This document discusses the debate around corporal punishment in schools. It provides background on the history of corporal punishment in the U.S. education system and how views on it have changed over time. Currently, 21 states allow corporal punishment in schools. The document also examines court cases related to corporal punishment and different perspectives on whether it is an effective form of discipline. The author shares their personal experience with corporal punishment growing up and believes that its removal from schools has contributed to declining student behavior and discipline. In conclusion, the author argues that corporal punishment used appropriately should remain a legal option for parents and schools.
This article examines whether schools in the United States have truly integrated following the landmark Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that ruled racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. It discusses that while schools initially integrated after Brown, they have become increasingly segregated again since the 1970s-1980s. The article proposes merging multiple high schools within districts into larger, more integrated campuses as a potential solution to reduce segregation. It argues that discussions around how schools have re-segregated are needed to determine how to fully achieve the goals of Brown and educational equity for all students.
This document provides a summary of a law school paper analyzing the evolution of school desegregation law in the United States. It discusses key Supreme Court cases like Plessy v. Ferguson, which established the "separate but equal" doctrine, and Brown v. Board of Education, which overturned Plessy and ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The document also examines the legal differences between de jure and de facto segregation, and how the Court's focus on intentional discrimination led to re-segregation in many school districts over time.
The document discusses the "school-to-prison pipeline", where policies push students out of school and into the criminal justice system. Zero tolerance policies and increased police presence in schools have led to high suspension and expulsion rates for students of color. This phenomenon is part of the larger problem of mass incarceration in the US, which disproportionately impacts people of color. To combat this, educators must teach about mass incarceration and the school-to-prison pipeline, and build student-centered classrooms focused on empowerment rather than standardized testing. The movement to transform education and end the school-to-prison pipeline are intertwined and must work together.
Manual Proteger al Estudiante con DiscapacidadYadira Mangual
This document provides a guide for schools on protecting students from harassment and hate crimes. It was jointly developed by the U.S. Department of Education and the National Association of Attorneys General. The guide recommends that schools take a comprehensive approach, which includes developing written anti-harassment policies, identifying and responding to all incidents of harassment, providing formal complaint procedures, creating a supportive school climate, and working with law enforcement. It also provides step-by-step guidance on developing anti-harassment policies and procedures, responding to incidents, addressing formal complaints, and fostering a school environment that appreciates diversity. The goal is to help schools ensure a safe and welcoming environment for all students.
This presentation examines the school-to-prison pipeline, defined as a trend of pushing disadvantaged children out of public schools and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems through zero-tolerance policies and increased law enforcement in K-12 schools. It discusses how minority, disabled, and low-income students are disproportionately affected starting in preschool. The pipeline is most prevalent in Southern states that heavily utilize zero-tolerance policies. Recommendations are provided to curb this problem through alternative discipline practices, policy reforms, and support for struggling students.
This document summarizes the Supreme Court's unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) which ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The Court found that segregating children in public schools solely based on race, even if the physical facilities and other tangible factors are equal, deprives minority children of equal educational opportunities. The Court rejected the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson, finding that separating minority children from others of similar age and qualifications solely due to their race generates feelings of inferiority that affect their motivation to learn and their educational and mental development.
This document appears to be an essay or exam response addressing school vouchers and related issues. It begins by outlining four guiding questions about balancing public interests, individual rights, and the role of sectarian institutions in voucher programs. The response then discusses concerns about for-profit involvement in education and healthcare. It analyzes arguments for and against vouchers, focusing on economic, political, social justice, and pedagogical perspectives. Specific attention is paid to the performance of Catholic schools and constitutional issues surrounding public funding of religious institutions.
