Ormai Robbins Intro Management of Challenging WastePeter ORMAI
This document discusses problematic low and intermediate level radioactive wastes. It defines problematic waste as waste that does not have readily available methods for safe and economical processing or disposal. Examples of problematic waste streams include spent ion exchange resins, sludges, evaporator concentrates, and aqueous wastes containing organics. The document outlines challenges with predisposal and disposal of problematic waste and discusses available treatment and conditioning technologies. The waste hierarchy of minimizing, reusing, and recycling waste is presented as the most desirable approach.
Bangladesh faces new challenges in managing radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel as it transitions to using nuclear power. It will need to develop its legal and regulatory framework, build new infrastructure and facilities, and gain specialized knowledge and skills. It is important to have a holistic, integrated national policy and strategy from the beginning that addresses all types of waste and outlines responsibilities. Mature technologies exist for pre-disposal management and disposal of low-level waste, though geological disposal is ultimately needed for spent fuel and high-level waste. Developing human resources, maintaining societal acceptance, securing adequate long-term funding, and engaging in international cooperation will also be important aspects of Bangladesh's radioactive waste management program.
This document discusses the IAEA's activities and experience related to legacy radioactive waste disposal sites. It provides examples of early disposal practices that did not meet modern safety standards, such as waste burial in unlined trenches. The IAEA has provided guidance on assessing the safety of these existing sites and identifying potential corrective actions. Options for corrective actions include improved engineering controls, waste retrieval, and long-term site management. The IAEA has also organized meetings and research to help member states address the challenges of upgrading legacy disposal sites.
This document describes HarshLab, a unique offshore laboratory located off the coast of Spain for testing components in harsh offshore environments. A novel offshore laboratory was designed and constructed in two stages: HarshLab1.0, which was deployed in July 2018 to test components, and HarshLab2.0, an upgraded version planned for 2019 with fully functional equipment and modules. The laboratory offers testing of samples and components in atmospheric, splash, and immersion zones to evaluate performance in real offshore conditions over time.
The document discusses the environmental obligations and requirements for contractors conducting exploration activities for marine minerals in the international seabed area. It outlines 7 key study areas that must be addressed in baseline environmental studies to gather oceanographic and environmental data: physical oceanography, geology, chemical oceanography, sediment properties, biological communities, bioturbation, and fluxes to sediment. It also discusses the requirements for an environmental impact assessment, environmental impact statement, and environmental management and monitoring plan that must be submitted to obtain exploitation contracts and mitigate environmental impacts.
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON PAKISTAN.pdfKHALiFAOp
1) Pakistan has established a national policy and strategy for radioactive waste management. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission is responsible for safely managing, storing, and disposing of radioactive waste in Pakistan.
2) A central radioactive waste management fund financed by PAEC ensures the safe long-term management of radioactive waste. Generators of radioactive waste are responsible for its safe management until it can be sent to PAEC facilities.
3) Pakistan's policy prohibits the import or export of radioactive waste, except for disused sealed radioactive sources, which must be approved by the government. The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates all radioactive waste management activities.
L10 radiation sources and equipment used in industrial practicesMahbubul Hassan
This document discusses radiation sources and equipment used in various industrial practices involving radiation such as non-destructive testing (NDT), nucleonic gauges, irradiation, and well logging. It provides details on the types of radiation sources and equipment used in each of these practices. For NDT, it describes x-ray and gamma radiography sources and equipment. For nucleonic gauges, it discusses the various gauge types and radioactive sources used. For irradiation practices, it explains category classifications and design configurations of irradiation facilities. And for well logging, it outlines the nuclear well logging process and sources and equipment involved.
Ormai Robbins Intro Management of Challenging WastePeter ORMAI
This document discusses problematic low and intermediate level radioactive wastes. It defines problematic waste as waste that does not have readily available methods for safe and economical processing or disposal. Examples of problematic waste streams include spent ion exchange resins, sludges, evaporator concentrates, and aqueous wastes containing organics. The document outlines challenges with predisposal and disposal of problematic waste and discusses available treatment and conditioning technologies. The waste hierarchy of minimizing, reusing, and recycling waste is presented as the most desirable approach.
