The document discusses the biological effects of radiation and detectors. It notes that radiation causes ionization that breaks chemical bonds and damages cells, with effects depending on factors like radiation type, dose, and individual health. Changes occur directly from radiation absorbing molecules or indirectly through compounds like water. Radiosensitivity varies by cell type, with actively dividing cells being more sensitive. Somatic effects include radiation sickness, organ damage, and late effects like cancer. Radiation can also cause hereditary effects like chromosome aberrations and genetic mutations passed to future generations. Solid state nuclear track detectors are used to detect radiation through damage tracks, using either organic polymers or inorganic crystals and glass.

1. Biological Effects of Radiation &
Detectors

2. Biological Effects of Radiation
• FIREST :Biological Effects of Radiation:
The ionization process is the basis of the biological effects of
ionizing rays on living organisms by breaking down chemical bonds.
It leads to changes in living cells that are proportional to the
intensity of the absorbed dose.
The true extent of biological damage depends on several factors.
Such as the type, energy and rate of radiation, the age and health
status of the person and the type of exposed organ. The radiation
source is outside the body (external radiation) or inside the body
(internal radiation).

3. Changes in living cells occur as a result of the direct or indirect effect of
ionizing rays on the molecules that make up the cell, where the first
type of effects result from the direct absorption of energy by molecules
or cellular compounds, while the indirect effect of ionizing rays results
from their effect on other compounds (for example, water). ) Then the
transmission of this effect to the cell. The latter is more important than
the first type because water is included in the composition of living
tissues in a large proportion.

4. • SECONED: Radiosensitivity:
The radiosensitivity of a cell expresses the extent to which it is affected by
ionizing radiation and is generally directly proportional to the cell's
proliferative activity and inversely with its degree of differentiation, meaning
that mitotically active tissues are more sensitive to radiation than inactive
tissues. Radiation damage appears on biological cells in multiple ways. It
reduces cell divisions, which leads to disruption of the normal biochemical
development of the chain, which leads the cells to follow an evolutionary
growth that is extraneous to species (the formation of cancer for example)
and undifferentiated cells and cells that suffer divisions are more sensitive to
radiation, for example, The risk of radiation is almost 100 times more for the
fetus in the third to seventh week than for the pregnant mother, and tissues
in which cells compensate slowly show a high radiation sensitivity as well.

5. The Somatic Effects Of Radiation
• This changes can not be observed unless the number
of major affected cells is large.
• Early Somatic effects:
1. Radiation Sikness
2. Effects of Blood System
3. Effects on Gastro Intestinal Tract
4. Effects on Central Nerves System
5. Lung Acute Effects
6. Skin Erythemia
7. Effects on Gonads
8. Effects on Fetus During Pregnancy
• The late Somatic effects
include:
1. Canser
2. Cataract
3. Life Shortening

6. The Hereditary Effects of Radiation
It is the effects that their symptoms will appear in future generations .
There are two types of effects; the first is the occurrence of aberrations
in chromosomes and includes changes in their number or structure,
and the second is genetic variations that occur in the genes themselves
and are called genetic mutations, and the latter includes most of the
dominant mutations

7. Nuclear Detector
Solid State Nuclear Track
Detectors

8. Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors
• It is an electrical insulating material with a specific resistance
of 106_1020ohm.cm. It generates narrow paths of radiation
damage, which are called latent effects.
• Solid-state nuclear trace detectors are divided into two main
categories:
1. Organic detectors :They are reagents that contain carbon and
hydrogen and include polymers
2. Inorganic detectors:They are reagents that do not include carbon and
hydrogen, and the bonds between their atoms are ionic and include
mineral crystals such as lithium fluoride crystal, mica, zircon, etc.,
and glass.