073115 - FAXED COMPLAINT TO EARL WATKINS (Conservator - Claiborne County Publ...VogelDenise
This document outlines concerns about the conditions of the Claiborne County Public School District in Mississippi, alleging it is implementing a "school-to-prison pipeline" that disproportionately impacts African American students. Specific issues raised include asbestos at the middle school, lack of funding for repairs, inadequate facilities and equipment at the high school, and failure to address safety issues like broken sprinkler systems and needed weight room equipment. The document requests responses from the conservator about the district's relationship with a law firm and plans to address the identified problems.
This article examines whether schools in the United States have truly integrated following the landmark Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that ruled racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. It discusses that while schools initially integrated after Brown, they have become increasingly segregated again since the 1970s-1980s. The article proposes merging multiple high schools within districts into larger, more integrated campuses as a potential solution to reduce segregation. It argues that discussions around how schools have re-segregated are needed to determine how to fully achieve the goals of Brown and educational equity for all students.
This document provides a summary of a law school paper analyzing the evolution of school desegregation law in the United States. It discusses key Supreme Court cases like Plessy v. Ferguson, which established the "separate but equal" doctrine, and Brown v. Board of Education, which overturned Plessy and ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The document also examines the legal differences between de jure and de facto segregation, and how the Court's focus on intentional discrimination led to re-segregation in many school districts over time.
The document discusses the "school-to-prison pipeline", where policies push students out of school and into the criminal justice system. Zero tolerance policies and increased police presence in schools have led to high suspension and expulsion rates for students of color. This phenomenon is part of the larger problem of mass incarceration in the US, which disproportionately impacts people of color. To combat this, educators must teach about mass incarceration and the school-to-prison pipeline, and build student-centered classrooms focused on empowerment rather than standardized testing. The movement to transform education and end the school-to-prison pipeline are intertwined and must work together.
Manual Proteger al Estudiante con DiscapacidadYadira Mangual
This document provides a guide for schools on protecting students from harassment and hate crimes. It was jointly developed by the U.S. Department of Education and the National Association of Attorneys General. The guide recommends that schools take a comprehensive approach, which includes developing written anti-harassment policies, identifying and responding to all incidents of harassment, providing formal complaint procedures, creating a supportive school climate, and working with law enforcement. It also provides step-by-step guidance on developing anti-harassment policies and procedures, responding to incidents, addressing formal complaints, and fostering a school environment that appreciates diversity. The goal is to help schools ensure a safe and welcoming environment for all students.
This presentation examines the school-to-prison pipeline, defined as a trend of pushing disadvantaged children out of public schools and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems through zero-tolerance policies and increased law enforcement in K-12 schools. It discusses how minority, disabled, and low-income students are disproportionately affected starting in preschool. The pipeline is most prevalent in Southern states that heavily utilize zero-tolerance policies. Recommendations are provided to curb this problem through alternative discipline practices, policy reforms, and support for struggling students.
This document summarizes the Supreme Court's unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) which ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The Court found that segregating children in public schools solely based on race, even if the physical facilities and other tangible factors are equal, deprives minority children of equal educational opportunities. The Court rejected the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson, finding that separating minority children from others of similar age and qualifications solely due to their race generates feelings of inferiority that affect their motivation to learn and their educational and mental development.
This document appears to be an essay or exam response addressing school vouchers and related issues. It begins by outlining four guiding questions about balancing public interests, individual rights, and the role of sectarian institutions in voucher programs. The response then discusses concerns about for-profit involvement in education and healthcare. It analyzes arguments for and against vouchers, focusing on economic, political, social justice, and pedagogical perspectives. Specific attention is paid to the performance of Catholic schools and constitutional issues surrounding public funding of religious institutions.
073115 - FAXED COMPLAINT TO EARL WATKINS (Conservator - Claiborne County Publ...VogelDenise
This document outlines concerns about the conditions of the Claiborne County Public School District in Mississippi, alleging it is implementing a "school-to-prison pipeline" that disproportionately impacts African American students. Specific issues raised include asbestos at the middle school, lack of funding for repairs, inadequate facilities and equipment at the high school, and failure to address safety issues like broken sprinkler systems and needed weight room equipment. The document requests responses from the conservator about the district's relationship with a law firm and plans to address the identified problems.