Bangladesh faces new challenges in managing radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel as it transitions to using nuclear power. It will need to develop its legal and regulatory framework, build new infrastructure and facilities, and gain specialized knowledge and skills. It is important to have a holistic, integrated national policy and strategy from the beginning that addresses all types of waste and outlines responsibilities. Mature technologies exist for pre-disposal management and disposal of low-level waste, though geological disposal is ultimately needed for spent fuel and high-level waste. Developing human resources, maintaining societal acceptance, securing adequate long-term funding, and engaging in international cooperation will also be important aspects of Bangladesh's radioactive waste management program.
This document discusses the IAEA's activities and experience related to legacy radioactive waste disposal sites. It provides examples of early disposal practices that did not meet modern safety standards, such as waste burial in unlined trenches. The IAEA has provided guidance on assessing the safety of these existing sites and identifying potential corrective actions. Options for corrective actions include improved engineering controls, waste retrieval, and long-term site management. The IAEA has also organized meetings and research to help member states address the challenges of upgrading legacy disposal sites.
This document describes HarshLab, a unique offshore laboratory located off the coast of Spain for testing components in harsh offshore environments. A novel offshore laboratory was designed and constructed in two stages: HarshLab1.0, which was deployed in July 2018 to test components, and HarshLab2.0, an upgraded version planned for 2019 with fully functional equipment and modules. The laboratory offers testing of samples and components in atmospheric, splash, and immersion zones to evaluate performance in real offshore conditions over time.
The document discusses the environmental obligations and requirements for contractors conducting exploration activities for marine minerals in the international seabed area. It outlines 7 key study areas that must be addressed in baseline environmental studies to gather oceanographic and environmental data: physical oceanography, geology, chemical oceanography, sediment properties, biological communities, bioturbation, and fluxes to sediment. It also discusses the requirements for an environmental impact assessment, environmental impact statement, and environmental management and monitoring plan that must be submitted to obtain exploitation contracts and mitigate environmental impacts.
RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON PAKISTAN.pdfKHALiFAOp
1) Pakistan has established a national policy and strategy for radioactive waste management. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission is responsible for safely managing, storing, and disposing of radioactive waste in Pakistan.
2) A central radioactive waste management fund financed by PAEC ensures the safe long-term management of radioactive waste. Generators of radioactive waste are responsible for its safe management until it can be sent to PAEC facilities.
3) Pakistan's policy prohibits the import or export of radioactive waste, except for disused sealed radioactive sources, which must be approved by the government. The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates all radioactive waste management activities.
L10 radiation sources and equipment used in industrial practicesMahbubul Hassan
This document discusses radiation sources and equipment used in various industrial practices involving radiation such as non-destructive testing (NDT), nucleonic gauges, irradiation, and well logging. It provides details on the types of radiation sources and equipment used in each of these practices. For NDT, it describes x-ray and gamma radiography sources and equipment. For nucleonic gauges, it discusses the various gauge types and radioactive sources used. For irradiation practices, it explains category classifications and design configurations of irradiation facilities. And for well logging, it outlines the nuclear well logging process and sources and equipment involved.
Today one of the major challenges facing by mankind is to provide proper management for radioactive waste management. Any industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes. Another unique feature of the radioactive waste is the decay of radioactivity with time. This fact is gainfully exploited by the nuclear waste managers. The NRC regulates the management,storage and di sposal of radioactive waste produced as a result of NRC - licensed activities. The agency has entered in to agreements with 32 states,called Agreement States,to allow these states to regulate the management,storage and disposal of certain nuclear waste. A ny industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequ ent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes.
LLW challenges and developments FINAL pptxPeter ORMAI
This document discusses trends, developments, and challenges in low-level radioactive waste (LLW) disposal. It notes that over 100 LLW repositories are now in operation worldwide, representing a variety of disposal designs implemented to suit different waste streams and conditions. Ongoing developments include facility expansions to accommodate more waste, as well as optimization efforts to reduce costs. Recurring challenges include maintaining safe operations, handling new waste streams, and demonstrating long-term disposal safety. New challenges involve waste types like radioactive graphite and sodium alloys arising from decommissioning. The document also examines disposal options for disused sealed radioactive sources, including borehole facilities.
