Chapter 12 discusses race and ethnicity, defining race in biological terms based on physical characteristics and ethnicity as a cultural identity shared by a group. It highlights the social significance of these concepts, including the experiences of minority groups, the causes of prejudice and discrimination, and their negative consequences. The chapter concludes with suggestions for reducing racial and ethnic prejudice, such as community engagement and celebrating cultural diversity.

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CHAPTER 12: RACE & ETHNICITY
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3. CHAPTER 12
RACE & ETHNICITY
 By: TAN CHI NEI
 ID: FHS2016041020

4. Race
 Related to biological factors
 Race refers to a person's physical characteristics, such as bone structure and skin, hair,
or eye color.
 POPULAR CLASSIFICATIONS:
i) Based on skin and face shape: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid
ii) Problems with the classifications:
- Some races can’t fit in neither of the categories.
- Races have interbred for centuries.

5. Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid

6. Biology and Genetics
 Some sociologists (and other researchers) still
believe that race is a valid and useful measure
when understood as fuzzy sets, clusters, or
extended families.
 Some biologists and health care practitioners also
draw on race as it relates to specific diseases.

7. Ethnicity
 A group of people with common cultural background.
 A shared cultural heritage, which typically involves common ancestors,
language and religion.
i) Nationality
ii) Tribe
iii) Religious faith
iv) Shared language
v) Shared culture
vi) Shared tradition
 According to G .Thomas’ theory of the “definition of the situation”
- The physical characteristics that identify the group is not important but the
feeling of belonging to each other.

8. The Social Significance
of Race and Ethnicity
Race and ethnicity take on great social significance because
how people act in regard to these terms drastically effects
other people’s lives, including what opportunities they have,
how they are treated, and even how long they live.

9. Minority Group
 A group of people that is numerically lesser than the rest of the population.
 A society subjects to disadvantages.
 Can either be racial or ethnic.

10. Pattern of Majority-Minority Interaction
1. GENOCIDE
- Systemic killing of one category of people by another.
2. SEGREGATION
- The physical and social separation of categories of people.
3. ASSIMILATION
- The process by which the minorities gradually adopt cultural patterns from the dominant
majority population.
4. PLURALISM
- A state in which people of all racial and ethnic categories have about the same overall
social standing.

11. PREJUDICE, STEREOTYPE,
DISCRIMINATION and RACISM
1. PREJUDICE
- Prejudice is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about
members of specific racial, ethnic or other groups.
2. STEREOTYPE
- Stereotypes are over generalizations about appearance, behaviour, or
other characteristics of members of particular categories. (stereotypes can
be either positive or negative)
3. DISCRIMINATION
- Discrimination involves actions or practices of dominant-group members
(or their representatives) that have a harmful effect on members of a
subordinate group.
4. RACISM
- Racism is a set of attitudes, beliefs and practices that is used to justify
the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior
treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

12. African Americans
 The African American experience has been one marked by slavery, segregation,
and persistent discrimination.
 Gaining freedom did not give African Americans freedom equality with whites.
They were subjected to many indignities because of race, through informal
practices in the north and Jim Crow laws in the south African Americans
experienced a lot of segregation.
 In the 20th century the live of many African Americans were changed by the civil
rights movement.

13. Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination
Brainwashing Negative experiences
with individuals of a
given race
Negative images
portrayed in media and
societal stereotypes
Ignorance

14. CONSEQUENCES OF PREJUDICE AND
DISCRIMINATION
1. Minority have lower quality of life
- Lower income, high employment, poverty and lower life expectancy.
2. Minorities become more desperate.
- Rate of employment become so high.
- Poverty persists from generation to another.
- Will only increase violent crime.
- May cause riots.
3. Negative self image
- Your Barbie is tall, blond and white.
4. Cases happened:
i) Black children are much more likely than white children to be suspended and expelled from school.
ii) Black boys are considered “older looking” and “less innocent” than white children.
iii) Black parents have to teach their children how to deal with police officers.

15. SAY NO TO RACISM!
Ways to reduce Racial and Ethnic Prejudice:
 Make a change in the community. Speak up if you see racism in action.
 Support and attend events that celebrate different cultures.
 Celebrate differences instead of being color blind.
 Make friends with people from different races.

16. VIDEO TIME!
 Youtube:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvoQO9oyc0E

18. JUST GIVE ME 2 MINUTES!
ACTIVITY TIME!
Find a partner. Praise each other regardless of race, from top to bottom
as much as possible NON STOP, in 1 minute time for your partner. Then
switch turn after hearing Time’s up!

19. How do you feel?
 When you’re praising people around you, you’re actually praising and glorifying the
Creator of all man for being so amazing in creating everyone so beautifully and
perfectly!
 When you pour happiness to others, God is there to pour happiness back to you! 