This case involves a homeschooled student, Annie Swanson, whose parents wanted her to take some classes, like foreign language and science, at the local public school. The school district had a policy that students must attend full-time. Annie's parents sued, arguing this policy violated their constitutional rights. The court sided with the school district, finding that parents do not have the right to pick and choose specific classes or control every aspect of their child's education if it conflicts with the school's authority over curriculum and resource allocation.
This document summarizes the history of desegregation efforts in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. It discusses the formation of One Community, One School District (OCOSD), led by Belinda Davis, which opposed the proposed breakaway city of "St. George" that supporters believed would create a smaller, higher performing school district. However, OCOSD argued St. George would undermine racial integration achieved after decades of desegregation litigation in the parish dating back to the 1950s. The document provides background on the legal battles over desegregation and busing that shaped the parish's racially segregated school system and communities.
The document discusses the phenomenon of "Keep Out," which occurs when students try to reenter the education system after being removed from school but face barriers that prevent them from accessing meaningful education. It identifies three main types of Keep Out: 1) "Direct Keep Out," where schools explicitly deny students access or transfer them away using various excuses; 2) "Indirect Keep Out," where lack of coordination and record keeping among schools makes reenrollment nearly impossible; and 3) "Constructive Keep Out," where students give up on pursuing education due to inadequate support and stigmatization in the education system. The document aims to fill a gap in research about barriers students face after being pushed out of or incarcerated by the school-to-
The document summarizes three court cases related to discipline in public schools:
1. A student was expelled for 90 days for making online threats of a school shooting. The court upheld the expulsion, finding the school responded reasonably to the safety threat.
2. A student is suing two school districts for failing to stop years of bullying. The court is likely to rule in favor of the student given evidence of declining health and lack of disciplinary action.
3. Two students vandalized a school with anti-Semitic graffiti and were originally charged with felonies. The court reduced the charges to misdemeanors but still imposed probation, community service, and restitution.
This document is a student paper that analyzes the relationship between education and crime by examining state recidivism rates. It begins by acknowledging professors and peers who provided support. It then provides an abstract that outlines the paper's goals of comparing state recidivism rates while assessing if correctional education programs impact rates. The paper includes sections on literature review, theoretical framework, empirical analysis, and conclusions. It examines previous research on the topic and develops hypotheses about the relationship between education and recidivism.
This document summarizes the history and arguments regarding single-sex education. It discusses how single-sex schools were once common but declined after the 1970s due to laws prohibiting sex-based segregation in public schools. However, changes to laws and perceived achievement gaps have renewed interest in single-sex classrooms. Supporters argue it can benefit students, but critics worry it promotes segregation. Overall, more research is still needed to determine its effectiveness.
This case involves a homeschooled student, Annie Swanson, whose parents wanted her to take some classes, like foreign language and science, at the local public school. The school district had a policy that students must attend full-time. When the new superintendent took over, he refused to let Annie attend part-time. Her parents sued alleging constitutional violations. The court sided with the school district, finding that parents do not have a constitutional right to pick and choose which classes their children take at public schools. The district has discretion over curriculum and resource allocation.
- A large cheating scandal was uncovered in the Atlanta public school system where teachers were changing answers on standardized tests to improve scores. An investigation found around 180 teachers and 38 principals at 44 schools were involved over multiple years.
- Most of the teachers faced criminal charges, which is rare. While some experts felt disciplinary action from the school would normally be sufficient, the former Attorney General who led the investigation felt criminal charges were warranted given the large number of minority students whose education was affected.
