uses and indication of radiology in surgeryanimesh kunwar
1.Introduction
2.Diagnostic modalities in radiology
3.Role of radiological imaging in emergency surgical situation
4.Role of radiological imaging in elective surgical situation
5.Conclusion
computed tomography intravenous urography protocol and advancements ,,, slides coves urinary system anatomy glance ,, contrast media used in procedure , radiation doses and some pathological findings
uses and indication of radiology in surgeryanimesh kunwar
1.Introduction
2.Diagnostic modalities in radiology
3.Role of radiological imaging in emergency surgical situation
4.Role of radiological imaging in elective surgical situation
5.Conclusion
computed tomography intravenous urography protocol and advancements ,,, slides coves urinary system anatomy glance ,, contrast media used in procedure , radiation doses and some pathological findings
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Imaging Techniques
➢ Plane urinary Tract film. Kidney, Ureters and
bladder(KUB).
➢ Intravenous urography. (IVU/EU).
➢ Ante grade and retrograde urethrography.
➢ Ultrasound.
➢ CT scan
➢ MRI
➢ Angiography
3. Principles of Radiography
The underlying physical principles of conventional
radiography involve
Emitting a stream of photons from x-ray source, strike
body tissue.
Photons with varying amount of energy exit the patient
body and fall on image receptor/film, thus produce an
image
4. X-ray KUB
Indications.
Stone diseases. Help in diagnosis and management
Abdominal pain
Gall bladder stones
Position and size of kidneys and bladder
Show the position of ureteric stent
Preliminary examination to contrast study
9. Preparation. We use laxative, the night
before the test to clear colon of solid
fecal material.
On good quality film psoas muscle should
be visible
10. INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY (IVU).
Shows anatomy and functions of the
kidneys. After injection of iv
contrast, it concentrate in the
kidneys. Excreted by kidneys and
pass via ureters in to the urinary
bladder. we take a series of films to
follow the passage of contrast from
kidneys to urinary bladder. Contrast
Shows renal parenchyma, collecting
system and ureters.
Evaluate urothelial
abnormalities,haematuria,urolithiasis
.
Scout film
+/- abd preparation.
Inject bolus of contrast
Nephrogenic phase in first minute
Pyelogenic phase after 5 minutes
Supine,oblique,prone upright and
post void film are taken
Prone films to see distal ureters
11. This is KUB taken post intravenous contrast injection
KUB IVU
12. This is KUB taken post intravenous contrast injection
• 5 min post IV is nephrogram
13. This is KUB taken post intravenous contrast injection
Also called IVP (intravenous pyelogram)
Demonstrates both function and structure of the renal system
•Function ---→ Filtration
•Structure ---→ Contrast filled collecting system
Indications:
•Urolithiasis / calculus
•Pyelonephritis
•Hydronephrosis
•Trauma
•Tumour
•Renal hypertension
•Congenital abnormality
Contra-Indications: (relative)
•History of Allergy
•Asthma
•Cardiovascular disease
•Sickle cell disease
•Diabetes mellitus
14. Voiding/Micturating
cystourethrogram
Functional and anatomical evaluation of
bladder and urethra specially posterior
urethra.
Commonly for kids with recurrent UTI
Dx.reflux,urethralvalve,uretrocele,urethral
stricture and diverticula
Scout film
Pediatric 6-8F catheter
For adult standard catheter
Films during filling the bladder
Oblique films
Post void films
You can see normal bladder film
15. 8-16 F Foleys catheter.
Fill balloon with2cc of
contrast
Inject 50% of contrast in to
the bladder
Take films in oblique
position
Some resistance at the
membranous urethra and
sphincter.
Retrograde urethrogram
Ascending urethgram
in female
16. Now a days first line
investigation.
Grey scale and Doppler
Evaluate renal parenchyma,
adrenals, bladder and prostate.
Can differentiate between solid
and cystic, hydronephrosis,shows
all type of stone
Evaluate congenital anomalies.
Ultrasound
17.
18. US
+ ve:
Available
No radiation
Good anatomy
- ve:
Operator dependent
Used for:
Good for kidney stones
Excellent for hydronephrosis
Excellent for focal lesion e.g.
cysts, masses
19. CT scan
Gold standard test.
With and with out contrast
Standard CT technique for renal
imaging.
5mm collimation is adequate to
demonstrate kidneys.
IV contrast differentiate
pathological process from normal.
Parenchyma,coricomedullary
differentiation max at 30 seconds
Nephrogenic phase is best seen at
70-100 seconds
Non contrast helical CT shows any
kind and small size of stone
23. CT:
► + ve:
▪ Relatively available (more then MRI)
▪ Very good anatomy
► - ve:
▪ Radiation
▪ Some times need IV contrast (?
reaction)
► Used for:
▪ Excellent for kidney stones (the best)
▪ Excellent for hydronephrosis &
masses
▪ Excellent for kidney trauma
26. MRI
+ ve:
Excellent anatomy details
No radiation
- ve:
Expensive
Long scanning time (30 to 60
min)
Not used to diagnosed kidney
stone
Used for:
Excellent for masses
Good for hydronephrosis
28. Cross ectopic. Lower kidney is usually ectopic
one. In 90% of cases there is fusion of kidneys.
There are increase chances of calculus
formation.
Horse shoe kidney. Lower pole of both unite in
the middle. Prone to traume
Pelvic kidney. Kidney is located in the pelvis.
More prone to trauma.
Duplicate collecting system. Complete/part
Congenital anomalies
