This document contains 95 quiz questions about process integration and pinch technology. The questions cover key concepts like the minimum temperature difference (ΔTmin), composite curves, the pinch point, heat exchanger network design, utility targets, and more. The questions are a mix of fill-in-the-blank, true/false, and multiple choice formats. They are intended to test the reader's understanding of the fundamental principles and applications of pinch analysis.
The document discusses heat integration projects for oil refining processes. It explains that detailed simulation and analysis is required for these projects to identify opportunities to recover waste heat and reduce furnace fuel usage. Heat integration studies involve modeling refinery units, analyzing hot and cold streams, identifying minimum temperature differences, and determining potential savings from retrofits. Key steps include simulation of existing units, forming heating-cooling curves, determining savings opportunities, and selecting the most cost-effective retrofit options. Examples of studies on crude distillation units and vacuum distillation units are provided to illustrate the approaches.
This document discusses estimating the hottest spot temperature in power transformer windings using different cooling methods. It presents the mathematical formulation of the heat conduction equation for solving temperature distribution numerically using the finite element method. The selected model is a 32MVA transformer with two cooling methods: Non-Directed Oil-Forced (NDOF) cooling and Directed Oil-Forced (DOF) cooling. Equations are provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients, boundary conditions, and temperature gradients needed to solve the heat conduction equation.
This document discusses heat exchangers, including their types, performance parameters, and design methodologies. It introduces the log mean temperature difference method for relating heat transfer rate to inlet/outlet temperatures. It also describes the effectiveness-NTU method, where effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual to maximum possible heat transfer, and NTU is the number of transfer units. Sample problems demonstrate the use of these methods to determine required surface areas, heat transfer rates, and outlet temperatures for given heat exchanger configurations and operating conditions.
The document outlines a 14-step process for manually designing a shell and tube heat exchanger using the Kern method. Key steps include: 1) obtaining thermo-physical properties of fluids, 2) performing an energy balance to determine heat duty, 3) assuming an overall heat transfer coefficient, 4) deciding tube passes and calculating the log mean temperature difference, 5) calculating required heat transfer area, 6) selecting tube materials and dimensions, 7) deciding exchanger type and tube pitch, 8) assigning fluids and selecting baffles, 9) calculating heat transfer coefficients, 10) checking the calculated overall heat transfer coefficient, 11) recalculating as needed, 12) calculating overdesign, 13) calculating pressure drops, and 14)
Design and Analysis of Induction Motor thermal Model for Numerical ProtectionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a thermal model for induction motor protection. It begins by explaining the limitations of traditional overcurrent relays in providing adequate thermal protection for motors. It then derives a first-order thermal model based on the motor's thermal limit curves. The model treats the motor as a heated homogeneous body and derives differential equations relating temperature rise, heating power, and thermal losses. It establishes equivalences between the thermal model and an RC circuit. The document also describes how to fit the model's equations to the manufacturer-provided thermal limit curves and establishes a correlation between motor temperature and current levels. The goal is to implement this thermal model in numerical relays to continuously monitor motor temperature in real-time and initiate a
Abstract The requirement of energy in any processing industry is not only a need but it is indeed a most wanted utility. In a typical processing or manufacturing industry the most common utility are steam and cooling water. However the cost of these utility are no longer cheap, in fact they are expensive. Therefore saving these utility or minimizing the usage of these utilities is one of the most needed practice in a processing industry. Pinch technology is the most common method, which is aimed at minimizing the requirement of utilities by maximizing the process to process heat transfer. In the present study temperature interval diagram or TID is used to identify the targets for minimum utility requirement and maximum process to process heat transfer in a processing facility. The targets for heat exchanger network are presented and minimization of number of heat exchangers are provided using stream splitting technique. Keywords: Pinch design, stream splitting, HEN synthesis, Utilities, TID
Research proposal: Thermoelectric cooling in electric vehicles KristopherKerames
This experiment aims to characterize a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) for cooling electric vehicle batteries by measuring its Seebeck coefficient and coefficient of performance (COP). A small-scale system using a hot plate, TEC module, and fan will simulate an EV battery cooling system. Temperature and voltage measurements taken with and without the hot plate will be used to calculate the Seebeck coefficient and COP of the TEC and determine the uncertainty in these values. The results will help engineers evaluate TECs for optimal battery thermal management.
The document discusses heat integration projects for oil refining processes. It explains that detailed simulation and analysis is required for these projects to identify opportunities to recover waste heat and reduce furnace fuel usage. Heat integration studies involve modeling refinery units, analyzing hot and cold streams, identifying minimum temperature differences, and determining potential savings from retrofits. Key steps include simulation of existing units, forming heating-cooling curves, determining savings opportunities, and selecting the most cost-effective retrofit options. Examples of studies on crude distillation units and vacuum distillation units are provided to illustrate the approaches.
This document discusses estimating the hottest spot temperature in power transformer windings using different cooling methods. It presents the mathematical formulation of the heat conduction equation for solving temperature distribution numerically using the finite element method. The selected model is a 32MVA transformer with two cooling methods: Non-Directed Oil-Forced (NDOF) cooling and Directed Oil-Forced (DOF) cooling. Equations are provided for calculating heat transfer coefficients, boundary conditions, and temperature gradients needed to solve the heat conduction equation.
This document discusses heat exchangers, including their types, performance parameters, and design methodologies. It introduces the log mean temperature difference method for relating heat transfer rate to inlet/outlet temperatures. It also describes the effectiveness-NTU method, where effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual to maximum possible heat transfer, and NTU is the number of transfer units. Sample problems demonstrate the use of these methods to determine required surface areas, heat transfer rates, and outlet temperatures for given heat exchanger configurations and operating conditions.