- Of the 35 defendants that went to trial, 8 were sentenced to 1-7 years in prison. The judge felt harsh penalties were needed as it was not a victimless crime. The verdict is meant to send a strong message
The document discusses the issue of parental rights regarding home schooling. It outlines John Locke's argument that education is primarily a parental right rather than a state right. The US Supreme Court has upheld the basic parental right to educate children at home. However, some court cases created confusion about this right. Ultimately, the Supreme Court has ruled that states cannot infringe on parental religious convictions regarding education. The document argues that home schooling allows families to instill virtues and morality while public schools face issues like bullying. It also discusses home schooling practices in Australia related to rural isolation.
This document discusses recommendations for improving schools for black boys based on literature. It finds that schools are failing black boys, who score lower in academics and face harsher discipline. The literature recommends school leaders create a caring environment with trust between students and staff, rethink discipline policies that disproportionately impact black boys, and establish culturally relevant curriculum. The document cautions against interventions that isolate black boys, and stresses the importance of understanding their perspectives and motivations to influence behavior positively.
The document describes a case study conducted by the author at a community center tutoring program for refugee students in Seattle. The author observed tutoring sessions to see how language acquisition and critical thinking skills were developed using techniques grounded in educational theory. Scaffolding techniques like assigning reading roles helped students access their zone of proximal development. Incorporating students' backgrounds and experiences made learning more relevant. Group discussions that encouraged critical questioning helped enable students' ideological development.
Ch. 1 Introduction to American Schooling - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
This document provides an overview of the American public school system and key statistics. It notes that approximately 54 million students are educated in K-12 public schools across 14,367 districts, with another 6 million in private schools. Several reforms were initiated in the 1980s in response to critical reports, but their success has been mixed. The purpose of schools has expanded beyond the original goals of religious and academic training. The conservative movement has played a role in advocating for a return to basic academics and traditional values in schools.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Committee for Dr. Melody Wilson, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF ATYPICAL PRINCIPAL PREPARATION PROGRAMS ON ...William Kritsonis
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF ATYPICAL PRINCIPAL PREPARATION PROGRAMS ON SCHOOL ACCOUNTABILITY AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN HIGH-POVERTY SCHOOLS - Dissertation Proposal by Sheri L. Miller-Williams - Dissertation Chair: William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Arthur L. Petterway & Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
The article discusses male sexual addiction, its signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Sexual addiction exhibits similar characteristics to drug and alcohol addictions, such as an inability to stop despite negative consequences. While not all enjoy frequent sex have an addiction, sex addicts spend excessive time engaging in sexual activities and using sex as an escape from problems. Treatment involves admitting the problem, controlling addictive behaviors, and developing a healthy approach to sexuality through counseling and sometimes medication. The American Psychiatric Association is researching whether to classify hypersexual disorder or other conditions as official diagnoses for sexual addiction.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dissertation Chair for Steven Norfleet, Disserta...William Kritsonis
This document outlines Steven Norfleet's dissertation defense for a mixed methods study on school practices that promote African American student achievement. The study examined how African American students describe their experiences with correlates of effective schools, and how those correlates relate to student achievement in developmental math courses. The defense covers background on the achievement gap problem, purpose/problem statements, significance of studying this issue, the conceptual model drawing on effective schools research, research questions, and a review of relevant literature.
This document discusses the use of problem-based learning in teacher education programs. It notes that teacher education programs face many challenges in preparing teachers, such as high-stakes testing, classroom diversity, and scrutiny over teacher quality. Problem-based learning is presented as a way to better equip teacher candidates by having them solve real-world educational problems rather than just memorizing standards and strategies. Two models of instruction are compared, with problem-based learning argued to be more effective because it immerses students in research and helps them develop into teacher leaders better prepared to meet today's educational challenges.
Lunenburg, fred c, escalation of commitment ijmba v13 n1 2010William Kritsonis
This article discusses the concept of escalation of commitment, which is when decision makers continue investing in a failing course of action. The classic example given is "throwing good money after bad". Several real-world cases of escalation are provided, such as the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant and Tokyo subway system. Escalation can occur due to self-justification, where decision makers do not want to admit a prior decision was wrong. The article concludes that escalation of commitment is a common decision-making error that can lead organizations to suffer large losses by persisting with failing courses of action.
