This document provides an overview of radiation including: - The different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma radiation and their properties. - Common sources of radiation including nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, medical equipment, and natural sources. - How radiation can impact biological systems by damaging DNA and other molecules. - Means of radiation protection such as sheltering, potassium iodide supplements, and concrete barriers. - Examples of past radiation accidents like Chernobyl to illustrate radiation risks.

1. YASAR UNIVERSITY
ENGINEERING FACULTY
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
RADIATION
M.EMIN OZGUNSUR
07030001052
December, 2009

2. Table Of Contents
•What is the radiation ?
•Radiation Kinds
•Radiation Source
•Radiation Using Place
•Radiation Quantity
•Nuclear Weapon Effective
•Radiation Influance Range
•Radiation Biological Effective
•Radiation Infection Ways
•Nuclear Power Plant
•Radiation Injure And Protect
•References

3. What is The Radiation ?
When protons and neutrons ratios are out of balance, there is appearing an undecided
atom. Generally, this situation to be seen from the bigger than 83 or smaller atom’s
isotope, become stable equilibrium is sending like fast particles and electromagnetic
waves to broadcasting extra energy wawes from natural or unnatural radioactive cores
are named “ radiation “. [1,3]
Radioactive word comes to mean from radio means spreading and active means
continual. That is to say, radiation is continual radiating light a decreasing dose. [1,4]

4. What is The Radiation ?
Table 1.1. Periodic Table ( Source : Michael Dayah http://dayah.com/periodic/ )

5. Radiation Kinds
The atoms are constituted by two neutron and two proton throw helium core for get lighter
to become determined. This throwing radiating light is named “alfa radiation “. [3]
Alfa light is heavier seven thousand three hundred than electron. It is becoming in elements
natural ways to atom number greater than eighty three. Alfa lights also lost their energy on
short ways from pair burden (++) and fallen speed ( from big mass ). It is making thousand
ionisation in one centimeter air. The strong alfa particle maximum ten centimeters pass
through. In densier materials, this ratio is more fallen. Alfa lights will be stoped by a paper.
They are not danger for dead layer founded in human skins.[4]

6. What is The Radiation ?
If indecision is about from cores borden distribution, neutron will be transformed a proton
and an electron then it will hold the proton in core and throw the electron. This throwing
radiation is named “ beta radiation ”. [1,3]
Beta lights will be installed positive ( positron ) or negative ( negatron ). The beta
lights are becoming lighter, faster and installed one burden from alfa lights, its ratio higher
for air and skin ratios. Average an energy is had by beta light have three meter ratio in air. If
a beta light pass closed by core, it will interact core’s positive burden, missing speed and it
will sway like x-light is named “ bremsstranhlung radiation “ to kinetic energy. [4]
If an atom come determined to give much energy, it will do a popping out is named “
gama radiation ”. [3]

7. What is The Radiation ?
Figure 2.2. Ionazing Radiation ( Source : http://slideshare.net/ion_rad.pdf )

8. Radiation Source
Human life is started to meating environmental radiation more than three billion years
from today. Humans understood to living an radiational environment becoming natural
causes between 1890 to 1920. Each people is exposed to radiation whether natural or
artificial. [4]
This exposed radiation either seems any biological effects nor seems like reach
death. The important thing is which radiation dose making biological damage and cancer
cause of ionize in biol. [5]

9. Radiation Using Places
Atom core’s expose to view an energy with a chemical reaction and its reason of there will
be an explosion which named nuclear weapon. There are different names for appearing
nuclear energy kinds like atom bomb, hydrogen bomb, fusion bomb, thermonuclear
weapon etc... [7]
In nuclear weapons, U-235 and Pu-239 are mostly using materials.Because this materials
have becoming low energy, if they hit an neutron, they will crack two different mass with
a high energy. Each of their connection will finish a chaning reaction. [7]
Radiation is using today to find archaeological investigation for calculating date with
carbon 14 method. [2]
Some cosmic tiny kernels which come form space meet with some of carbon
dioxide molecules are founded up to the atmosphere and thats conflagrations are bomb
to determined carbon-12 atom continual. The carbon-12 atom take two neutron to its
construction and become carbon-14 which shown radioactive special feature. The ruined
carbon-14 atom is transformation to nitrogen-14 gas. [1,2]

10. Radiation Quantity
The science world gave “ bekerel ” name for unit of radiation. Because the respect of
Bekerel who worked first radiation works. But some of scientist who are working on
radiation biological effects, they put on a new unit for using radiation sucked parts. The “
rem ” is using for radiation staying time in body of a new unit. [1]
First radiation unit was “ curi ”. The bekerel unit is using approximately one milligram
broadcasting radiation instead of curi. One bekerel is twent-seven pikocuri. In a mineral
water measurement will found ten bekerel radiation. [1]
Pilots, roentgen technicians, television technicians are exposed to five rem
radiation in one year. [1]
Some radioactive elements are staying in body between fifteen or twenty day
have a like iron, iodine structures. Some radiational element structures like barium,
indium, cripton and technisium are not stay more than twelve hours. Calcium and
stronsium are the most staying radioactive materials in body. [3]
The radioactive materials are evaluating by “ geiger meter ”. But it is not give
radiation kinds. [1]

