This document analyzes rainfall variability in Pakistan from 2003-2012 using data from 19 meteorological stations. Maps were created showing interpolated annual rainfall levels across Pakistan for each year. Rainfall variability generally decreased from south to north, with the highest variability observed in southern Baluchistan. The coefficient of variability metric confirmed that forecasting would be most challenging in southern areas of higher rainfall unpredictability. The conclusions were that northern areas were more protected while southern regions experienced more fluctuation in rainfall amounts each year.
Modification of weather hazards: weather modification for agriculture; scient...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
Modification of weather hazards: weather modification for agriculture; scientific
advances in artificial rain making, hail suppression, dissipation of fog and stratus clouds,
modification of severe storms and electric behavior of clouds.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
The ultimate guide for drip irrigation 2018Amar Sawant
This Guide will teach you everything you need to know about Drip Irrigation.
Components Of Drip irrigation system
Cost of installation
Government subsidy
And Guidelines For Maintenance and much other valuable information that I’ve never shared anywhere else before.
Let’s get started…
The available water for agriculture is decreasing day by day due to increase in population, industrialization, and short rainfall. it has become essential to use modern irrigation technologies like Drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation in agriculture
Drip irrigation means providing the required quantity of water directly to the root zone of Crop plants through a network of small pipes this is also called micro-irrigation or trickle irrigation.
This is the most efficient irrigation technique.
In Drip irrigation system water supplies to plant roots through a collection of plastic pipes, lateral tubes, and valves. These components, controlled with the help of dripper and water pump. with help drip irrigation system it is become easy to provide liquid fertilizer to plant root system.
THIS PPT COVERS ABOUT SOIL ERODIBILITY.
ALSO COVERS ABOUT DETERMINATION OF ERODIBILITY .IN THIS IT COVERS ABOUT MAJOR 3 METHODS
THEY ARE
1. IN SITU PLOTS
2 MESURING K UNDER A SIMULATED RAINFALL
AND 3 PREDICTING K
Modification of weather hazards: weather modification for agriculture; scient...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
Modification of weather hazards: weather modification for agriculture; scientific
advances in artificial rain making, hail suppression, dissipation of fog and stratus clouds,
modification of severe storms and electric behavior of clouds.
Climate Extreme (extreme weather or climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value of a weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends of the range of observed values of the variable. Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters.
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
The ultimate guide for drip irrigation 2018Amar Sawant
This Guide will teach you everything you need to know about Drip Irrigation.
Components Of Drip irrigation system
Cost of installation
Government subsidy
And Guidelines For Maintenance and much other valuable information that I’ve never shared anywhere else before.
Let’s get started…
The available water for agriculture is decreasing day by day due to increase in population, industrialization, and short rainfall. it has become essential to use modern irrigation technologies like Drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation in agriculture
Drip irrigation means providing the required quantity of water directly to the root zone of Crop plants through a network of small pipes this is also called micro-irrigation or trickle irrigation.
This is the most efficient irrigation technique.
In Drip irrigation system water supplies to plant roots through a collection of plastic pipes, lateral tubes, and valves. These components, controlled with the help of dripper and water pump. with help drip irrigation system it is become easy to provide liquid fertilizer to plant root system.
THIS PPT COVERS ABOUT SOIL ERODIBILITY.
ALSO COVERS ABOUT DETERMINATION OF ERODIBILITY .IN THIS IT COVERS ABOUT MAJOR 3 METHODS
THEY ARE
1. IN SITU PLOTS
2 MESURING K UNDER A SIMULATED RAINFALL
AND 3 PREDICTING K
This activity helps you to revise the types of rainfall. Drag the labels to appropriate points on the slide then custom animate to help you explain the processes of relief, convectional and frontal rainfall.
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Rainfall in IRAQIOSR Journals
Rainfall in Iraq is characterized by unorganized distribution of both spatial and temporal. The annual, seasonal and monthly mean rainfall varies considerly with years. The recorded rainfall quantity in the different meteorological stations varies from location to another according to sea surface elevation and the geographical position of meteorological stations.
Variation of rainfall with space and time were studied in Iraq for the period (1980-2010) using 22 meteorological stations. Mean monthly, seasonally and annually values of rainfall were found in different meteorological stations. Winter months represent about (42-56) % of total annual rainfall. The annual variability of rainfall in all these stations is high. Isohyetal method was used to estimate the mean monthly values of rainfall in Iraq. Simple and Multiple Regression Equations were found in Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah stations between rainfall and different meteorological elements.