The document outlines a 14-step process for manually designing a shell and tube heat exchanger using the Kern method. Key steps include: 1) obtaining thermo-physical properties of fluids, 2) performing an energy balance to determine heat duty, 3) assuming an overall heat transfer coefficient, 4) deciding tube passes and calculating the log mean temperature difference, 5) calculating required heat transfer area, 6) selecting tube materials and dimensions, 7) deciding exchanger type and tube pitch, 8) assigning fluids and selecting baffles, 9) calculating heat transfer coefficients, 10) checking the calculated overall heat transfer coefficient, 11) recalculating as needed, 12) calculating overdesign, 13) calculating pressure drops, and 14)
Design and Analysis of Induction Motor thermal Model for Numerical ProtectionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a thermal model for induction motor protection. It begins by explaining the limitations of traditional overcurrent relays in providing adequate thermal protection for motors. It then derives a first-order thermal model based on the motor's thermal limit curves. The model treats the motor as a heated homogeneous body and derives differential equations relating temperature rise, heating power, and thermal losses. It establishes equivalences between the thermal model and an RC circuit. The document also describes how to fit the model's equations to the manufacturer-provided thermal limit curves and establishes a correlation between motor temperature and current levels. The goal is to implement this thermal model in numerical relays to continuously monitor motor temperature in real-time and initiate a
Abstract The requirement of energy in any processing industry is not only a need but it is indeed a most wanted utility. In a typical processing or manufacturing industry the most common utility are steam and cooling water. However the cost of these utility are no longer cheap, in fact they are expensive. Therefore saving these utility or minimizing the usage of these utilities is one of the most needed practice in a processing industry. Pinch technology is the most common method, which is aimed at minimizing the requirement of utilities by maximizing the process to process heat transfer. In the present study temperature interval diagram or TID is used to identify the targets for minimum utility requirement and maximum process to process heat transfer in a processing facility. The targets for heat exchanger network are presented and minimization of number of heat exchangers are provided using stream splitting technique. Keywords: Pinch design, stream splitting, HEN synthesis, Utilities, TID
Research proposal: Thermoelectric cooling in electric vehicles KristopherKerames
This experiment aims to characterize a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) for cooling electric vehicle batteries by measuring its Seebeck coefficient and coefficient of performance (COP). A small-scale system using a hot plate, TEC module, and fan will simulate an EV battery cooling system. Temperature and voltage measurements taken with and without the hot plate will be used to calculate the Seebeck coefficient and COP of the TEC and determine the uncertainty in these values. The results will help engineers evaluate TECs for optimal battery thermal management.
Thermo Tech Engineering provides advice to help businesses recover waste heat and save energy costs. Waste heat recovery systems work by identifying heat sources, selecting recovery equipment, and evaluating the financial benefits. Common recovery devices include economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, waste heat boilers, and heat pumps. Heat pumps are particularly useful for upgrading low-grade waste heat to higher temperatures suitable for industrial processes. Recovering waste heat improves profits by reducing energy costs.
The document discusses waste heat recovery from industrial processes through various technologies like economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, waste heat boilers, and heat pumps. It describes the working of these technologies and provides examples of their typical industrial applications like pre-heating boiler feed water, heating process liquids, generating steam, upgrading low-grade waste heat, etc. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding process details and performing economic evaluation to identify suitable waste heat recovery opportunities in industries.
This document summarizes a student project analyzing the effectiveness of different fin designs on a CPU heatsink. It includes the design of a base heatsink model with 30 fins and details simulations varying the number of fins, fin height, and rotation speed. The results show that increasing the number of fins from 30 to 50 lowers the maximum surface temperature by 5.4°C, while further increases do not impact temperature as much.
This document summarizes key concepts related to heat engines and refrigerators from thermodynamics. It discusses:
1) The limitations imposed by thermodynamics on heat engine performance and defines heat engines as devices that convert thermal energy to mechanical work.
2) The impossibility of perpetual motion machines and violations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
3) The fundamental difference between heating and work in terms of entropy transfer. Heat always increases entropy while work does not necessarily do so.
4) How real heat engines have lower efficiencies than the theoretical maximum due to irreversible processes that generate additional entropy.
This document summarizes different types of heat exchangers and heat transfer concepts. It discusses four main types of heat exchangers: double pipe, shell and tube, plate, and cross flow. It also covers key heat transfer equations like log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and heat exchanger effectiveness. Important heat exchanger design parameters like number of transfer units (NTU), heat capacity ratio, and fouling factors are defined. Tables of typical fouling coefficients and overall heat transfer coefficients are also included.
The document discusses methods to improve the thermal efficiency of open cycle gas turbine plants, including intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. Intercooling improves efficiency by compressing air in two stages with cooling in between. Reheating expands exhaust gases in two turbine stages with reheating in between. Regeneration uses exhaust heat to preheat compressed air before combustion. Operating variables like pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, compressor inlet temperature, and compressor/turbine efficiencies affect thermal efficiency. Higher ratios and temperatures initially improve efficiency up to a maximum, after which efficiency declines.
The document discusses the Carnot cycle, which is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that describes how thermal energy can be converted into work. The Carnot cycle involves four stages: (1) reversible isothermal expansion, (2) reversible adiabatic expansion, (3) reversible isothermal compression, and (4) reversible adiabatic compression. The Carnot cycle establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve during this thermal to mechanical energy conversion process.
Cfd simulation of telecommunications cabinetmahdi Mokrane
This document discusses simulations of cooling a telecommunications cabinet prototype using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It presents the following key points:
1) A CFD model was created using GAMBIT meshing software to simulate air flow and heat transfer within a telecommunications cabinet measuring 0.65x0.65x0.30 m containing a heating element.
2) Simulations were run with and without ventilation openings, showing ventilation is needed to maintain safe temperature levels inside the closed cabinet.
3) Forced convection cooling via an air inlet and outlets was able to maintain air temperatures of 309-311K, an improvement of 8-10K over the natural convection scenario without openings.
The document compares three computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models - laminar, standard low-Reynolds k-ε, and V2F low-Reynolds k-ε models - in simulating a plate-fin heat sink with forced convection. Star CCM+ software is used to model the heat sink and apply a heat flux at the base. Simulations are run with each model and benchmarked against theoretical calculations for heat sink thermal resistance and pressure drop. The laminar model is found to yield results matching the turbulence models' accuracy in less time, making it deemed most suitable for the problem.
1) Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and work. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.
2) The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler body to a hotter body. All real-world processes are irreversible and cause the entropy of the universe to increase.
3) Heat engines use heat to perform work. The efficiency of heat engines is limited by the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs according to the Carnot efficiency formula. Refrigerators and heat pumps operate according to similar principles but use work to transfer
Analytical Solution of Compartment Based Double Pipe Heat Exchanger using Di...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analytical solutions for a compartment-based double pipe heat exchanger model using the differential transform method. The model considers transformer oil as the hot fluid and water as the coolant fluid flowing in parallel through two compartments of the heat exchanger. Analytical expressions for the temperature profiles of the hot and cold fluids over time are derived. The solutions are shown to converge with increasing terms in the series solutions.
This presentation is to show how to design heat exchanger from process simulation data to complete mechanical design by using two software HTRI and COMPRESS in seamless streamline Auto duping data.
tf.ugm.ac.id_astechnova_proceeding_Vol3No2_Astechnova_2014_2_04Totok R Biyanto
1. The document describes optimizing the cleaning schedule of heat exchanger networks (HEN) using particle swarm optimization (PSO).