11. Nuclear Weapon Effect
Fire ball heat pushes the air. This is the first effect. Second effect is assaulting become
empty heat air instead of the cold air. Exactly, undestroyed structures which do not
destroyed heat ait effect will destroyed second cold air effect. Its dangerious ratio is
percent forty-five. [7]
Figure 6.1. Atom Bomb Test ( Source : http://interesan.com/ )

12. Radiation Influance Effect
The radiation will be show different effects with obstacle meeting. It will passing some
materials but some materials are hold it. This is different for each radiation. [1]
The alfa light will stop a paper, an beta light will stop a plastic. If gama light wanted to
stoped, it will be stop with lead wall. [1]
Nuclear weapons destroying effects are become distant for increasing and its effects are
bound to meteorological broadcasting range. Its effects order is air, water, soil and body. So
it will said the biggest effect of radiation is air effects. [1]

13. Radiation Biological Effect
The radiation is bumbing a molecule, constituted first thing is ionize to molecule for
electron’s break of to atom. This situation is air become ionazing for daily life. [2]
When radiation is being water surface in biols and tissue’s ionizing, it is causing
of oxygen increasing with chemical operation. The oxygen increasing is speeding up to
biol activity for fallen dose radiation and more than radiation dosages are realize to biol
death. The thermal springs are having active radiation where chronic illness treatments
with low dosage sides in biols. So that biols are getting younger. [2]
Radiation effects on genetic information system DNA, some radiation kinds
making death biols but some radiation kinds are changing genetic codes. If this radiation
kinds are using inspecting for destroying cancer’s biols. [2]

14. Radiation Infection Ways
On air there are normal quantity radioactive carbon and low quantity radon and most
taken natural radiation is exposed to continents traveling with airplane. So that it is
about staying high places. For example, a human is exposed to thirty milirem radiation
on sea level and one hundred milirem on high land level. [2]
A radiation accident or bomb, radiation firstly appear on air. There will be appear a
radioactive cloud. A cloud motion is giving shape to radiation broadcasting motion.
Consequeently, radiation broadcasting movement is designated by meteorological
events. This radiation cloud’s most important danger is radiation rain. [2]

15. Nuclear Power Plant
The radiation is not have any effect about social in normal conditions. It is validate for
striving about radiation. Chernobil accident is a cause of negligence and using rest
technology. A lot of grew up country preference to nuclear energy. [1,3]
There is a nuclear power plant fifty kilometers close to Paris and each one of four
electric bulb are using the nuclear energy in Europe. So that it is a ignorance of
protesting the nuclear power. [1,3]
Figure 10.1. Nuclear Power Plant ( Source : http://images.google.com/ )

16. Radiation Injure and Protect
Radiation lights are affcted directly DNA and protein like important biological molecules.
Radiation also affect some chemical compounds and giving damage with making unrestricted
fundamental biological compounds. Its first affect is destroying to DNA’s chromosome
structures. [5]
Prenatal radiation effects are changing according to embryo and fetus growing period. If a
radiation light will taken after the insemination week, egg will die and organ formation period,
there will be growing defeat, unchaste, skeleton, soft lesion, mongoloid, leukemia, cancer
seen. [5]
If exposed to radiation must be exhausted many potassium nourishment like melon,
watermelon and taking fresh air with vitamin b.
Radiation ratio is too much in a place, this place must be covered with concrete, evacuate
people to three hundred kilometers away, escape to closer shelters and burry to radioactive
things under the eleven meter deep.

17. Radiation Injure and Protect
Figure 11.2. Escaping From Radiation Plan ( Source : http://geocities.com/kafkasfizik/ )

18. Referances
1- Doç.Dr.Adil Gediklioglu, Atom Ve Çekirdek Fiğine Giriş , İnönü Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1981
2- Salahattin Göksel, Radyasyonların biyolojik etkileri ve korunma yolları,1979
3- Uzm. Dr. Hakan YAREN, Prof. Dr. Ecz. Turan KARAYILANOGLU TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik
Bülteni, 2005: 4 (4)
4- Yard. Doç. Dr. Hüseyin Bora Ankara Üniversitesi Dikimevi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek
Yüksekokulu Yıllığı Cilt 2 Sayı 1 2001
5- Dr. Arif Bozbıyık, Dr. Çağlar Özdemir, Dr. Hamit Hancı Radyasyon Yaralanmaları ve
Korunma Yöntemleri ; Yearbook 2002, cilt 11, sayı 7
6- Köksal M. : Radyasyon Güvenliği, Ankara, Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu Yayınları
7- Dr. Özgür Demirkan, Dr. Çağlar Özdemir Nükleer Silahlar : Yearbook 2001, cilt 10, sayı 10
8- Prof. Dr. Yücel Pak, Radyasyon Onkolojisi ve Radyoterapi Kavramları : Ankara Üniversitesi
Dikimevi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Yıllığı, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, 2001
Afetlerde hemşirelik bakımı ve ilk yardım, Açıköğretim Fakültesi yayınları, 1992
9- Irving Kaplan, Nükleer Fizik, 1965