the stomach
¤ In the small intestine
• Both of these phases of digestion are based on several types of enzymes that are called proteinases and proteases
Several factors affect digestibility of proteins
Protein conformation: The structural state of a protein influences its hydrolysis by proteases. Native proteins are generally less completely hydrolyzed than partially denatured ones.
Antinutritional factors: Most plant protein isolates & concentrates contain trysin & chymotrypsin inhibitors & lectins. These inhibitors impair complete hydrolysis of legume & oilseed protein by pancreatic proteases. Lectins, which are glycoproteins, bind to intestinal mucosa cells & interfere with absorption of amino acids.
Binding: Interaction of proteins with polysaccharides and dietary fibre also reduces the rate and completeness of hydrolysis.
Processing: Proteins undergo several alterations involving lysyl residues when exposed to high temperature and alkaline pH. Such alterations reduce their digestibility, reaction of reducing sugars with α amino group also decrease digestibility of lysine
Article: Dietary betaine improves egg-laying rate in hens through
hypomethylation and glucocorticoid receptor–mediated
activation of hepatic lipogenesis-related genes
Nutritional properties of proteins by KGKIRTIGAUTAM11
Nutritional Properties of Proteins
Protein digestibility
The quality of a protein is related mainly to its essential amino acid composition and digestibility. Animal proteins are better quality than plant proteins. Proteins of major cereals and legumes are often deficient in at least one of the essential amino acids. While proteins of cereals, such as rice, wheat, barley and maize are very low in lysine & rich in methionine, those of legumes and oilseeds are deficient in methionine and rich or adequate in lysine.
• The process of digestion is defined as the ‘process by which macromolecules in food are broken down into their component small molecule subunits’.
• Protein digestion takes place in two different phases:
¤ In the stomach
¤ In the small intestine
• Both of these phases of digestion are based on several types of enzymes that are called proteinases and proteases
Several factors affect digestibility of proteins
Protein conformation: The structural state of a protein influences its hydrolysis by proteases. Native proteins are generally less completely hydrolyzed than partially denatured ones.
Antinutritional factors: Most plant protein isolates & concentrates contain trysin & chymotrypsin inhibitors & lectins. These inhibitors impair complete hydrolysis of legume & oilseed protein by pancreatic proteases. Lectins, which are glycoproteins, bind to intestinal mucosa cells & interfere with absorption of amino acids.
Binding: Interaction of proteins with polysaccharides and dietary fibre also reduces the rate and completeness of hydrolysis.
Processing: Proteins undergo several alterations involving lysyl residues when exposed to high temperature and alkaline pH. Such alterations reduce their digestibility, reaction of reducing sugars with α amino group also decrease digestibility of lysine
Article: Dietary betaine improves egg-laying rate in hens through
hypomethylation and glucocorticoid receptor–mediated
activation of hepatic lipogenesis-related genes
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids, a class of nutrients needed for our body to function normally.
These are the fats of life which help our cells to function properly.
Omega-3 cannot be produced be our body and should be supplied through the diet.
There are 2 very important types of Omega 3 acids , namely EPA and DHA, which have amazing health benefits.
KALOFLAX 90 Softgel : A Herbal Anti Oxidant & a good source of Omega 3, 6 & 9
See: http://nirogam.com/product_detail/16/Kaloflax-90-Softgels
For more information, please see the link below : http://herbscancure.com/blog/omg-facts-about-omega-3/
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids, a class of nutrients needed for our body to function normally.
These are the fats of life which help our cells to function properly.
Omega-3 cannot be produced be our body and should be supplied through the diet.
There are 2 very important types of Omega 3 acids , namely EPA and DHA, which have amazing health benefits.
KALOFLAX 90 Softgel : A Herbal Anti Oxidant & a good source of Omega 3, 6 & 9
See: http://nirogam.com/product_detail/16/Kaloflax-90-Softgels
For more information, please see the link below : http://herbscancure.com/blog/omg-facts-about-omega-3/
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
In this webinar Dr Bailey explains the molecular mechanisms involved in colorectal cancer (CRC), initiation and progression and focus on dietary factors known to increase risk or offer protection against CRC development.