Demaris, michalyn c. a philosophical approach to minority student persistenceWilliam Kritsonis
The document examines factors influencing student attrition at historically black colleges and universities. It discusses the inception of the first HBCU, Cheyney University, established in 1837. It also explores philosophical approaches and strategies to foster minority student persistence, including finding mastery, belonging, integrity, and understanding. The article recommends HBCUs provide opportunities for connection, adaptation, and intellectual growth to ensure student commitment and success.
This case involves a homeschooled student, Annie Swanson, whose parents wanted her to take some classes, like foreign language and science, at the local public school. The school district had a policy that students must attend full-time. Annie's parents sued, arguing this policy violated their constitutional rights. The court sided with the school district, finding that parents do not have the right to pick and choose specific classes or control every aspect of their child's education if it conflicts with the school's authority over curriculum and resource allocation.
This document summarizes the history of desegregation efforts in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. It discusses the formation of One Community, One School District (OCOSD), led by Belinda Davis, which opposed the proposed breakaway city of "St. George" that supporters believed would create a smaller, higher performing school district. However, OCOSD argued St. George would undermine racial integration achieved after decades of desegregation litigation in the parish dating back to the 1950s. The document provides background on the legal battles over desegregation and busing that shaped the parish's racially segregated school system and communities.
The document discusses the phenomenon of "Keep Out," which occurs when students try to reenter the education system after being removed from school but face barriers that prevent them from accessing meaningful education. It identifies three main types of Keep Out: 1) "Direct Keep Out," where schools explicitly deny students access or transfer them away using various excuses; 2) "Indirect Keep Out," where lack of coordination and record keeping among schools makes reenrollment nearly impossible; and 3) "Constructive Keep Out," where students give up on pursuing education due to inadequate support and stigmatization in the education system. The document aims to fill a gap in research about barriers students face after being pushed out of or incarcerated by the school-to-
The document summarizes three court cases related to discipline in public schools:
1. A student was expelled for 90 days for making online threats of a school shooting. The court upheld the expulsion, finding the school responded reasonably to the safety threat.
2. A student is suing two school districts for failing to stop years of bullying. The court is likely to rule in favor of the student given evidence of declining health and lack of disciplinary action.
3. Two students vandalized a school with anti-Semitic graffiti and were originally charged with felonies. The court reduced the charges to misdemeanors but still imposed probation, community service, and restitution.
This document is a student paper that analyzes the relationship between education and crime by examining state recidivism rates. It begins by acknowledging professors and peers who provided support. It then provides an abstract that outlines the paper's goals of comparing state recidivism rates while assessing if correctional education programs impact rates. The paper includes sections on literature review, theoretical framework, empirical analysis, and conclusions. It examines previous research on the topic and develops hypotheses about the relationship between education and recidivism.
This document summarizes the history and arguments regarding single-sex education. It discusses how single-sex schools were once common but declined after the 1970s due to laws prohibiting sex-based segregation in public schools. However, changes to laws and perceived achievement gaps have renewed interest in single-sex classrooms. Supporters argue it can benefit students, but critics worry it promotes segregation. Overall, more research is still needed to determine its effectiveness.
This case involves a homeschooled student, Annie Swanson, whose parents wanted her to take some classes, like foreign language and science, at the local public school. The school district had a policy that students must attend full-time. When the new superintendent took over, he refused to let Annie attend part-time. Her parents sued alleging constitutional violations. The court sided with the school district, finding that parents do not have a constitutional right to pick and choose which classes their children take at public schools. The district has discretion over curriculum and resource allocation.
- A large cheating scandal was uncovered in the Atlanta public school system where teachers were changing answers on standardized tests to improve scores. An investigation found around 180 teachers and 38 principals at 44 schools were involved over multiple years.