Kunal_Kumar_Regional Insights_#theindiadialogue Feb 2023.pdfDr. Amit Kapoor
Presentation by Kunal Kumar, Joint Secretary and Mission Director, Smart Cities Mission, GoI on "Regional Insights" at #TheIndiaDialog on February 23 at Stanford University. The #TheIndiaDialog was organised by Institute for Competitiveness and US Asia Technology Management Center at Stanford University.
Comparative Analysis of Empirical Models Derived Groundwater Recharge Estimat...RSIS International
The quantification of water resources is very essentiaal
to water resources management. The Venkatapura Watershed of
Karnataka has been selected for the present study. The
groundwater recharge is determined by using different empirical
models proposed by Chaturvedi, Up Irrigation Research
Institute, Bhattacharjee, Krishna Rao, Sehgal, Kumar and
Sethapathi. According Sehgal formulae average maximum
groundwater recharge of 34.27% observed and based on
Chaturvedi formulae minimum groundwater recharge of 8.04%
is observed. The correlation analysis reveals that Chaturvedi,
UPRI and Kumar and Sethapathi formulas are nearly same. The
present study helps to calculate groundwater recharge without
hydrogeological methods.
Comparative Analysis of Empirical Models Derived Groundwater Recharge Estimat...
rainfall_presentation
1.
2.
3. Introduction
• Pakistan is an agricultural country and Rainfall is
the life line of Pakistan.
• Changes in rainfall pattern directly affect water,
agriculture and disaster management sectors.
• In most areas of the country, rainfall patterns have
become very unreliable and unpredictable.
4. • Moonsoon is the major source of rainfall in
Pakistan.
• The consequences of climate change and global
warming includes uncertainty in the occurrence
and intensity of precipitation.
• In this scenario, we would have to model our
national planning keeping in view the current era.
Scope of Project:
5. Data & Methodology
• In this investigation annual rainfall data of 19
national meteorological stations of Pakistan for
the period 2003-2012 has been incorporated.
• The stations are shown in the following figure.
6. Location of the Stations of Pakistan used in this investigation
/
7. The methods which are used in this investigation is
• Interpolation of annual rainfall (mm) of specific regions of
Pakistan by using Inverse distance weighted (IDW) in
ArcGIS.
• Co-efficient of variability of precipitation, in percentage.
Mathematical Relationship:
The following mathematical relationship is used to calculate
the coefficient of variability,
C.V= ( S.D/ R) × 100
Where
SD= Annual standard deviation
R= Annual Rainfall average (Camerlengo and Somchit, 2000).
8. Results and Discussion
Study of annual maps from interpolation gives important findings,
which are mentioned below,
Variation is increased from north to south; therefore our focus is
southern region. In lower KPK the situation is much safe regarding
the variability of rainfall. In lower Punjab, Northern Baluchistan
and Upper Sindh the maps has shown much fluctuation. In the
Lower Sindh region sharp variation are observed throughout the
period. In the Southern parts of Baluchistan the situation is
different from the northern half. In this region variation of rainfall
is very high.
19. Name of City Minimum annual rainfall
(mm) with year
Maximum annual rainfall
(mm) with year
Karachi 65.9 in 2004 465.6 in 2007
Hyderabad 52.4 in 2005 524.9 in 2006
Jacobabad 42.8 in 2009 583.8 in 2012
Nawabshah 30 in 2004 637.3 in 2011
Sibbi 56.8 in 2004 371.9 in 2007
Kalat 47 in 2010 449 in 2011
Jiwani 4 in 2011 173.2 in 2005
• In the following chart minimum and maximum annual rainfall of
few areas of Sindh and Baluchistan are mentioned,
20. When we plot a graph b/w variability coefficient and the
specific areas of Pakistan, we find following figure, which
shows that variability decreases from south to north in
general, except for extreme northern areas i.e. Gilgit
which reveals that forecasting is not a piece of cake in
southern half of country where variability is prominent,
but it is a challenging job for meteorologist.
22. Conclusions
• It was revealed in the study that most of the northern areas
have safeguarded while the southern half has suffered
throughout the year in terms of rainfall variability.
• Especially In the southern Baluchistan it has been observed that
rainfall remained fluctuating.
• Due to high variability in lower part of the country seasonal as
well as extreme events prediction is difficult.
• Increasing trend of precipitation variability over temporal and
spatial scales that climate variability will be more serious
challenge then climate change.