2. It involves simulating the HEN using mass and energy balance equations, modeling fouling behavior empirically, and using PSO to optimize the interval of cleaning schedules.
3. The optimization achieved $1.236 million in savings, or 23% of the maximum potential savings, by cleaning the HEN optimally over a 44-month period.
This document discusses air cycle refrigeration systems used in aircraft cabin cooling. It begins by introducing air cycle refrigeration and its advantages for aircraft applications. It then describes the ideal reverse Brayton cycle and compares it to the Carnot cycle. Key concepts of compression, expansion, and heat transfer processes are explained. Actual cycle analysis accounts for irreversibilities. Common aircraft refrigeration cycles are introduced, including the simple cycle and bootstrap system. The bootstrap system improves on the simple cycle by using a secondary compressor to boost efficiency during high-speed flight when ram air is available.
Pinch analysis technique to optimize heat exchangerK Vivek Varkey
This document summarizes a student project applying pinch analysis to optimize the heat exchanger network (HEN) for a CFU unit at an ONGC Hazira plant. The student calculated heat duties for 5 heat exchangers and determined the minimum hot and cold utility requirements. By drawing temperature interval diagrams, the student designed an optimized HEN that couples process streams to maximize heat exchange and minimize utility needs. The optimized design was found to reduce heating utility needs by 83.4% and cooling needs by 33.8% compared to the current design.
This document discusses heat exchanger network capital cost targets, specifically heat exchange area targets. It provides context on how the minimum number of units in a heat exchanger network can be estimated from graph theory. It then discusses how the total heat exchange area target of a network can be estimated based on the streams' enthalpy intervals, duties, and heat transfer coefficients using an equation provided. The document uses an example process to demonstrate calculating the area target. The target area is then compared to the actual area of the designed network for that example, showing it was 13% above the target.
ME 6301 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - UNIT IIBIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
This document provides a summary of key concepts in engineering thermodynamics for a third semester mechanical engineering course. It covers topics like the second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle efficiency, heat pumps, refrigerators, coefficient of performance, availability analysis, and vapor compression refrigeration cycles. The document is compiled by an assistant professor and contains 33 questions and answers on these thermodynamics topics.
Removal of Reactive dyes from wastewater by Adsorption process.pptxEr. Rahul Jarariya
This document discusses the removal of dyes from wastewater using adsorption processes. It lists various adsorbents derived from plant materials that can be used, such as leaves from trees like Aegle marmelos, Artocarpus heterophyllus, and Azadirachta indica. It also lists activated carbons and modified leaf powders that are effective adsorbents. Finally, it defines various terms related to adsorption processes, kinetics, and isotherm models.
Calculus involves the study of limits, derivatives, and integrals to understand changes in quantities. It was developed by Newton and Leibniz and is divided into differential and integral calculus. Differential calculus examines rates of change, while integral calculus concerns quantities given rates of change. Calculus is applied in fields like science, technology, physics, and engineering to model real-world systems and problems.
Thermo Tech Engineering provides advice to help businesses recover waste heat and save energy costs. Waste heat recovery systems work by identifying heat sources, selecting recovery equipment, and evaluating the financial benefits. Common recovery devices include economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, waste heat boilers, and heat pumps. Heat pumps are particularly useful for upgrading low-grade waste heat to higher temperatures suitable for industrial processes. Recovering waste heat improves profits by reducing energy costs.
The document discusses waste heat recovery from industrial processes through various technologies like economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, waste heat boilers, and heat pumps. It describes the working of these technologies and provides examples of their typical industrial applications like pre-heating boiler feed water, heating process liquids, generating steam, upgrading low-grade waste heat, etc. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding process details and performing economic evaluation to identify suitable waste heat recovery opportunities in industries.
This document summarizes a student project analyzing the effectiveness of different fin designs on a CPU heatsink. It includes the design of a base heatsink model with 30 fins and details simulations varying the number of fins, fin height, and rotation speed. The results show that increasing the number of fins from 30 to 50 lowers the maximum surface temperature by 5.4°C, while further increases do not impact temperature as much.
This document summarizes key concepts related to heat engines and refrigerators from thermodynamics. It discusses:
1) The limitations imposed by thermodynamics on heat engine performance and defines heat engines as devices that convert thermal energy to mechanical work.
2) The impossibility of perpetual motion machines and violations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
3) The fundamental difference between heating and work in terms of entropy transfer. Heat always increases entropy while work does not necessarily do so.
4) How real heat engines have lower efficiencies than the theoretical maximum due to irreversible processes that generate additional entropy.
This document summarizes different types of heat exchangers and heat transfer concepts. It discusses four main types of heat exchangers: double pipe, shell and tube, plate, and cross flow. It also covers key heat transfer equations like log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and heat exchanger effectiveness. Important heat exchanger design parameters like number of transfer units (NTU), heat capacity ratio, and fouling factors are defined. Tables of typical fouling coefficients and overall heat transfer coefficients are also included.
The document discusses methods to improve the thermal efficiency of open cycle gas turbine plants, including intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. Intercooling improves efficiency by compressing air in two stages with cooling in between. Reheating expands exhaust gases in two turbine stages with reheating in between. Regeneration uses exhaust heat to preheat compressed air before combustion. Operating variables like pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, compressor inlet temperature, and compressor/turbine efficiencies affect thermal efficiency. Higher ratios and temperatures initially improve efficiency up to a maximum, after which efficiency declines.
The document discusses the Carnot cycle, which is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that describes how thermal energy can be converted into work. The Carnot cycle involves four stages: (1) reversible isothermal expansion, (2) reversible adiabatic expansion, (3) reversible isothermal compression, and (4) reversible adiabatic compression. The Carnot cycle establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve during this thermal to mechanical energy conversion process.
Cfd simulation of telecommunications cabinetmahdi Mokrane
This document discusses simulations of cooling a telecommunications cabinet prototype using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It presents the following key points:
1) A CFD model was created using GAMBIT meshing software to simulate air flow and heat transfer within a telecommunications cabinet measuring 0.65x0.65x0.30 m containing a heating element.
2) Simulations were run with and without ventilation openings, showing ventilation is needed to maintain safe temperature levels inside the closed cabinet.
3) Forced convection cooling via an air inlet and outlets was able to maintain air temperatures of 309-311K, an improvement of 8-10K over the natural convection scenario without openings.
