Apresentação feita no World Nuclear Decommissioning and Waste Management Congress (Europe) em 12 de setembro de 2016

1. Leonam dos Santos Guimarães

2. FLEET AGING

3. 61 NPPS being built in 15 countries
2007 - 2016: 46 new connections to the grid
(by August 2016)
ANGRA 3
FANGCHENGGANG-2
15 Jul, 2016

4. GENERATION CHANGE: II -> III -> III+ -> IV

5. PERMANENT SHUTDOWN REACTORS
Source: IAEA PRIS (August 2016)
To date, about 157 commercial power reactors, experimental or prototype
reactors, over 250 research reactors and a number of fuel cycle facilities
have been retired from operation. Some of these have been fully dismantled.

6. Nuclear power reactors worldwide
Source: NEA/OECD (September 2016)

7. Growing Importance of Decommissioning
• Need to manage this end of life cycle in a safe and cost-effective
manner:
– a condition to support new nuclear
• Strengthen work on integrated waste management:
– including characterization, processing and storage
• Most parts of a nuclear power plant do not become radioactive, or are
contaminated at only very low levels. Most of the metal can be recycled.
• Proven techniques and equipment are available to dismantle nuclear
facilities safely and these have now been well demonstrated in several parts
of the world.
• Decommissioning costs for nuclear power plants, including disposal of
associated wastes, are reducing and contribute only a small fraction of the
total cost of electricity generation.

8. NUCLEAR IN BRAZIL: TODAY
ANGRA 2 PWR
Power: 1.350 MW
Technology: Siemens/KWU
Operation start: JAN/2001
ANGRA 1 PWR
Power: 657 MW
Technology: Westinghouse
Operation start: JAN/1985

9. NUCLEAR IN BRAZIL: TOMORROW
ANGRA 2 PWR
Power: 1.405 MW
Technology: AREVA
Operation start: JAN/2022

10. NUCLEAR POTENCIAL ATLAS
2) Southeast
2.000 MW
1) Northeast
2.000 MW
EPRI SITTING CRITERIA
Geographic Information Systems
National Energy Plan 2030
NUCLEAR IN BRAZIL: FUTURE

11. NUCLEAR POTENCIAL ATLAS

12. Roadmap
Site Data
Levantamento de campo
Outros dados
PPE
Plant Parameter Envelope
2016
ESP
Early Site Permit
Environmental and Nuclear site
licensing independent of vendor
Vendor Qualification
Brazilian Utility Requirement
BUR
2017
PPA
Power Purchase Agreement
Definition and Decison to Build
.
2018 - 2019
Site Selection
Which Sites will be studied in
detail
2014 - 2015
RFI
Request for Information
Request as per IAEA
and NEI guides
Additional data with
technical details
SitingTechnology
AUCTION
Licensing
Start
BUSINESS
MODEL
NUCLEAR
POTENCIAL
ATLAS
Feasibility
Soc-Eco Impacts

13. CURRENT ACTIVITIES
• Plant Parameter Envelope
– RFIs to suppliers
– Early Site Permit Report
• Brazilian Utility
Requirements
– URD/EUR Model
• Business Model
– Public-Private Partnership
• Economic and Financial
Feasibility
• Social and Economic
Impacts
NUCLEAR IN BRAZIL: FUTURE

14. Decommissioning Policy
• defined as the framework implemented by governments, including
laws, regulations, standards and mandatory requirements, that
imposes the background rules to be followed by the nuclear industry
for decommissioning projects.
• National decommissioning policies were found to differ on many
aspects that may have an impact on costs.
Key points in this regard - Brazilian Policy:




BROWNFIELD
REGULATED
REGULATED
 REGULATED

15. Decommissioning Strategies
(acepted by Brazilian Safety Authority)

16. ALVARO ALBERTO NUCLEAR POWER STATION
Preliminary Decommissioning Plan (PDP)
Considers planned Angra 1, Angra 2 and
Angra 3 end of operations:
2024 / 2040 / 2050
Life extensions not considered (yet)
Whole site should be decommissioned.
3 approaches:
• Pure SAFSTOR
• Alternative SAFSTOR
• Mixed DECON-SAFSTOR

17. 1st approach: Pure SAFSTOR
Angra 1
Proposal of pure SAFSTOR CNAAA site decommissioning strategy: main approach
Start
Planning
Costing estimation
Final state definition
2022
2024 - 2054
Shutdown procedures
Reactor defuelling
Spent fuel pool operation
Previous decontamination and dismantling
Safe state
Final decontamination and dismantling
Waste storage, disposal and final state
Angra 2
2040 - 2070
Angra 3
2050 - 2080
Site cleaning
Site remediation
Amends and fees payment
Licence termination
2080 - 2085
Final site survey and
monitoring
EndBegin
• Plants decommissioning schedule coincidence:
• Cost reduction possibility
• experience gain by the decommissioning team (same to whole site);
• Safe Storage Period:
• reduce waste volumes and associated potential problems to deal with.

18. 2nd approach: Alternative SAFSTOR
Angra 1
Proposal of SAFSTOR CNAAA site decommissioning strategy: alternative approach
Start
Planning
Costing estimation
Final state definition
2022
2024 - 2080
Shutdown procedures
Reactor defuelling
Spent fuel pool operation
Previous decontamination and dismantling
Safe state
Final decontamination and dismantling
Waste storage, disposal and final state
Angra 2
2040 - 2080
Angra 3
2050 - 2080
Site cleaning
Site remediation
Amends and fees
payment
Licence termination
Final site survey and
monitoring
Final decontamination and
dismantling
Waste storage, disposal and final state
2080 - 2085
EndBegin
• Plants decommissioning schedule coincidence: Same benefits of 1st approach;
• Angra 1 and Angra 2 decommissioning postponed to coincide with Angra 3
• Extended Safe Storage Period (Angra 1 and Angra 2):
• lower radioactivity and waste volumes to be stored/disposed;
• Costs of Angra 1 and Angra 2 could be increased:
• extended period of survey, maintenance and security of deactivated plants.