The AAEA was established in 1989 and works within the League of Arab States to coordinate peaceful nuclear efforts. It has member states across Africa and Asia. The AAEA implements many activities including training, workshops, expert meetings and conferences to develop human resources and achieve its objectives. These include helping members establish nuclear power and coordinating nuclear activities. It also works to establish safety and security standards. The AAEA has translated several IAEA guides into Arabic and established the Arab Network for Nuclear Regulators with IAEA support. National radioactive waste strategies should ensure protection of human health and the environment according to principles like minimizing risks and intergenerational equity. Proper planning and independent regulatory oversight of facilities and responsibilities are needed.
08 status of radiation protection in bangladeshMahbubul Hassan
Bangladesh has established laws and regulations for radiation protection based on IAEA standards. The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission enforces these and oversees individual and workplace monitoring programs. Radiation facilities in Bangladesh use sources for medical, research and industrial purposes. Occupational exposures are generally low. Controls are in place for public exposure through environmental monitoring, foodstuff controls, and regulating consumer products and waste. Emergency response plans have been drafted and hospitals designated to manage radiological accidents.
This document provides details about NECSA's plan to build a smelter facility to decontaminate scrap metal on its Pelindaba site that cannot be decontaminated through conventional methods. Some key points:
- The smelter will melt approximately 14,000 tons of contaminated steel, aluminum, and other metals to reduce their volume and destroy sensitive nuclear equipment.
- It will be located on the Pelindaba East site and include two large furnaces, a smaller test furnace, cutting facilities, and an off-gas filtration system to minimize emissions.
- Regulatory agencies like the NNR have approved the construction but further approvals are needed for commissioning and operation. Public hearings were
Radiopharmacy deals with the preparation, quality control, storage, and dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceuticals are medicinal products containing a radionuclide tracer which is used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The radiopharmacist is responsible for formulating and dispensing prescribed radioactive tracers in compliance with regulatory requirements regarding licensure, facilities, environmental controls, and radiation safety. Proper documentation and oversight by a radiation safety committee are necessary when handling radioactive materials.
EIA report on jaitapur nuclear power plantsumankumar507
The document discusses plans for the proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP) in Maharashtra, India. It would consist of 6 European Pressurized Reactors totaling 9,900 megawatts. The project requires an Environmental Impact Assessment due to its large scale. It will positively impact energy generation but may negatively affect the local communities and environment through displacement of residents, changes to agriculture and fishing, and thermal pollution of coastal waters from reactor cooling. Strict safety and environmental standards will need to be applied to prevent harm.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Peter Ormai, a waste disposal specialist at the IAEA. The presentation covered key concepts in the safe disposal of radioactive waste, including the multiple barrier approach and long-term isolation of waste. It discussed different waste types and appropriate disposal methods, such as near surface disposal for low-level waste and deep geological repositories for spent fuel and high-level waste. The presentation emphasized that safe disposal requires a safety case demonstrating protection of human health and the environment over long timeframes, and noted the importance of social acceptance for any radioactive waste disposal project.
This document summarizes International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director Andrew Orrell's presentation on international perspectives on salt repositories for nuclear waste storage. Orrell outlines the IAEA's purpose of establishing safety standards and facilitating information exchange. He then discusses developments in several countries' deep geologic disposal programs using salt repositories. Orrell notes challenges for smaller nuclear programs and newcomer countries. Finally, he emphasizes the need for further research quantifying salt's potential for nuclear waste isolation and long-term safety.
This document outlines the key elements of a radiation protection program for facilities using nuclear gauges and well logging tools. It discusses the responsibilities of management, radiation protection officers, and workers. It describes the classification of controlled and supervised areas and requirements for area and individual monitoring, record keeping, training, emergency planning, and auditing the radiation protection program. The overall goal is to ensure radiation exposures are adequately controlled and safety measures are followed.