The document compares three computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models - laminar, standard low-Reynolds k-ε, and V2F low-Reynolds k-ε models - in simulating a plate-fin heat sink with forced convection. Star CCM+ software is used to model the heat sink and apply a heat flux at the base. Simulations are run with each model and benchmarked against theoretical calculations for heat sink thermal resistance and pressure drop. The laminar model is found to yield results matching the turbulence models' accuracy in less time, making it deemed most suitable for the problem.
1) Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and work. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.
2) The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler body to a hotter body. All real-world processes are irreversible and cause the entropy of the universe to increase.
3) Heat engines use heat to perform work. The efficiency of heat engines is limited by the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs according to the Carnot efficiency formula. Refrigerators and heat pumps operate according to similar principles but use work to transfer
Analytical Solution of Compartment Based Double Pipe Heat Exchanger using Di...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analytical solutions for a compartment-based double pipe heat exchanger model using the differential transform method. The model considers transformer oil as the hot fluid and water as the coolant fluid flowing in parallel through two compartments of the heat exchanger. Analytical expressions for the temperature profiles of the hot and cold fluids over time are derived. The solutions are shown to converge with increasing terms in the series solutions.
This presentation is to show how to design heat exchanger from process simulation data to complete mechanical design by using two software HTRI and COMPRESS in seamless streamline Auto duping data.
tf.ugm.ac.id_astechnova_proceeding_Vol3No2_Astechnova_2014_2_04Totok R Biyanto
1. The document describes optimizing the cleaning schedule of heat exchanger networks (HEN) using particle swarm optimization (PSO).
2. It involves simulating the HEN using mass and energy balance equations, modeling fouling behavior empirically, and using PSO to optimize the interval of cleaning schedules.
3. The optimization achieved $1.236 million in savings, or 23% of the maximum potential savings, by cleaning the HEN optimally over a 44-month period.
This document discusses air cycle refrigeration systems used in aircraft cabin cooling. It begins by introducing air cycle refrigeration and its advantages for aircraft applications. It then describes the ideal reverse Brayton cycle and compares it to the Carnot cycle. Key concepts of compression, expansion, and heat transfer processes are explained. Actual cycle analysis accounts for irreversibilities. Common aircraft refrigeration cycles are introduced, including the simple cycle and bootstrap system. The bootstrap system improves on the simple cycle by using a secondary compressor to boost efficiency during high-speed flight when ram air is available.
Pinch analysis technique to optimize heat exchangerK Vivek Varkey
This document summarizes a student project applying pinch analysis to optimize the heat exchanger network (HEN) for a CFU unit at an ONGC Hazira plant. The student calculated heat duties for 5 heat exchangers and determined the minimum hot and cold utility requirements. By drawing temperature interval diagrams, the student designed an optimized HEN that couples process streams to maximize heat exchange and minimize utility needs. The optimized design was found to reduce heating utility needs by 83.4% and cooling needs by 33.8% compared to the current design.
This document discusses heat exchanger network capital cost targets, specifically heat exchange area targets. It provides context on how the minimum number of units in a heat exchanger network can be estimated from graph theory. It then discusses how the total heat exchange area target of a network can be estimated based on the streams' enthalpy intervals, duties, and heat transfer coefficients using an equation provided. The document uses an example process to demonstrate calculating the area target. The target area is then compared to the actual area of the designed network for that example, showing it was 13% above the target.
ME 6301 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - UNIT IIBIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
This document provides a summary of key concepts in engineering thermodynamics for a third semester mechanical engineering course. It covers topics like the second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle efficiency, heat pumps, refrigerators, coefficient of performance, availability analysis, and vapor compression refrigeration cycles. The document is compiled by an assistant professor and contains 33 questions and answers on these thermodynamics topics.
Removal of Reactive dyes from wastewater by Adsorption process.pptxEr. Rahul Jarariya
This document discusses the removal of dyes from wastewater using adsorption processes. It lists various adsorbents derived from plant materials that can be used, such as leaves from trees like Aegle marmelos, Artocarpus heterophyllus, and Azadirachta indica. It also lists activated carbons and modified leaf powders that are effective adsorbents. Finally, it defines various terms related to adsorption processes, kinetics, and isotherm models.
Calculus involves the study of limits, derivatives, and integrals to understand changes in quantities. It was developed by Newton and Leibniz and is divided into differential and integral calculus. Differential calculus examines rates of change, while integral calculus concerns quantities given rates of change. Calculus is applied in fields like science, technology, physics, and engineering to model real-world systems and problems.
Polynomials are algebraic expressions consisting of variables, constants, and exponents combined using operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They are classified based on the number of terms as monomials, binomials, or trinomials. The degree of a polynomial refers to the highest exponent present. Common polynomial operations include adding and subtracting like terms, multiplying polynomials according to distributive properties, and using long division to divide polynomials. Division of polynomials does not always result in another polynomial.
The National Board of Accreditation (NBA) is one of two principal organizations that accredits higher education institutions in India. NBA specifically accredits technical programs like engineering and management, whereas NAAC accredits general schools and universities. NBA's major objectives are to assess and accredit technical education programs based on guidelines, evolve standards and parameters for assessment, and promote excellence in technical education. The organizational structure of NBA is headed by a General Council and Executive Committee that oversee its activities and services. The accreditation procedure involves registration, completing a pre-qualifier form, and submitting documents for assessment.
FTIR spectroscopy involves using infrared light to analyze materials. It works by passing infrared light through a sample and measuring the vibrations and rotations of molecules to determine chemical structure. Common applications of FTIR spectroscopy include identifying polymers, analyzing pharmaceuticals and contaminants, monitoring emissions, and performing quality control tests of materials.
This document provides an overview of patent laws and intellectual property rights in India. It explains that a patent gives an owner legal rights to exclude others from an invention for a limited time period in exchange for publicly disclosing the invention. The document discusses India's priority on overseas markets like the UK and the importance of understanding and enforcing intellectual property rights in India. It also summarizes India's patent history and current government laws around patents, the patent application process, costs associated with patents, alternatives to patents, benefits and criticisms of the patent system.
The document describes the SNAMPROGETTI urea production process. It includes details on the main sections of a urea plant like CO2 compression, high pressure synthesis loop, and vacuum evaporation. It provides production rates for two lines at the facility totaling over 6,000 tons per day. The document outlines the key chemical reactions in urea synthesis and describes the high pressure, medium pressure, and low pressure sections of the process.