19. 3rd approach: Mixed DECON-SAFSTOR strategy
Angra 1
Proposal of mixed DECON and SAFSTOR CNAAA site decommissioning strategy
Start
Planning
Costing estimation
Final state
definition
2022
2024 - 2040
Shutdown procedures
Reactor defuelling
Spent fuel pool operation
Previous decontamination and dismantling
Safe state
Final decontamination and dismantling
Waste storage, disposal and final state
Angra 2
2040 - 2050
Angra 3
2050 - 2060
Site cleaning
Site remediation
Amends and fees
payment
Licence termination
Final site survey
and monitoring
Final decontamination
and dismantling
Waste storage, disposal and final state
2060 - 2065
EndBegin
• Angra 1 and Angra 2 decommissioned with SAFSTOR strategy while Angra 3 will be with
DECON strategy: Time reduced about 20 years;
• Angra 3: experience in Angra 1 and Angra 2 decommissioning (lessons learned)
• Even with DECON, could reduce dose exposure and costs;
• Higher volumes of wastes to deal with: experience gain aid during
decontamination/dismantling techniques selection and waste treatment tasks.

20. Estimated production of wastes:
• Operational wastes will have to be managed during decommissioning:
– Only disposal facility in Brazil: dispose Goiania town accident wastes;
– Operational wastes stored on-site: cost considered separately from
Decommissioning wastes;
– Values based on estimated waste volumes of Trojan and Ringhals NPPs.
• Operational:
– Packages volume: 2.805,14 m³ (7.403 units);
– LLW/ILW: 5.800m³;
– ECIs (management and storage): 3.420 units.
• Decommissioning:
– LLW (metals, concrete and others): 28.443,3m³;
– ILW: 496,2 m³;
– HLW: 212,4m³.
ALVARO ALBERTO NUCLEAR POWER STATION
Preliminary Decommissioning Plan (PDP)

21. Estimated production of wastes:
• Volume reduction techniques:
– Choice of suitable decontamination and dismantling
technique
• Reduce waste production (primary and
secondary wastes);
– Compress, Supercompression, Incineration, Immobilization
(cement, glass and ceramic matrix):
– Aid to handling, transport, storage/disposal tasks.
ALVARO ALBERTO NUCLEAR POWER STATION
Preliminary Decommissioning Plan (PDP)

22. Main Cost Drivers:
• project management;
• dismantling of the reactor vessel and
internals;
• decontamination of the major primary
components;
• demolition of the buildings; and
• waste management.
ALVARO ALBERTO NUCLEAR POWER STATION
Preliminary Decommissioning Plan (PDP)

23. Direct Decommissioning Cost Breakdown
SOURCE:

24. COST ESTIMATING STRUCTURE
SOURCE:

25. Estimated costs:
• “Minimum Decommissioning Fund Formula,”
NRC 10 CFR 50.75(c) (1988)
• site (3 NPPs) decommissioning costs:
US$ 1,5 billion to the whole site
ALVARO ALBERTO NUCLEAR POWER STATION
Preliminary Decommissioning Plan (PDP)
EC Year X = 1986 $ Cost × [A LX + B EX + C BX]

26. International Structure for decommissioning
Costing (ISDC) of Nuclear Installations
IN PROGRESS

27. Funding:
• Decommissioning Financial Fund managed
by Eletronuclear holding company Eletrobras
– Financial resources from electricity sales
– Annual amounts defined by Brazilian Electric
Energy Regulatory Agency
ALVARO ALBERTO NUCLEAR POWER STATION
Preliminary Decommissioning Plan (PDP)
FINANCIAL POSITION ON AUG/2016 (in Brazilian Reais)

28. IAEA International Conference on Advancing the
Global Implementation of Decommissioning and
Environmental Remediation Programmes
May 23-27 2016, Madrid, Spain
• THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
– Confirmed the importance of national policies and strategies and of responsibility resting with the current generation.
– Emphasis on cost-effectiveness, to conserve resources, on early planning and on prompt action.
– Strong linkage between decommissioning or environmental remediation, and associated management of waste (“cradle to grave”
management)
• THE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR DECOMMISSIONING AND ENVIRONMENTAL
REMEDIATION
– International standards and associated guidance should be developed for conditional clearance of materials from decommissioning.
– The conference recommended that the international community needs to do more to identify what levels of radioactive contamination
could generally be regarded as being sufficiently low that they do not pose a threat to the safety of people and the environment.
– The Conference further recommended that additional consideration be given to establishing international guidelines for post-accident
recovery
• THE DECISION PROCESS AND INVOLVEMENT OF STAKEHOLDERS
– Value of transparency and stakeholder engagement in decision making.
• TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
– Coordination of research and development activities related to decommissioning.
– Importance of continued exchange of experiences through accessible forums and the value of looking to other technical fields for
solutions
• SUPPLY CHAIN
– Develop guidance on the management of project risks in decommissioning and remediation programmes, including opportunities for
sharing information on good practice on this issue.
– Develop training opportunities for young professionals.

29. Leonam Guimarães