Ques-1: Prenatal diagnosis has both positive and potentially negative consequences. While it is most often used to detect serious problems with the fetus, the technology can also be used potentially to select embryos based on sex, appearance, Where do you think we should draw the line in allowing parents to use prenatal diagnosis Answer: Genetic testing is performed for prenatal diagnosis to know any chromosomal or genetical - inherited abnormalities of implanted human embryo. It has positive consequence, as some couples would like to avoid getting a baby with genetic abnormalities. However, there are negative consequences such as various \"ethical and moral issues of prenatal diagnosis as explained below. Therefore, it is crucial to draw a line when conducting prenatal diagnosis finally a couple musty get legal permissions to undergo prenatal diagnosis. Screening tests for genetic issues can be performed in the first trimester, second trimester or both trimesters. Carrier testing is also an option performed prior to or during pregnancy. Carrier testing provides information as to whether one or both parents are carriers for certain inherited disorders. The results of these tests are used to determine an appropriate plan of care for the patient. Genetic testing of the fetus and the parents offers both opportunities and ethical challenges. As a Registered Nurse, you need to be aware of your own feelings in order to provide non-biased professional support. Implications of genetic testing: Genetic testing is the pre-implantation technology is now currently using in detecting and screening embryo in order to assess whether the resultant embryos from fertilization are normal or abnormal genotypically. A registered nurse must advice & support to a couple seeking guidance about the genetic testing because genetic screening has various ethical and moral aspects. The major rising ethical challenge is the connection between the pre-selection of embryos based on meticulous genetic analysis followed by rising discrimination of disabled people. This ethical problem is associated with selection of future children based on their low levels of disabilities and abnormalities. Ethical challenges with preimplantation of genetic testing or diagnosis (PGD): 1. PGD allows embryo selection after pregnancy or even before initiation of pregnancy. However, this procedure is very controversial and faces a variety of moral ethics that are completely relies upon moral status of embryo and prenatal diagnosis in selecting progeny without the use of abortion (medical issue). 2. The major rising ethical challenge is the connection between the pre-selection of embryos based on meticulous genetic analysis followed by rising discrimination of disabled people, a psychological moral issue. This ethical problem is associated with selection of future children based on their low levels of disabilities and abnormalities. A clinic should have license primarily to perform preimplantatio.

1. Ques-1: Prenatal diagnosis has both positive and potentially negative consequences. While it is
most often used to detect serious problems with the fetus, the technology can also be used
potentially to select embryos based on sex, appearance, Where do you think we should draw the
line in allowing parents to use prenatal diagnosis
Answer:
Genetic testing is performed for prenatal diagnosis to know any chromosomal or genetical -
inherited abnormalities of implanted human embryo. It has positive consequence, as some
couples would like to avoid getting a baby with genetic abnormalities. However, there are
negative consequences such as various "ethical and moral issues of prenatal diagnosis as
explained below. Therefore, it is crucial to draw a line when conducting prenatal diagnosis
finally a couple musty get legal permissions to undergo prenatal diagnosis.
Screening tests for genetic issues can be performed in the first trimester, second trimester or both
trimesters. Carrier testing is also an option performed prior to or during pregnancy. Carrier
testing provides information as to whether one or both parents are carriers for certain inherited
disorders. The results of these tests are used to determine an appropriate plan of care for the
patient. Genetic testing of the fetus and the parents offers both opportunities and ethical
challenges. As a Registered Nurse, you need to be aware of your own feelings in order to provide
non-biased professional support.
Implications of genetic testing:
Genetic testing is the pre-implantation technology is now currently using in detecting and
screening embryo in order to assess whether the resultant embryos from fertilization are normal
or abnormal genotypically. A registered nurse must advice & support to a couple seeking
guidance about the genetic testing because genetic screening has various ethical and moral
aspects. The major rising ethical challenge is the connection between the pre-selection of
embryos based on meticulous genetic analysis followed by rising discrimination of disabled
people. This ethical problem is associated with selection of future children based on their low
levels of disabilities and abnormalities.
Ethical challenges with preimplantation of genetic testing or diagnosis (PGD):
1. PGD allows embryo selection after pregnancy or even before initiation of pregnancy.
However, this procedure is very controversial and faces a variety of moral ethics that are
completely relies upon moral status of embryo and prenatal diagnosis in selecting progeny
without the use of abortion (medical issue).
2. The major rising ethical challenge is the connection between the pre-selection of embryos
based on meticulous genetic analysis followed by rising discrimination of disabled people, a
psychological moral issue. This ethical problem is associated with selection of future children