- Most of the teachers faced criminal charges, which is rare. While some experts felt disciplinary action from the school would normally be sufficient, the former Attorney General who led the investigation felt criminal charges were warranted given the large number of minority students whose education was affected.
- Of the 35 defendants that went to trial, 8 were sentenced to 1-7 years in prison. The judge felt harsh penalties were needed as it was not a victimless crime. The verdict is meant to send a strong message
The document discusses the issue of parental rights regarding home schooling. It outlines John Locke's argument that education is primarily a parental right rather than a state right. The US Supreme Court has upheld the basic parental right to educate children at home. However, some court cases created confusion about this right. Ultimately, the Supreme Court has ruled that states cannot infringe on parental religious convictions regarding education. The document argues that home schooling allows families to instill virtues and morality while public schools face issues like bullying. It also discusses home schooling practices in Australia related to rural isolation.
This document discusses recommendations for improving schools for black boys based on literature. It finds that schools are failing black boys, who score lower in academics and face harsher discipline. The literature recommends school leaders create a caring environment with trust between students and staff, rethink discipline policies that disproportionately impact black boys, and establish culturally relevant curriculum. The document cautions against interventions that isolate black boys, and stresses the importance of understanding their perspectives and motivations to influence behavior positively.
The document describes a case study conducted by the author at a community center tutoring program for refugee students in Seattle. The author observed tutoring sessions to see how language acquisition and critical thinking skills were developed using techniques grounded in educational theory. Scaffolding techniques like assigning reading roles helped students access their zone of proximal development. Incorporating students' backgrounds and experiences made learning more relevant. Group discussions that encouraged critical questioning helped enable students' ideological development.
Ch. 1 Introduction to American Schooling - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
This document provides an overview of the American public school system and key statistics. It notes that approximately 54 million students are educated in K-12 public schools across 14,367 districts, with another 6 million in private schools. Several reforms were initiated in the 1980s in response to critical reports, but their success has been mixed. The purpose of schools has expanded beyond the original goals of religious and academic training. The conservative movement has played a role in advocating for a return to basic academics and traditional values in schools.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Committee for Dr. Melody Wilson, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF ATYPICAL PRINCIPAL PREPARATION PROGRAMS ON ...William Kritsonis
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF ATYPICAL PRINCIPAL PREPARATION PROGRAMS ON SCHOOL ACCOUNTABILITY AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN HIGH-POVERTY SCHOOLS - Dissertation Proposal by Sheri L. Miller-Williams - Dissertation Chair: William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Arthur L. Petterway & Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
The article discusses male sexual addiction, its signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Sexual addiction exhibits similar characteristics to drug and alcohol addictions, such as an inability to stop despite negative consequences. While not all enjoy frequent sex have an addiction, sex addicts spend excessive time engaging in sexual activities and using sex as an escape from problems. Treatment involves admitting the problem, controlling addictive behaviors, and developing a healthy approach to sexuality through counseling and sometimes medication. The American Psychiatric Association is researching whether to classify hypersexual disorder or other conditions as official diagnoses for sexual addiction.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dissertation Chair for Steven Norfleet, Disserta...William Kritsonis
This document outlines Steven Norfleet's dissertation defense for a mixed methods study on school practices that promote African American student achievement. The study examined how African American students describe their experiences with correlates of effective schools, and how those correlates relate to student achievement in developmental math courses. The defense covers background on the achievement gap problem, purpose/problem statements, significance of studying this issue, the conceptual model drawing on effective schools research, research questions, and a review of relevant literature.
This document discusses the use of problem-based learning in teacher education programs. It notes that teacher education programs face many challenges in preparing teachers, such as high-stakes testing, classroom diversity, and scrutiny over teacher quality. Problem-based learning is presented as a way to better equip teacher candidates by having them solve real-world educational problems rather than just memorizing standards and strategies. Two models of instruction are compared, with problem-based learning argued to be more effective because it immerses students in research and helps them develop into teacher leaders better prepared to meet today's educational challenges.
