This document discusses the design of road side ditches. It describes different types of ditch cross-sections including triangular, parabolic, and trapezoidal. The trapezoidal section is most commonly used as it is acceptable from both hydraulic and construction perspectives. The document provides guidelines for side slopes, minimum widths and depths. It also discusses different types of ditch linings like turfing, concrete, and brick that are used depending on site conditions and flow velocities. Finally, it provides steps for designing a ditch for a given discharge and slope using Manning's equation.
Highway Engineering for BE Civil Engineering Students
History of Roads in India, IRC, CRRI, Classification of Roads, Three 20 year Road Development Plans, Road patterns, Accident Studies,
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
Highway Engineering for BE Civil Engineering Students
History of Roads in India, IRC, CRRI, Classification of Roads, Three 20 year Road Development Plans, Road patterns, Accident Studies,
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
coulomb's theory of earth pressure
coulomb's wedge theory of earth pressure
coulomb's expression for active pressure
coulomb's active earth pressure coefficient =Ka
vedio link
https://youtu.be/PSDwMjlTTGs
for numerical problem
https://youtu.be/ZPf3qAAtcpE
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution. The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub-grade. Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
Get an overview of pavement types, layers, and their functions, and pavement failures as Improper design of pavements leads to early failure of pavements affecting the riding quality.
Pavements form the basic supporting structure in highway transportation. Each layer of pavement has a multitude of functions to perform which has to be duly considered during the design process. Different types of pavements can be adopted depending upon the traffic requirements.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
coulomb's theory of earth pressure
coulomb's wedge theory of earth pressure
coulomb's expression for active pressure
coulomb's active earth pressure coefficient =Ka
vedio link
https://youtu.be/PSDwMjlTTGs
for numerical problem
https://youtu.be/ZPf3qAAtcpE
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution. The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub-grade. Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
Get an overview of pavement types, layers, and their functions, and pavement failures as Improper design of pavements leads to early failure of pavements affecting the riding quality.
Pavements form the basic supporting structure in highway transportation. Each layer of pavement has a multitude of functions to perform which has to be duly considered during the design process. Different types of pavements can be adopted depending upon the traffic requirements.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
Dewatering is the removal of water from solid material or soil by wet classification, centrifugation , filtration, or similar solid-liquid separation processes, such as removal of residual liquid from a filter cake by a filter press as part of various industrial processes.
Building Services :Drainage, Rain Water Disposal and HarvestingSumit Ranjan
Drainage- Sub- drains, Culverts, Ditches, Gutters, Drop inlets and Catch Basins,Rain Water Disposal for individual buildings, Rain Water Harvesting with examples and illustration for 4th sem.archi. ,P.T.U
Efficient Use of Rain Water by Altering Channel Systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Road Side Ditches
Definition: A ditch is a small to moderate
depression created to channel water.
A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water
from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or
fields, or to channel water from a more distant
source for plant irrigation.
5. Cross-Section of Ditches
• The three main types of cross-sections for
road side ditches are:
Triangular
Parabolic
Trapezoidal
The parabolic shaped id hydraulically the best
resistant to erosion, but it is little complicated in
design than the Triangular and trapezoidal one.
6. The triangular section, although easy to
construct is very much susceptible to erosion
and gets easily blocked with debris and is
generally not recommended.
The most commonly used X-section is the
trapezoidal section as it is acceptable from both
considerations- hydraulic as well as of
construction.
7. The side slopes of the ditches
As for earth slopes should be flat, lying in the
range 2:1 to 4:1 their intersections also should
be rounded as recommended in case of earth
slopes from the view point of ease in grassing
and continuity of the turf.
8. While the quantity of water to be drained, the
length of drain and the gradient will actually
determine the width at bottom, it should
normally be not less than 0.3m.
Also to fulfill the requirement of the roadside
ditch to drain the base course of the road
pavement, the bottom of the ditch has to be
taken at least to a depth of 0.3m to 0.6m below
the shoulder level.
9. Surface Drain linings
Why?
Unlined, bare earth surface of roadside ditches
are highly susceptible to erosion unless the flow
is limited to a very small amount. It is, therefore
necessary that road side ditches generally be
provided with a protective lining which would
avoid serious erosion problems and keep them
serviceable.