Radioactive waste management involves the proper handling, treatment, storage and disposal of radioactive waste. There are various principles that must be followed, including protecting human health and the environment, minimizing waste generation, and avoiding undue burdens on future generations. Radioactive waste is classified based on its physical form, activity level and half-life. Key aspects of management include waste minimization, conditioning, storage, and disposal methods like shallow land burial and deep geological disposal. Proper record keeping is also important. The overall goal is to ensure the safety of workers, the public and the environment.
This document provides guidance for nuclear inspectors on Licence Condition 34, which concerns the control and containment of radioactive materials and waste to prevent leakage or escape. It outlines the purpose and scope of LC34, provides guidance on assessing licensee arrangements and their implementation, and defines relevant terms. The guidance is intended to facilitate a consistent approach to inspections of LC34 compliance and identify additional reference materials for inspectors.
This document discusses challenges from nuclear site clean-up and developments in the regulatory landscape. It outlines the roles of the Environment Agency and Office for Nuclear Regulation in regulating radioactive substances and sites. It also discusses expectations for successful land quality management at nuclear sites, including integrating radioactive and non-radioactive issues. The document describes guidance from the Environment Agency on optimizing radioactive waste management and releasing nuclear sites from regulation.
This document discusses radiopharmaceuticals, which are radioactive substances used for diagnostic or therapeutic medical purposes. It covers their production, safety precautions when handling them, storage requirements, and applications. Radiopharmaceuticals are produced using machines like cyclotrons and nuclear reactors and strict good manufacturing practices must be followed. They are safely used for diagnostic tests and cancer treatments but precautions are needed when working with radioactive materials.
Radioactive waste from nuclear medicine needs safe management to protect human health and the environment. Waste management should be planned from the start and includes segregating, collecting, treating, storing, transporting, and disposing of different types of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste. Regulations require minimizing waste volume and exposure to the public, as well as optimizing control of discharges. Proper infrastructure includes legislation, regulatory oversight, trained staff, and treatment facilities for different waste types based on factors like half-life and form.
Decommissioning and dismantling of the moata reactor a radiation protection ...Leishman Associates
The document summarizes the decommissioning and dismantling of the Moata reactor in Australia from 1995 to 2010. It involved the removal of internal components like the graphite moderator and beam lines (preliminary dismantling) and then cutting and removing the concrete shielding (biological shield dismantling). Radiation surveys were conducted to estimate doses, which were within regulatory limits. Protective equipment and monitoring were used to control exposures during dismantling work. Final surveys confirmed the site met clearance criteria with no detectable contamination remaining. The project was completed safely without exceeding dose estimates.
This document discusses the classification of radioactive waste according to the International Atomic Energy Agency. It defines five classes of radioactive waste: exempt waste, very short-lived waste, very low-level waste, low-level waste, and intermediate-level waste. Each class is defined based on the activity concentration and half-lives of the radionuclides present in the waste, with exempt waste posing little risk and requiring no provisions, and intermediate-level waste requiring greater containment and isolation due to higher activity concentrations and presence of long-lived radionuclides. The classification system aims to provide a standardized framework to inform waste management policies and strategies.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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Today one of the major challenges facing by mankind is to provide proper management for radioactive waste management. Any industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes. Another unique feature of the radioactive waste is the decay of radioactivity with time. This fact is gainfully exploited by the nuclear waste managers. The NRC regulates the management,storage and di sposal of radioactive waste produced as a result of NRC - licensed activities. The agency has entered in to agreements with 32 states,called Agreement States,to allow these states to regulate the management,storage and disposal of certain nuclear waste. A ny industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequ ent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes.
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This document discusses trends, developments, and challenges in low-level radioactive waste (LLW) disposal. It notes that over 100 LLW repositories are now in operation worldwide, representing a variety of disposal designs implemented to suit different waste streams and conditions. Ongoing developments include facility expansions to accommodate more waste, as well as optimization efforts to reduce costs. Recurring challenges include maintaining safe operations, handling new waste streams, and demonstrating long-term disposal safety. New challenges involve waste types like radioactive graphite and sodium alloys arising from decommissioning. The document also examines disposal options for disused sealed radioactive sources, including borehole facilities.