Lunenburg, fred c, escalation of commitment ijmba v13 n1 2010William Kritsonis
This article discusses the concept of escalation of commitment, which is when decision makers continue investing in a failing course of action. The classic example given is "throwing good money after bad". Several real-world cases of escalation are provided, such as the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant and Tokyo subway system. Escalation can occur due to self-justification, where decision makers do not want to admit a prior decision was wrong. The article concludes that escalation of commitment is a common decision-making error that can lead organizations to suffer large losses by persisting with failing courses of action.
Demaris, michalyn c. a philosophical approach to minority student persistenceWilliam Kritsonis
The document examines factors influencing student attrition at historically black colleges and universities. It discusses the inception of the first HBCU, Cheyney University, established in 1837. It also explores philosophical approaches and strategies to foster minority student persistence, including finding mastery, belonging, integrity, and understanding. The article recommends HBCUs provide opportunities for connection, adaptation, and intellectual growth to ensure student commitment and success.
This document presents a holistic educational model aimed at helping disadvantaged students overcome environmental factors hindering their success and achieving the goals of No Child Left Behind. The model addresses the whole child through interventions to develop self-confidence, empower students to see beyond present circumstances, and improve academic performance and relationships. It identifies historical oppression, suppression and repression of minority groups as creating deficiencies like lack of vision, discipline, empathy and unity. The proposed holistic model combines cognitive and affective learning to help redefine education's purpose of raising understanding across diverse societies.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Educational PhilosophyWilliam Kritsonis
This document provides a summary and analysis of Ayn Rand's novel "Atlas Shrugged". It begins by explaining the novel's opening line "Who is John Galt?" and how he is the key to the mysteries in the story. It then summarizes Rand's objectivist philosophy that is expressed through the novel's plot of society collapsing when productive men go on strike in response to exploitation. The purpose is to discuss why the world is declining and where talented people are disappearing to. Rand believed the novel demonstrated what would happen if economic production was hindered and corruption rose among non-productive politicians and businessmen. The plot expresses Rand's beliefs in capitalism, individualism, and the importance of reason and achievement.
W. Sean Kearney and Scott Peters - Published in NFEAS JOURNAL, 31(1) 2013-201...William Kritsonis
W. Sean Kearney and Scott Peters - Published in NFEAS JOURNAL, 31(1) 2013-2014 - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982) - www.nationalforum.com
This document discusses a study on retaining highly qualified teachers and developing a fresh framework for human resource management in education. It begins by noting that skill levels of the workforce are crucial for education and retaining high-quality teachers is challenging. A fresh framework is needed to change outdated practices and align HR policies with student achievement goals. The document then reviews literature on teacher retention, reasons why teachers stay or leave, the impact of teacher preparation programs, and keys to success like school-university partnerships. It aims to answer questions about effective leadership strategies to evolve 21st century HR management in education.
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. William Kritsonis & Dr. Norman L. Butler
The document discusses best practices for online instruction including: 1) Understanding adult learning theory principles like adults being self-directed, goal-oriented, and needing real-world application. 2) Creating an online learning community where students feel safe to explore ideas and direct their own learning. 3) Faculty serving as facilitators who optimize student-student and student-content interactions to achieve learning objectives in a learner-centered approach.
The document discusses several leadership models and archetypes:
1. Miyamoto Musashi's leadership philosophy emphasized mental calmness ("bujutsu") and physical skill ("kenjutsu") through discipline and mastery of techniques.
2. Barber's presidential leadership model examines a leader's character, worldview, leadership style, and how they navigate their political situation and public expectations.
3. The "American Monomyth" depicts heroes rising up to save a threatened community and returning order, influencing expectations of leaders.