10. Types of lining?
Turfing:
This lining is more economical than other lining
to establish and with proper maintenance it will
provide adequate protection against erosion for
most of the site situations.
Key factor: Should form firm turf.
The efficiency of this technique depends upon
making the water flow over the NET.
11. Experience has shown that under two extreme
site conditions-on very flat grades and then
again on very steep grades. Technique of
grassing as a surface lining does not always
provide satisfactory.
Becoz- On very flat grades (less than 0.5 %) the
flow over a grass lining is too slow, and giving
rise to the problems of silting or occurrence of
deposition which is rather difficult to maintain.
12. And over extremely steep grades erosive
velocities are reached, which due to scouring
action can destroy the grass lining completely.
Under these conditions we provide:
Cement Concrete Lining
Brick/Rubble Masonry and even
Bituminous mixes.
13. Paved lining
The most practical concrete lining is the
prefabricated type. In this construction, the
panels are cast in standard form at a convenient
central plant.
Constructed easily on smooth base ground and
a panel size of 0.3m x 1m x 0.05 is a practical
size for handling. Narrow units may be cast for
the bottom of small ditch sections.
14. The ditch section is shaped to line and grade and
the surface smoothened. The slabs are then
placed in the ditch.
The banks are seeded to establish a turf right up
to the edge of the lining.
The concrete for precast slabs should be of
uniform consistency, using 20mm maximum size
of the aggregate.
15. This is how we can show the unlined, Partially lined and
Lined Ditches/Drains:
16. Velocity of Flow
For efficient functioning of a road side ditch, the flow
must be fast enough to prevent silting or deposition but
at the same time the flow must not be so fast as to cause
serious damage by scouring action.
To overcome the problem of silting or occurrence of
deposition a secondary smaller channel of V-shape is
provided at the bottom of the ditch to concentrate low
flow in a smaller area of X-sec. thereby increasing the
flow velocity.
This secondary channel should also be turfed to protect it
from erosion under storm flow.
17. A good turf lining will be able to withstand
velocities of about 5 to 6 Km/hr.
To get a fairly good idea of water velocity in the
ditch, throw a wooden chip into the ditch during
an intense storm and if a man can keep up with
the chip at a moderate walking speed, the
velocity of water is below maximum.
But if he has to run to keep up pace with the
chip the velocity is above the safe maximum.
18. Design Steps
1. From the known soil type, arrive at the value of Manning’s
Rugosity Coefficient.
2. Calculate the hydraulic mean depth from the Manning’s
formula.
3. Find out the X-sec. area from the given discharge and the
max permissible velocity.
4. From step 2 and 3 solve the simultaneous =n’s to obtain
bottom width and depth.
5. Calculate the critical depth and determine whether the
flow is Tranquil or Turbulent.
If it is Tranquil add a freeboard to the depth and
finalize the X-sec. and if flow is turbulent it may be necessary
to line the channel or decrease the longitudinal slope.
19. Q.: A longitudinal channel with a trapezoidal x-sec. is to be constructed in a cut section.
The bed slope is 0.0004. The mximum velocity is 0.6 m/sec. If the soil is clay with
Manning’s Rugosity coff. of 0.024. Design the channel for a discharge of 3 cu m/sec.
Solution steps:
• V=
𝑅2/3 𝑆1/2
𝑛
• 0.6=
𝑅2/3 𝑋 0.0004 1/2
0.024
=
𝑅2/3 𝑋 0.02
0.024
R= 0.61 m
A =
𝑄
𝑉
=
3.0
0.6
= 5𝑚2
20. Also; Perimeter P = A/R
= 5/0.61
= 8.20 m
Now A= d(b+2d) = 5
P = b + 2d(1+ 22
)1/2
= b + 4.48 d = 8.20
Thus we have: bd +2𝑑2
= 5
b+ 4.48d = 8.20
Solving the above =n’s we get:
d= 0.81 m and b= 4.57 m
21. Now calculating critical depth as:
𝑉2
𝑔
=
0.62
9.81
= 0.037 m
If the actual depth is greater than critical depth the flow
is called as Tranquil nd then no Lining is necessary other
wise Turbulent then lining is required.
Here: Actual depth is 0.81
And critical depth is 0.037
So Actual depth is greater hence no Lining is required.