The AAEA was established in 1989 and works within the League of Arab States to coordinate peaceful nuclear efforts. It has member states across Africa and Asia. The AAEA implements many activities including training, workshops, expert meetings and conferences to develop human resources and achieve its objectives. These include helping members establish nuclear power and coordinating nuclear activities. It also works to establish safety and security standards. The AAEA has translated several IAEA guides into Arabic and established the Arab Network for Nuclear Regulators with IAEA support. National radioactive waste strategies should ensure protection of human health and the environment according to principles like minimizing risks and intergenerational equity. Proper planning and independent regulatory oversight of facilities and responsibilities are needed.
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Bangladesh has established laws and regulations for radiation protection based on IAEA standards. The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission enforces these and oversees individual and workplace monitoring programs. Radiation facilities in Bangladesh use sources for medical, research and industrial purposes. Occupational exposures are generally low. Controls are in place for public exposure through environmental monitoring, foodstuff controls, and regulating consumer products and waste. Emergency response plans have been drafted and hospitals designated to manage radiological accidents.
This document provides details about NECSA's plan to build a smelter facility to decontaminate scrap metal on its Pelindaba site that cannot be decontaminated through conventional methods. Some key points:
- The smelter will melt approximately 14,000 tons of contaminated steel, aluminum, and other metals to reduce their volume and destroy sensitive nuclear equipment.
- It will be located on the Pelindaba East site and include two large furnaces, a smaller test furnace, cutting facilities, and an off-gas filtration system to minimize emissions.
- Regulatory agencies like the NNR have approved the construction but further approvals are needed for commissioning and operation. Public hearings were
Radiopharmacy deals with the preparation, quality control, storage, and dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceuticals are medicinal products containing a radionuclide tracer which is used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The radiopharmacist is responsible for formulating and dispensing prescribed radioactive tracers in compliance with regulatory requirements regarding licensure, facilities, environmental controls, and radiation safety. Proper documentation and oversight by a radiation safety committee are necessary when handling radioactive materials.
EIA report on jaitapur nuclear power plantsumankumar507
The document discusses plans for the proposed Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project (JNPP) in Maharashtra, India. It would consist of 6 European Pressurized Reactors totaling 9,900 megawatts. The project requires an Environmental Impact Assessment due to its large scale. It will positively impact energy generation but may negatively affect the local communities and environment through displacement of residents, changes to agriculture and fishing, and thermal pollution of coastal waters from reactor cooling. Strict safety and environmental standards will need to be applied to prevent harm.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Peter Ormai, a waste disposal specialist at the IAEA. The presentation covered key concepts in the safe disposal of radioactive waste, including the multiple barrier approach and long-term isolation of waste. It discussed different waste types and appropriate disposal methods, such as near surface disposal for low-level waste and deep geological repositories for spent fuel and high-level waste. The presentation emphasized that safe disposal requires a safety case demonstrating protection of human health and the environment over long timeframes, and noted the importance of social acceptance for any radioactive waste disposal project.
This document summarizes International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director Andrew Orrell's presentation on international perspectives on salt repositories for nuclear waste storage. Orrell outlines the IAEA's purpose of establishing safety standards and facilitating information exchange. He then discusses developments in several countries' deep geologic disposal programs using salt repositories. Orrell notes challenges for smaller nuclear programs and newcomer countries. Finally, he emphasizes the need for further research quantifying salt's potential for nuclear waste isolation and long-term safety.
This document outlines the key elements of a radiation protection program for facilities using nuclear gauges and well logging tools. It discusses the responsibilities of management, radiation protection officers, and workers. It describes the classification of controlled and supervised areas and requirements for area and individual monitoring, record keeping, training, emergency planning, and auditing the radiation protection program. The overall goal is to ensure radiation exposures are adequately controlled and safety measures are followed.
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This document provides guidance for nuclear inspectors on Licence Condition 34, which concerns the control and containment of radioactive materials and waste to prevent leakage or escape. It outlines the purpose and scope of LC34, provides guidance on assessing licensee arrangements and their implementation, and defines relevant terms. The guidance is intended to facilitate a consistent approach to inspections of LC34 compliance and identify additional reference materials for inspectors.
