The document discusses R functions, including how to define a function, call a function, and use a new binary operator. It provides an example of defining a function called func1 that takes two arguments, calculates the total length by adding the lengths of the arguments, and returns the result. The function is then called by passing two vectors a and b, returning a length of 8. It also notes that defining a function using %!% allows it to be used as a new binary operator.