This document contains information on various tractor models from different manufacturers in India. It provides details like manufacturer name and address, tractor make and model, MRP range, online price, engine power specifications, and test report details for each tractor model. There are over 50 tractor models listed from manufacturers like Action Construction Equipment, Adico Escorts, Agri King, Captain Tractors, CNH Industrial (New Holland), Eicher Tractors and more. The document acts as a comparative listing with key specifications of popular tractor models currently available in the Indian market.
This document lists 47 manufacturers of agricultural equipment in India. It provides their contact information, location, and prices for various equipment models including rotavators, zero till drills, happy seeders, and paddy straw choppers. The price ranges given are generally between Rs. 80,000 to Rs. 1,50,000 depending on the equipment type and specifications. The majority of the listed manufacturers are located in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and nearby regions.
Calculus is the major part of Mathematis. This theoretical presentation covered all relevant definations and systematic review points about calculus. It also brings and promote you towards in advance mathematics.
Calculus is a branch of mathematics that deals with change and motion. It involves the study of limits, derivatives, and integrals. The fundamental theorem of calculus connects differentiation and integration and allows us to solve many problems involving rates of change.
An energy audit is an inspection survey and an analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a building. It may include a process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output.
This document provides the text of the Constitution of India as amended up to and including the Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019. It includes a preface describing the contents and amendments incorporated. The main body of the document contains the text of the Constitution, organized into Parts dealing with topics like the Union and its territory, citizenship, fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy, the Union executive and Parliament. It provides the framework for governance and protection of fundamental rights and duties of citizens in India.
Wastewater Treatment: Definition, Process Steps, Design Considerations, Plant Types (With PDF)
Written by Anup Kumar Deyin Civil,Construction,Mechanical,Piping Interface,Process
Wastewater treatment is a process to treat sewage or wastewater to remove suspended solid contaminants and convert them into an effluent that can be discharged back to the environment with acceptable impact. The plants where the wastewater treatment process takes place are popularly known as Wastewater treatment plants, Water resource recovery facilities, or Sewage Treatment Plants. Pollutants present in wastewater can negatively impact the environment and human health. So, these must be removed, broken down, or converted during the treatment process. Typical pollutants that are normally present in wastewater are:
Bacteria, viruses, and disease-causing pathogens.
helminths (intestinal worms and worm-like parasites)
Toxic Chlorine compounds and inorganic chloramines.
Metals possessing toxic effects like mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic.
Decaying organic matter and debris.
oils and greases.
Toxic chemicals like PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, furans, pesticides, phenols, etc.
Some pharmaceutical and personal care products
Wastewater Treatment: Definition, Process Steps, Design Considerations, Plant Types (With PDF)
Written by Anup Kumar Deyin Civil,Construction,Mechanical,Piping Interface,Process
Wastewater treatment is a process to treat sewage or wastewater to remove suspended solid contaminants and convert them into an effluent that can be discharged back to the environment with acceptable impact. The plants where the wastewater treatment process takes place are popularly known as Wastewater treatment plants, Water resource recovery facilities, or Sewage Treatment Plants. Pollutants present in wastewater can negatively impact the environment and human health. So, these must be removed, broken down, or converted during the treatment process. Typical pollutants that are normally present in wastewater are:
Bacteria, viruses, and disease-causing pathogens.
helminths (intestinal worms and worm-like parasites)
Toxic Chlorine compounds and inorganic chloramines.
Metals possessing toxic effects like mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic.
Decaying organic matter and debris.
oils and greases.
Toxic chemicals like PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, furans, pesticides, phenols, etc.
Some pharmaceutical and personal care products
It is part of Chemical Engineering. A lot of toxic released from Chemical Industries. How to reduce that wastewater effluent. All the techniques and measurements are included in this presentation.
Industrial Effluent Treatment by Modern Techniques.pptEr. Rahul Jarariya
Effluent Treatment Plant or ETP is one type of waste water treatment method which is particularly designed to purify industrial wastewater for its reuse and its aim is to release safe water to the environment from the harmful effect caused by the effluent. Helping achieve a greener society.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-in-customer-support/#How-does-AI-work-in-customer-support
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
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Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
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Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
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This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
1. Quiz Questions
For Process Integration
Fill in the blanks type Questions
1. ________ is the key parameter used in the Pinch Technology. (Tmin)
2. In onion diagram pinch technology in applied at ____________. (the boundary of separator
and heat exchanger network)
3. _________ works as a link between process and pinch analysis. (data extraction)
4. Composite curve consists of ______________________________. (hot composite curve and
cold composite curve)
5. To maintain temperature cross in a heat exchanger the value of FT factor should be more
than or equal to ____. (0.8)
6. ____________ is a plot of the overall variation of heat supply and demand across the entire
process. (Grand Composite Curve)
7. _____________ is used for designing heat exchanger network when feasibility criteria do
not match. (stream splitting)
8. While designing heat exchanger network number of stream as well as CP criterion should be
satisfied for __________________. (Pinch match)
9. The temperature that a process stream is available at, before any heating or cooling is
performed, is called __________________. (Source Temperature)
10. The temperature up to which the process stream is to be heated or cooled is
_________________. (Target Temperature)
11. ________________ is the temperature at which the ability to transfer heat between the
process streams is most constrained. (Pinch temperature)
12. In composite curves the areas where the hot and cold composite curves do not ________
show the minimum utility requirements by reading the enthalpy axis. (overlap)
13. These are referred to ________________ when either heating or cooling utility is required,
but not both. (threshold problems)
14. A source of heating or cooling that does not come from a process stream is known as
______. (utility)
15. The distillation column should not be placed ___________________ with the background
process. (across the pinch)
16. If _____________ does not meet in a pinch match the temperature difference between a
hot and cold stream of that match becomes lesser than Tmin. (CP criterion)
17. For a case when feed temperature is equal to temperature of effect a single effect
evaporator is represented by a ________________ in T-H diagram. (Rectangle)
18. In T-H diagram for a case when feed temperature is lower than the temperature of effect
the upper line of trapezoid is _______________ than the below line. (longer)