2. based on their low levels of disabilities and abnormalities. A clinic should have license primarily
to perform preimplantation genetic diagnosis if a couple have a fertilized egg implanted in
surrogate mother. The license has to obtain from HEFA to carry out PGD testing irrespective
pay. Genetic testing have a variety of ethical concerns when a fertilized embryo implanted in
surrogate mother so that insurance premium or tax payers payment (economic) have no effect on
genetic testing because it is physician who decides whether implanted embryo need to be tested
or not irrespective payment. Private pay not acceptable and PGD should carry out according to
HFEA guidelines. Physician decides if the family history possess severe genetic disorder
thereby, a licensed PGD clinic is responsible for the PDG genetic disease test to the developing
embryo from the isolated cells obtained from surrogate mother. Irrespective payment either form
private pay or from Medicaid, it is crucial to make a formal application before pay to get
approval for PGD.
3. In vitro fertilization protocols are arising ethical concerns and these based on PGD screening.
However, PGD selection is beneficial without a consequent abortion by genetic screening.
4. Preimplantation genetic screening enable couples to inform them about the genetic
abnormalities of prenatal baby with any other serious diseases but this method of screening is
leading to reinforcement of disable people discrimination and stigmatization. Thereby careful
explanation has given to parents before proceeding to PGD protocols.
Transgenic baby’s birth has various medical issues after genetic testing due to biotechnology
techniques and these species are sometimes may be sterile with low ability to reproduce and
possess various genetic diseases. These genetically modified organisms are incapable of
surviving to the environmental cues and possess lower fitness due to genetic variations in the
reproduced genome. Therefore, these hybrid genetically modified organisms are controversial
and unethical to generate in biotechnology.
Negative consequences of prenatal diagnosis are performed to know mitochondrial genetic
abnormalities therefore couples may request physicians to alter mitochondrial genes through
mitochondrial replacement therapy. However, the following are the cons of the prenatal
diagnosis with mitochondrial genetic testing. Therefore, a line must be implemented to control
these genetic changes as a result genetic abnormalities can be avoided
Mitochondrial replacement therapy or mitochondrial donation: This technique referred as in vitro
fertilization associated with incorporation of mitochondrial DNA into a baby taken from a
separate donor who is not a maternal or paternal relative to baby.
Pros: This technique used to treat genetic related mitochondrial diseases in which energy
production issues are there. Pronuclear transfer is used or transfer of genes by maternal spindle
transfer
Cons: A variety of bioethical issues is concerned with this therapy because baby is going to

3. possess 3 sources of DNA so that it is highly unethical as gene other gene therapies. Therapy
involves germ line modification so that higher chances of developing other side effects and
abnormal genetic induced phenotypic features.
Possible reasons for the prevalence of mitochondrial defects in embryos created by nuclear
transfer cloning are defects in the bioenergetics of novel mitochondria synthesized in these
embryos due to presence of any defective nuclear mutant gene when cloning. This mutant
nuclear genome has negative influence on the mitochondrial gene functions and sustained to the
newly synthesized mitochondria inside the embryo. These defects in the nuclear gene transfer are
associated with the heteroplasmic condition of the egg, or a combination of the two finally
results in "diseases specific for metabolic tissues such as brain, heart & muscle" in delivering
sufficient bioenergitics to the cell requirement.
Recent research has revealed that mtDNA nonsense mutations mainly due to replicative
segregation of heteroplasmic alleles result in bioenergietic lethal defects different from mutations
in nuclear genome. It has profoundly observed that maternal genes have capability to provide
energy organelles with mtDNA. However, high mutation rate during gamete formation in
heteroplasmic alleles responsible for mutant mitochondria due to maternal inheritance.
Mitochondrial genome is circular and double helical similar to nuclear genome and code for
tRNA similar to nuclear genome. Mitochondrial DNA is matrilineal
Solution
Ques-1: Prenatal diagnosis has both positive and potentially negative consequences. While it is
most often used to detect serious problems with the fetus, the technology can also be used
potentially to select embryos based on sex, appearance, Where do you think we should draw the
line in allowing parents to use prenatal diagnosis
Answer:
Genetic testing is performed for prenatal diagnosis to know any chromosomal or genetical -
inherited abnormalities of implanted human embryo. It has positive consequence, as some
couples would like to avoid getting a baby with genetic abnormalities. However, there are
negative consequences such as various "ethical and moral issues of prenatal diagnosis as
explained below. Therefore, it is crucial to draw a line when conducting prenatal diagnosis