This document discusses challenges from nuclear site clean-up and developments in the regulatory landscape. It outlines the roles of the Environment Agency and Office for Nuclear Regulation in regulating radioactive substances and sites. It also discusses expectations for successful land quality management at nuclear sites, including integrating radioactive and non-radioactive issues. The document describes guidance from the Environment Agency on optimizing radioactive waste management and releasing nuclear sites from regulation.
This document discusses radiopharmaceuticals, which are radioactive substances used for diagnostic or therapeutic medical purposes. It covers their production, safety precautions when handling them, storage requirements, and applications. Radiopharmaceuticals are produced using machines like cyclotrons and nuclear reactors and strict good manufacturing practices must be followed. They are safely used for diagnostic tests and cancer treatments but precautions are needed when working with radioactive materials.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
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s
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massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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SEALED SOURCES AND DSRS MANAGEMENT - Report from Argentina
1. SEALED SOURCES AND DSRS
MANAGEMENT
Report from Argentina
Thomas Viscovich
National Program for Radioactive Waste Management
National Atomic Energy Commission
Interregional Training Course on Regulatory and Operational Aspects
for the Management of DSRS
Vienna, Austria
26 February – 2 March, 2018
2. 2
PERSONAL PRESENTATION
EXPERIENCE
Radiation Protection Officer.
Responsible for the radiological supervision of the tasks
related to the management of radioactive waste, sealed
radioactive sources and transport of spent nuclear fuel.
Responsible for the environmental, occupational and
facilities monitoring.
Experience in analysis and characterization of radioactive
wastes with gamma spectrometry.
3. 2 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
1 NUCLEAR POWER SHUT DOWN
6 RESEARCH REACTORS
2 IRRADIATION PLANTS
1 HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION PLANT
2 URANIUM MINING
4 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
1 URANIUM DIOXIDE PRODUCTION PLANT
376 INDUSTRY FACILITIES USING
RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
3 ATOMIC CENTERS
1 TECHNOLOGY CENTER
3 NUCLEAR MEDICINE SCHOOLS
68 COBALT THERAPY CENTERS
57 BRACHYTERAPY CENTERS
309 NUCLEAR MEDICINE CENTERS
45 LINEAR ACCELERATORS
408 RADIOIMMUNOASSAY LABORATORIES
NUCLEAR ACTIVITY IN ARGENTINA
3
4. WASTE SOURCES IN ARGENTINA
4
- Atucha l
- Atucha ll
- Embalse
- Uranium mining.
- Uranium conversion and
sintering.
- Fuel elements manufacturing.
- Research reactors.
- Radioisotopes production.
- Medical applications.
- Radioisotopes industrial
uses.
77%
11%
12%
NUCLEAR
POWER
PLANTS
FUEL
CYCLE
NON
FUEL
CYCLE
5. MAIN NUCLEAR ORGANIZATIONS
o Nuclear Regulatory Authority (ARN)
Responsible for regulation and control.
o National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA)
CNEA is an Argentinian governmental agency who's mission is the development and
control of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in Argentina.
Responsible for:
• Radioactive Waste Management .
• Spent Nuclear Fuel Management .
• Decommissioning of all Nuclear Facilities.
o Nucleoelectrica Argentina S.A. (NA-SA)
Responsible for the operation and construction of the NPP’s.
Main radioactive waste generator.
5
6. 6
Argentina has a regulatory system for the control of radioactive
sources (in use as well as in disuse).
In respect of this, the main standards issued by the Nuclear Regulatory
Authority (ARN) are:
Standard AR 10.1.1: “Basic Radiological Safety Standard”
Standard AR 7.9.1: "Operation industrial radiography
projectors"
Standard AR 7.9.2: "Operation of radiation sources for
industrial applications"
Standard AR 8.2.3: "Operation teletherapy facilities“
Standard AR 10.13.2: "Security Standard for Sealed Sources"
Standard AR 10.13.1: “Security of Nuclear Material and
Facilities“
For the transportation of sources, in addition to the radiological safety
measures, extra physical security measures are applied, to prevent or
adopt corrective actions in case of fraudulent acts involving sources with
activities above a reference value.