2. 19. When a pair of hot and cold process streams is matched a ________________ is created to
handle the transfer of heat from the hot stream to the cold stream. (heat exchanger)
20. In ___________ hot stream moves from left to right whereas cold stream moves from right
to left. (grid diagram)
True/False Type Questions
1. Thermodynamics in process integration (PI) is used to analyze driving forces in the design and
the existing driving forces are then reduced so that energy is saved while capital is spent
(True/False)
2. Thermodynamics in PI is not only used to analyze driving forces to reduce them but to distribute
them differently to generate different options in design for lower capital cost at a constant level
of energy recovery (True/False)
3. Pinch technology identifies different options leading to:
(i) Energy savings (True/False) (ii) Capital savings (True/False) (iii) Preferred integration
alternatives in the interest of given constraints in plant layout, control, safety, etc. (True/False)
(iv) Optimal heat exchanger design (True/False) (v) Optimal heat exchanger network design
(True/False)
4. In pinch technology the design task is to find the best network of exchangers, heaters and
coolers that can handle exchange of heat amongst hot and cold streams and utilities at
minimum operating and annualized capital cost (True/False)
5. The total cost of a HEN tends to dominate by the amount of heating and cooling utility demands
and by the number of capital items in the network (True/False)
6. In pinch technology the prime aim is to produce a design which consumes minimum quantities
of utilities (hot and cold) and employs the smallest possible number of units (heater, coolers and
exchangers) (True/False)
7. The hot composite curve can be shifted vertically but not horizontally (True/False)
8. The pinch design method says that cold utility can be placed above the pinch (True/False)
9. Capability to set performance target prior to design is the prime aim of targeting step in pinch
design (True/False)
10. Minimum hot utility requirement predicted by composite curve is a function of Tmin
(True/False)
11. Minimum cold utility requirement predicted by composite curve is a function of Tmin
(True/False)
12. Minimum cold utility requirement predicted by composite curve is not a function of Tmin
(True/False)
13. Because of the “kinked” nature of composite curves they approach most closely at one point of
enthalpy axis called pinch (True/False)
14. The point at which any composite curve experiences change in slope is either the supply or
target temperature of a hot or cold stream (True/False)
15. The section above the pinch in conventional composite curve is heat sink (True/False)
16. The section below the pinch in conventional composite curve is heat source (True/False)
3. 17. For a minimum utility target to meet that should not be any heat flow through pinch
(True/False)
18. External heating in excess demands external cooling in excess of the same amount (True/False)
19. An inefficient process requires more than the minimum external heating and therefore more
than the minimum external cooling (True/False)
20. An efficient process requires more than the minimum external heating and therefore more than
the minimum external cooling (True/False)
21. For every unit of external heat pushed to a process extra heat transfer area(proportional to
heat pushed) to be provide in heaters as well as coolers (True/False)
22. Composite curve indicate what type of site services (Boiler, cooling tower, steam heater, cooler,
steam and gas turbine, etc.) should be used where (above the pinch or below the pinch)
(True/False)
23. Composite curve can never indicate what type of site services (Boiler, cooling tower, steam
heater, cooler, steam and gas turbine, etc.) should be used where (above the pinch or below the
pinch) (True/False)
24. A simple relationship exists between a number of streams (process plus utilities) in a problem
and the minimum number of heat exchanger unit (i.e. heaters, coolers, heat exchanger)
(True/False)
25. Once the hot and cold composite curves are known one can estimate exactly how much external
heating and cooling are required for a given Tmin (True/False)
26. If a designer goes for best energy recovery designing the (heat source) and (heat sink) sectional
separately he will require more units than if the pinch division is ignored (True/False)
27. There exists a trade-off between energy recovery and number of units (True/False)
28. It is always possible to maintain Tmin in a heat exchanger network while loop breaking
(True/False)
29. In conventional problem (except threshold) increasing Tmin increases requirement of hot and
cold utilities (True/False)
30. For a given value of Tmin utilities predicted by composite curves are minimum that are required
to solve the heat recovery problem (True/False)
31. In general Tmin occurs at only one point termed the “pinch” and heat exchanger at the pinch
need to operate at T values down to Tmin (True/False)
32. The surplus heat in a problem table analysis can be cascaded down (True/False)
33. The surplus heat in a problem table analysis can be cascaded up (True/False)
34. In a problem table analysis full heat interchange within any temperature interval is possible
(True/False)
35. In a problem table analysis full heat interchange within any temperature interval is not possible
(True/False)
36. Problem table analysis ensures that within any interval hot streams and cold streams are at least
Tmin apart (True/False)
37. Problem table analysis ensures that within any interval hot streams and cold streams are less
than Tmin apart (True/False)
4. 38. In a T-H diagram hot stream is represented by the line with the arrow head pointing to the left
and cold stream vice-versa (True/False)
39. In a T-H diagram hot stream is represented by the line with the arrow head pointing to the right
and cold stream vice-versa (True/False)
40. The T-H diagram is used to represent heat exchange as one is interested in enthalpy changes of
streams and a given stream can be plotted anywhere on the enthalpy axis provided it has the
same slope and runs between the same supply and target temperature (True/False)
41. While placing composite curves hot composite curve is always kept above the cold composite
curve (True/False)
42. While placing composite curves cold composite curve is always kept below the hot composite
curve (True/False)
43. While placing composite curves hot composite curve is always kept below the cold composite
curve (True/False)
44. The pinch divides energy recovery problem into two thermodynamically distinct regions (Heat
source and heat sink) in a MER design (True/False)
45. “Pinch Design Method” starts the design where the problem is most constrained i.e. pinch point
(True/False)
46. “Pinch Design Method” starts the design where the problem is least constrained (True/False)
47. Presence of a Loop in a HEN always introduces an extra unit over and above Umin. (True/False)
48. Presence of a Loop in a HEN always reduces Umin value by one unity (True/False)
49. Loop breaking invariably creates Tmin violation. (True/False)
50. Loop breaking never creates Tmin violation. (True/False)
51. Tmin restoration after loop breaking is done by energy relaxation through a relaxation path.
(True/False)
52. There exists a correlation between Tmin and utility usages.(True/False)
53. There exists no correlation between Tmin and utility usages.(True/False)
54. In a grand composite curve where zero heat flow occurs and where the process source profile
meets the process sink profile is the pinch point. (True/False)
55. Grand composite curve can be used to include multiple utilities in the design of HEN.
(True/False)
56. Grand composite curve cannot be used to include multiple utilities in the design of HEN.
(True/False)
57. In a multiple utility design more than one pinch point exists. (True/False)
58. In a “Threshold” problem there is no trade-off between energy and capital for values of Tmin
Tthreshold. (True/False)
59. In a “Threshold” problem there is no trade-off between energy and capital for values of Tmin ≥
Tthreshold. (True/False)
60. Stream splitting criterion for a HEN design depends on stream number criterion as well as CP
criterion. (True/False)