The colonic epithelium undergoes a constant and rapid renewal and intestinal homeostasis must therefore be tightly regulated to ensure continued homeostasis. Nowadays it is clear that lifestyle factors (mainly smoking, composition of the diet, and physical activity) play a role in the aetiology of colon inflammation and cancer initiation and progression. Among the dietary compounds known to significantly influence colonic health are various types of fatty acids originating from both dietary fat and fibre. In this webinar Dr Bailey explores the mechanisms by which fatty acids are thought to increase or decrease colorectal cancer risk. She also presents the science and evidence behind the growing interest of the omega-3 fatty acid EPA as an adjuvant in cancer prevention and treatment.
MEMORIAS TRABAJOS LIBRES
Conferencia Científica Anual sobre Síndrome Metabólico 2015
Efecto comparativo de cuatro modelos de dieta con diferente cantidad y tipo de grasa sobre la disfunción del tejido adiposo en pacientes con síndrome metabólico en estado postprandial
PhD María Eugenia Meneses*, PhD Antonio Camargo-García*, PhD Cristina Cruz-Teno*, PhD Yolanda Jiménez-Gómez**, PhD Pablo Pérez-Martínez*, PhD Javier Delgado-Lista*, PhD María del Mar Malagón-Poyato**, PhD Francisco Pérez-Jiménez*, PhD Helen Roche***, PhD José López-Miranda*
* Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Servicio de Medicina Interna, IMIBIC/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España y CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, ** Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología. IMIBIC, (CIBEROBN).Universidad de Córdoba, España, *** Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland
Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A potential Anti-obesity Phytochem...sudharani028
CHLOROGENIC ACID (CGA) belongs to the super family Caffeoylic Acid is gaining lot of media attention due to its anti-potential property. The word “Chloro" derived from Greek (light green) and Genic means "giving rise to”. You will get the information related to the anti-obesity phytochemical (CGA) and its mechanism in managing obesity
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hepatoprotective effects of simvastatin on paracetamol -induced hepatic damag...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
4. Functions of Omega-3 FA:
Boost brain development.
Reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Reduce inflammation.
Helps in blood pressure regulation.
Required for the normal development and function
of retina.
5. Nannochloropsis sp.
Systematic position:
Domain : Eukaryota
Super-phylum : Heterokonta
Class : Eustimatophyceae
Family : Eustigmaceae
Genus : Nannochloropsis
Six known species.
Small non-motile spheres
Chlorophyll a is present and chlorophyll b&c absent.
About 2-3 µm in diameter.
Abiliy to accumulate high levels of PUFA.
7. Techniques used:
Flowcytometry:
To detect, identify, analyses and sort out different
population of cells.
Gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-
MS):
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an
instrumental technique, comprising a gas chromatograph
(GC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS), by which
complex mixtures of chemicals may be separated,
identified and quantified.
16. Lipid induction in Nannochloropsis sp. at
24 h after receiving different UV dosage
17. Fatty acid profiling in Nannochloropsis
following UV-C radiation shows lipid
induction and a shift towards LC-PUFAs
To further quantify the ability of UV-C stress to
increase cellular fatty acid contents and to profile their
composition, GC-MS analysis was carried out.
These confirmed the results obtained from flow
cytometry, showing a significant total fatty acid
increase of the UV-C treated culture as compared to
control culture.
Moreover in cultures treated with UV-C stress, the
amount of USFA significantly increased and also the
proportion of USFA to the total fatty acids.
20. Dry weight proportion changes in
Nannochloropsis following nutrition stress
and different UV-C dosage
21. EPA proportion changes in Nannochloropsis
following nutrient starvation and different UV-C
dosage
22. Discussion:
A low dosage of 100 & 250 mj/cm² was optimal to induce
total lipid accumulation espacially PUFA.
A notable difference when comparing the flow-
cytometry and GC-MS was found.
Linear decline in the total dry weight seen.
Significant increase in the % of EPA compared to the
control with in increasing UV-C intensity.
UV-C treatment is fast and get result in 24 h.
Omega-3 fatty acid (EPA) significantly increased.
Antioxidant role of PUFA.
EPA also an important part of cell membrane of
microalgae and plays important role in cellular repair
and membrane development.
23. Conclusion:
This study higlights the use of low exposure of UV-C
radiation at 100 and 250 mj/cm² to induce lipid
accumulation in Nannochloropsis particularly EPA
within 24h of the treatment.
The optimized large-scale production of EPA in
Nannochloropsis may provide much needed
alternative, vegetarian source of Omega-3.
Suggests that genetic manipulation can be done in
future aimed at the genetic improvement of the
current oleaginous strains.