4. finally a couple musty get legal permissions to undergo prenatal diagnosis.
Screening tests for genetic issues can be performed in the first trimester, second trimester or both
trimesters. Carrier testing is also an option performed prior to or during pregnancy. Carrier
testing provides information as to whether one or both parents are carriers for certain inherited
disorders. The results of these tests are used to determine an appropriate plan of care for the
patient. Genetic testing of the fetus and the parents offers both opportunities and ethical
challenges. As a Registered Nurse, you need to be aware of your own feelings in order to provide
non-biased professional support.
Implications of genetic testing:
Genetic testing is the pre-implantation technology is now currently using in detecting and
screening embryo in order to assess whether the resultant embryos from fertilization are normal
or abnormal genotypically. A registered nurse must advice & support to a couple seeking
guidance about the genetic testing because genetic screening has various ethical and moral
aspects. The major rising ethical challenge is the connection between the pre-selection of
embryos based on meticulous genetic analysis followed by rising discrimination of disabled
people. This ethical problem is associated with selection of future children based on their low
levels of disabilities and abnormalities.
Ethical challenges with preimplantation of genetic testing or diagnosis (PGD):
1. PGD allows embryo selection after pregnancy or even before initiation of pregnancy.
However, this procedure is very controversial and faces a variety of moral ethics that are
completely relies upon moral status of embryo and prenatal diagnosis in selecting progeny
without the use of abortion (medical issue).
2. The major rising ethical challenge is the connection between the pre-selection of embryos
based on meticulous genetic analysis followed by rising discrimination of disabled people, a
psychological moral issue. This ethical problem is associated with selection of future children
based on their low levels of disabilities and abnormalities. A clinic should have license primarily
to perform preimplantation genetic diagnosis if a couple have a fertilized egg implanted in
surrogate mother. The license has to obtain from HEFA to carry out PGD testing irrespective
pay. Genetic testing have a variety of ethical concerns when a fertilized embryo implanted in
surrogate mother so that insurance premium or tax payers payment (economic) have no effect on
genetic testing because it is physician who decides whether implanted embryo need to be tested
or not irrespective payment. Private pay not acceptable and PGD should carry out according to
HFEA guidelines. Physician decides if the family history possess severe genetic disorder
thereby, a licensed PGD clinic is responsible for the PDG genetic disease test to the developing
embryo from the isolated cells obtained from surrogate mother. Irrespective payment either form
private pay or from Medicaid, it is crucial to make a formal application before pay to get

5. approval for PGD.
3. In vitro fertilization protocols are arising ethical concerns and these based on PGD screening.
However, PGD selection is beneficial without a consequent abortion by genetic screening.
4. Preimplantation genetic screening enable couples to inform them about the genetic
abnormalities of prenatal baby with any other serious diseases but this method of screening is
leading to reinforcement of disable people discrimination and stigmatization. Thereby careful
explanation has given to parents before proceeding to PGD protocols.
Transgenic baby’s birth has various medical issues after genetic testing due to biotechnology
techniques and these species are sometimes may be sterile with low ability to reproduce and
possess various genetic diseases. These genetically modified organisms are incapable of
surviving to the environmental cues and possess lower fitness due to genetic variations in the
reproduced genome. Therefore, these hybrid genetically modified organisms are controversial
and unethical to generate in biotechnology.
Negative consequences of prenatal diagnosis are performed to know mitochondrial genetic
abnormalities therefore couples may request physicians to alter mitochondrial genes through
mitochondrial replacement therapy. However, the following are the cons of the prenatal
diagnosis with mitochondrial genetic testing. Therefore, a line must be implemented to control
these genetic changes as a result genetic abnormalities can be avoided
Mitochondrial replacement therapy or mitochondrial donation: This technique referred as in vitro
fertilization associated with incorporation of mitochondrial DNA into a baby taken from a
separate donor who is not a maternal or paternal relative to baby.
Pros: This technique used to treat genetic related mitochondrial diseases in which energy
production issues are there. Pronuclear transfer is used or transfer of genes by maternal spindle
transfer
Cons: A variety of bioethical issues is concerned with this therapy because baby is going to
possess 3 sources of DNA so that it is highly unethical as gene other gene therapies. Therapy
involves germ line modification so that higher chances of developing other side effects and
abnormal genetic induced phenotypic features.
Possible reasons for the prevalence of mitochondrial defects in embryos created by nuclear
transfer cloning are defects in the bioenergetics of novel mitochondria synthesized in these
embryos due to presence of any defective nuclear mutant gene when cloning. This mutant
nuclear genome has negative influence on the mitochondrial gene functions and sustained to the
newly synthesized mitochondria inside the embryo. These defects in the nuclear gene transfer are
associated with the heteroplasmic condition of the egg, or a combination of the two finally
results in "diseases specific for metabolic tissues such as brain, heart & muscle" in delivering
sufficient bioenergitics to the cell requirement.

6. Recent research has revealed that mtDNA nonsense mutations mainly due to replicative
segregation of heteroplasmic alleles result in bioenergietic lethal defects different from mutations
in nuclear genome. It has profoundly observed that maternal genes have capability to provide
energy organelles with mtDNA. However, high mutation rate during gamete formation in
heteroplasmic alleles responsible for mutant mitochondria due to maternal inheritance.
Mitochondrial genome is circular and double helical similar to nuclear genome and code for
tRNA similar to nuclear genome. Mitochondrial DNA is matrilineal