61. Stream splitting criterion for a HEN design depends on stream number criterion only.
(True/False)
5. 62. For composite curves the criterion above pinch CPH < CPC and below the pinch CPH > CPC
holds good. (True/False)
63. For composite curves the criterion above pinch CPH > CPC and below the pinch CPH < CPC
holds good. (True/False)
64. During data extraction if simple linearization of CP value is not possible streams should be
linearized in sections. (True/False)
65. During data extraction most accurate CP value should be used in the neighborhood of
pinch(True/False)
66. Plus-Minus principle states that energy will be saved by increasing the proportion of the hot
composite curve above the pinch or decreasing the proportion of the cold composite curve
above the pinch. (True/False)
67. Plus-Minus principle states that energy will be saved by decreasing the proportion of the hot
composite curve above the pinch or increasing the proportion of the cold composite curve
above the pinch. (True/False)
68. The shifting of optimal Tmin occur for anything which changes the balance of capital cost and
energy cost.(True/False)
69. If capital becomes more expensive or energy becomes cheaper the optimum Tmin will increase.
(True/False)
70. The flat nature of most cost-Tmin curves indicates that there is not a single clear-cut best HEN
but a range of good HENs. (True/False)
71. For shell-and-tube exchangers , the number of shells required may be greater than the
minimum number of units as the area required for a single heat exchanger may be
inconveniently large or there may be temperature cross in a single shell. (True/False)
72. The Bath formula which is most widely used assumes vertical heat transfer between the
composite curves, and the prediction of a minimum value for area is valid only if all film
heat transfer coefficients for the streams are equal(True/False)
73. The Bath formula which is most widely used assumes vertical heat transfer between the
composite curves, and the prediction of a minimum value for area is valid only if all film
heat transfer coefficients for the streams are different(True/False)
74. For cases where film heat transfer coefficients are significantly different , mathematical
programming route which considers vertical as well as non-vertical heat transfer may be
required to achieve a minimum area for the network. (True/False)
75. For cases where film heat transfer coefficients of streams are almost equal ,
mathematical programming route which considers vertical as well as non-vertical heat
transfer is a must to achieve a minimum area for the network. (True/False)
76. Experimental and numerical results show that temperature crossover can be achieved in
shell and tube heat exchangers(STHX) with L( length)/W(width) ≥ 4.62 and can’t be
achieved any more in STHXs with L/W ≤ 3.08.(True/False)
6. 77. To achieve the minimum capital cost target the design should be directed towards
minimum number of units by using “tick off” heuristic while matches are selected
for pinch heat exchanger. (True/False)
78. The “Tick off” heuristic stems from the minimum number of units target equation.
(True/False)
79. The “tick-off” heuristic occasionally punishes the HEN design in terms of increased
utility usage. (True/False)
80. The Pinch Design Method(PDM) requires CPH CPC (for cold end design) and CPH
CPC (for hot end design) for avoiding Tmin violation, in pinch matches.
(True/False)
81. The CP-rules of PDM(Pinch Design Method) ensure that the temperature profiles of
exchangers at the pinch diverge away from the pinch. (True/False)
82. The design relationship for approaching minimum area around the pinch can
therefore be expressed as:
(CPH/CPC)pinch match 1 (CPH/CPC)pinch match 2……. (CPHot composite/CPCold composite)pinch
(True/False)
83. Away from the pinch there is exists more freedom regarding the choice of matches
due to the availability of sufficient driving force. (True/False)
84. The Driving Force Plot provides a rapid and easy to use guideline for designing
networks which are close to minimum area. However, it is only a guideline and does
not provide quantitative information. (True/False)
85. Driving Force Plot is only a qualitative tool and does not provide quantitative
information due to the fact that it works in temperatures only, neglecting the effect
of duty on heat exchange area. (True/False)
86. Maximum Energy Recovery based designed HENs are not the best HENs as far as
total annual cost(TAC) is concerned. (True/False)
87. The placement of match is as important as the design itself as it can lead to a design
which will direct to a higher heat transfer area of HEN than estimated by area target.
(True/False)
88. Remaining problem analysis(RPA) exploits the power of targeting ( Energy, Area,
shells, cost, etc.) to steer the complete design in correct direction to achieve targets.
(True/False)
89. Maximum Energy Recovery based designed HENs are the best HENs as far as total
annual cost(TAC) is concerned. (True/False)
90. Driving Force Plot is a quantitative tool for designing networks which are close to
minimum area. (True/False)
91. Away from the pinch there is exists less freedom regarding the choice of matches
due to the unavailability of sufficient driving force. (True/False)
92. The CP-rules of PDM(Pinch Design Method) ensure that the temperature profiles of
exchangers at the pinch converge away from the pinch. (True/False)
7. 93. The Pinch Design Method(PDM) requires CPH CPC (for cold end design) and CPH ≥
CPC (for hot end design) for avoiding Tmin violation, in pinch matches.