Standard AR 10.16.1: "Transport of Radioactive Material"
LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
7. 7
LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
• Through the national Law Nº 25.018, Argentina has the
obligation to develop a Strategic Plan for Radioactive Waste
Management.
• According to the last Strategic Plan (2014 version), a Deep
Geological Repository must be operative by the year 2060.
• Near surface repositories for very low and low level waste are
planned to be in operation by 2030.
9. 9
NATIONAL POLICY AND STRATEGY FOR
DSRS MANAGEMENT IN ARGENTINA
• The CNEA, through the National Program for Radioactive
Waste Management, is responsible for the final disposal of
the radioactive waste management.
• The CNEA, through the PNGRR, carries out the safe
management of radioactive sources.
• The PNGRR is responsible for the transport of sealed
radioactive sources from the user’s installation to the Ezeiza
Waste Management (AGE), according to standards of
transport established by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority.
NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE
MANAGEMENT
10. • Disposal of LLW.
• Storage of ILW and disused sealed
sources.
• Storage of research reactor spent
fuels
• Treatment and conditioning of
nuclear waste.
AGE
Ezeiza Waste
Management
Area
Buenos Aires
10
12. 12
STATUS OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN
ARGENTINA
• It is located in Buenos Aires, at Ezeiza
Waste Management (AGE).
• It has Operation License since 1995.
• Nowadays, disused radioactive
sources remain stored at the Interim
Storage Facility.
• It is not used only for DSRS.
Other types of very low and low level
radioactive waste generated in
Atomic Centers and Nuclear Power
Plants of Buenos Aires, are stored in
this facility.
Interim Storage Facility for Sources and
Radioactive Waste (DAIFRR)
14. 14
STATUS OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN
ARGENTINA
• Sealed radioactive sources
are stored in numbered
shelves, with their
respectives shields.
• The sources are identified by
labels with a bar code.
• The information of the
sources (user, generator,
emmision, etc) is stored in a
database.
15. 15
STATUS OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN
ARGENTINA
SOURCES INVENTORY
Category 1
Typical uses
Irradiators
Teletherapy
Gamma Knife machine
17. 17
Category 3
Typical uses
High activity industrial gauges
(moisture / density gauges / fixed
industrial gauges, etc.)
Well logging
STATUS OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN
ARGENTINA
18. 18
Category 4 - 5
Typical uses
Low activity gauges
Static eliminators
Electron capture devices
Lighthing preventers, etc.
STATUS OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN
ARGENTINA
19. 19
STATUS OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN
ARGENTINA
Argentina stores a higher quantity of industrial sources than sources for medical uses.
21. 21
SECURITY & SAFETY
• To access the Interim Storage Facility it is necessary to
provide a minimum of two workers: one of them must be a
Radiation Protection Officer.
• Radiological monitorings are carried out every months.
• About Security Systems, the facility has:
Access control
Alarm systems
Infrared sensors
Surveillance cameras
22. 22
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
• Currently, disused radioactive sources remain stored at the Interim
Storage Facility, awaiting a decision about which will be the best
way to manage them.
• The construction of a new facility for the storage of DSRS is not
planned. The Interim Storage Facility has enough room to store
radioactive sources for several years.
• Argentina does not have a site for Final Disposal of DSRS.
23. 23
ARGENTINA’S CHALLENGES
Optimize the storage systems available through the
REUSING/RECYCLING and REPATRIATION of DSRS.
Study and incorporate new technologies about how to store
radioactive sources.
Continue training staff related to:
• Characterization and categorization of SRS.
• Design of final disposal system of DSRS.
• Design of facilities for storage radioactive waste.
24. 24
FINAL CONCLUSIONS
Argentina has joined this project in 2016.
The activities carried out by IAEA related to this project, are
considered to be implemented and in this manner improve
our activities.
In order for nuclear activity to be susteintable, it is
necessary to give solutions to the management of nuclear
waste.
Argentina needs a Final Disposal System for DSRS and
Repositories for low, medium and high level radioactive
waste.
25. 25
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
viscovich@cae.cnea.gov.ar
www.cnea.gov.ar