(True/False)
94. The “Tick off” heuristic stems from the minimum area target equation. (True/False)
95. The problem Table analysis(PTA) of a problem provides the hot utility(QHmin) and
cold utility(QCmin) consumption data a prior to the design of HEN. (True/False)
96. Threshold problems either need hot utility or cold utility and not both. (True/False)
97. Pinch Design Method (PDM) for HEN synthesis yield improved solutions by utilizing the
‘Driving Force Plot’ (DFP) and ‘Remaining Problem Analysis’ (RPA). (True/False)
98. There are three Important steps in HEN design such as the “targeting” of utility and
capital needs prior to synthesis of the HEN, synthesis and optimization of the network
and, finally, analysts of network performance under network structure changes and
varying operating conditions (i.e. feasibility and resilience analyses). (True/False)
99. Threshold problems only need hot utility or both utilities. (True/False)
100. Pinch Design Method (PDM) for HEN synthesis yield inferior solutions when it utilizes
‘Driving Force Plot’ (DFP) and ‘Remaining Problem Analysis’ (RPA). (True/False)
101. Low values of FT indicate inefficient use of the heat transfer area. (True/False)
102. Low values of FT indicate efficient use of the heat transfer area. (True/False)
103. The FT correction factor is usually correlated in terms of two dimensionless ratios, the
ratio of the two heat capacity flowrates( R) and the thermal effectiveness of the
exchanger(P): FT = f(R,P) (True/False)
104. During data extraction Stream data should be linearized on the safe side(True/False)
105. During data extraction utility should not be extracted with steam data(True/False)
106. During data extraction heat loss from a cold stream can be accounted for by the
inclusion of a fictitious cold stream(True/False)
107. During data extraction heat loss from a hot stream can be accounted for by splitting
the hot stream to represent the loss(True/False)
108. During data extraction enforced matches can be accounted for by leaving parts of the
stream data out of the problem(True/False)
109. Non-isothermal mixing degrades temperature driving forces and might transfer heat
across the pinch(True/False)
110. Non-isothermal mixing improves temperature driving forces and but might transfer
heat across the pinch(True/False)
111. Use of complex columns(side strippers, side-rectifiers and thermally coupled
prefractionators) reduce the overall heat duties for the separation at the expense of
more extreme temperatures for reboiling and condensing. (True/False)
Multi-choice questions (tick the write answer/answers)
1. Grand composite curve can be directly plotted using
a) Problem Table analysis data
b) Stream data table
c) Composite curve data
8. d) Grid diagram
2. Pinch technology is not applied in
a) Hydrogen management
b) Carbon-constrained planning
c) Plant layout
d) Emission targeting
3. Hot streams are those which have
a) high enthalpy
b) high temperature
c) need to be cooled
4. Cold streams are those which have
d) low enthalpy
e) low temperature
f) need to be heated
5. Area targeting can be carried out through
a) Composite curve
b) Balanced composite curves
c) Balanced hot composite curve
d) Grand composite curve
6. “Over-shoot” of the hot composite curve in composite curves represents
a) Minimum amount of extra cooling required
b) Minimum amount of extra heating required
c) Minimum amount of cold utility required at specified Tmin for the composite curves
7. “Over-shoot” of the cold composite curve in composite curves represents
d) Minimum amount of extra heating required
e) Minimum amount of extra cooling required
f) Minimum amount of hot utility required at specified Tmin for the composite curves
8. In section above the pinch
a) The composite hot gives all its heat to composite cold and fully satisfies its requirement
b) The composite hot gives all its heat to composite cold with only residual heating
required
c) The composite cold takes heat from composite hot with only residual cooling required
9. In section below the pinch
a) The composite cold takes partial heat from composite hot and requires further heating
b) The composite hot gives heat to composite cold with only residual cooling required
c) The composite cold takes heat from composite hot with only residual heating required
10. For low temperature processes Tmin should be
a) 10-20°C
b) 3-5°C
c) 20-30°C
d) 10-15°C
11. For integrating exhaust of gas turbine with the background process Tmin should be
9. a) 10-20°C
b) 20-25°C
c) 5-10°C
d) 40-50°C
12. Above the pinch which of the following equipments should not be placed
a) Steam heaters
b) Furnaces
c) Coolers
13. Below the pinch which of the following equipments should be placed
a) Steam heaters
b) Furnaces
c) Coolers
14. The recommended position of heat pump in background process is
a) Above the pinch
b) Below the pinch
c) Across the pinch
15. The recommended position of heat engine in background process is
a) Above the pinch
b) Below the pinch
c) Across the pinch
16. In background process the endothermic reactor should be placed
a) Above the pinch
b) Below the pinch
c) Across the pinch
17. In background process the exothermic reactor should be placed
a) Above the pinch
b) Below the pinch
c) Across the pinch
18. For a minimum utility design select appropriate statements
a) Do transfer heat across the pinch
b) Do not use cold utility above the pinch
c) Do not transfer heat across the pinch
d) Use cold utility above the pinch
e) Do not use hot utility below the pinch
19. Select proper pinch design procedure for MER design
a) Do not divide the problem at pinch and design as one problem
b) Start at one end of the problem and move to the other end
c) Immediately adjacent to the pinch obey following constraints: CP hot CP cold (above
the pinch), CP hot ≥CP cold (below the pinch)
d) Immediately adjacent to the pinch obey following constraints: CP hot ≥ CP cold (above
the pinch), CP hot CP cold (below the pinch)
e) Divide the problem at the pinch and design each part separately
10. f) Starting the design at the pinch and move away
g) Maximizing exchanger load where possible
h) Supply external heating and external cooling only above and below pinch respectively
i) Do not violate Tmin criterion
20. Select the correct statement
a) Umin Umin MER
b) Umin < Umin MER
c) Umin = Umin MER
d) Umin ≥ Umin MER
21. For units target select the proper rule
a) Umin = N+L-s
b) Umin = N-1
c) Umin = N+L-1
d) Umin = N+L
22. Stream splitting above the pinch takes place when:
a) NH NC
b) NH ≥ NC
c) CPH CPC ( for every pinch match)
d) CPH ≥ CPC ( for every pinch match)
23. Stream splitting below the pinch takes place when:
e) NH NC
f) NH ≥ NC
g) CPH CPC ( for every pinch match)
h) CPH ≥ CPC ( for every pinch match)
24. Select the correct statement of the Plus-Minus principle
a) Increase the total hot stream heat load above the pinch
b) Decrease the total hot stream heat load above the pinch
c) Decrease the total cold stream load above the pinch
d) Increase the total cold stream load above the pinch
e) Decrease the total hot stream load below the pinch
f) Increase the total hot stream load below the pinch
g) Increase the total cold stream load below the pinch
h) decrease the total cold stream load below the pinch
25. Select the proper placement for distillation column w.r.t. process
a) Above the process pinch
b) Below the process pinch
c) Across the process pinch
26. Select correct statements favoring use of multiple utilities
a) Power can be generated using high pressure steam and let down steam can be
used for heating
b) The driving forces between utility and process are reduced
11. c) Lower temperature steam is at low pressure and hence thickness of equipment
will be less
d) Each extra level increases complexity of design
e) Steam can be raised more efficiently at a lower temperature level by recovering
heat from boiler flue gases
27. Select the wrong sentence in regard to steam pressure and its utilization for a purpose
a) 50 bar(g) is used for power generation
b) 40 bar(g) is normal maximum pressure for distribution
c) 10-40 bar(g) are the conventional distribution pressure levels
d) 2-5 bar(g0 are typically the lowest pressures used for distribution
28. Select the wrong sentence in regard to steam pressure and its utilization for a purpose
e) 100 bar(g) is used for power generation
f) 40 bar(g) is normal maximum pressure for distribution
g) 10-15 bar(g) are the conventional distribution pressure levels
h) 2-5 bar(g) are typically the lowest pressures used for distribution
29. Select the wrong sentence in regard to use of steam for process heating.
a) Energy can be generated at one place and then distributed
b) It has a small range of operating temperature
c) It has a low heat content through the latent heat
d) It is non toxic and losses can be compensated easily.
30. Select the wrong sentence in regard to use of steam for process heating.
e) It requires expensive material of construction for equipment
f) It has a wide range of operating temperature
g) It has a high heat content through the latent heat
h) It is toxic and losses can be compensated easily