4. Traditional archetypes portrayed women's roles negatively, creating biases that still influence perceptions of female leadership. Overcoming past influences requires self-reflection on one's values
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF ATYPICAL PRINCIPALO PREPARATION PROGRAMS ON...William Kritsonis
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF ATYPICAL PRINCIPALO PREPARATION PROGRAMS ON SCHOOL ACCOUNTABILITYH AND STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN HIGH-POVERTY SCHOOLS by Sheri L. Miller-Williams, PhD
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD, Dissertation Chair, PVAMU-The Texas A&M University System
1) A school principal reported a teacher to Child Protective Services for allegedly hitting a student with a chair based on interviews with the student and others. The teacher sued the principal for defamation and conspiracy.
2) The court found that the principal was entitled to immunity for reports made in good faith to child protective services. Affidavits from the principal and others provided facts to support making the report in good faith.
3) The judgment was reversed and summary judgment granted for the principal, finding that immunity applied since a reasonable principal could have believed the report was required based on the information provided.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Professor, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, The Texas A&M University System. School Law, Corporal Punishment, Due Process, Freedom of Expression
This document discusses perspectives on corporal punishment in public schools. It provides background on the legal status of corporal punishment, citing Supreme Court rulings that found it does not require due process protections and is not considered cruel or unusual punishment. While some view corporal punishment as an effective discipline technique backed by biblical verses, others argue it can perpetuate abuse, cause injuries, and is disproportionately used on certain groups of students. The document examines arguments both for and against corporal punishment in schools.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Student Discipline, Regular School Discipline, Discipline by Administrators, Discipline by Teachers, Coporal Punishment, Due Process, Unfair Treatment, Discrimination, Excessive Force
1
Sample Essay
TEXAS POLICY REPORT
Your Name
PROFESSOR
GOVT 2306-XXXXX
Semester and Year
WORD COUNT: 1580 (EXCLUDING CITATIONS)
TITLE: SCHOOL VIOLENCE
2
School Violence
On Wednesday April, 2014 in Murrysville Pennsylvania, a teenage boy wielding two
kitchen knives went on a stabbing rampage at the Franklin Regional High School. Twenty-four
people were injured, and at least five of those people were critically wounded including a boy
who is on a ventilator after the knife pierced his liver (CBS Pittsburg). According to the CDC’s
School Associated Violent Death Study, between 1% and 2% of all homicides among school-age
children happen on school grounds or on the way to and from school. These serious and
continuous acts of violence make us ask certain questions: Are students going through an
unexplainable change? Are schools no longer a place for individuals to learn and develop skills
that would mold them into being profitable citizens for themselves and their country? Are the
causes of these violent acts psychological or emotional? And what role has the government
played in limiting the advancement of school violence? Schools are an integral part of our
society, and as violence escalates in society so does the violence in our schools.
There is a problem eating at the educational system in the U.S, a dilemma that has
completely obstructed and deflated the scholastic organization in a negative way. For several
decades now, news of mass shootings, murders, rapes, and suicides in schools have dominated
the media and soaked into the consciousness of Americans everywhere. Schools are not only
dealing with providing an excellent education for their students but they are also dealing with
threats, students bringing weapons to school, and the protection of their students. The purpose of
this study is to examine the relationship between school violence and violence in the society and
to provide selected solutions to reduce school violence.
The question now arises: who is to blame for this? To address this increasing social
problem, theories have been developed. From the book, The Evolution of School Disturbance in
3
America, Gordon Crews discusses eight theories why youth become delinquent; nevertheless,
only three stand out. To begin with, the Positivism theory “emphasize[s] the offender’s personal
and also background characteristics rather than just the rational thought process and free will”
(9). In other words, the individual’s background, the “biological, psychological, sociological,
cultural, and physical environments” are to blame for his or her conduct (10). The Biological
theory believes that “criminal behavior is inbred, not learned” (10). In essence, the student
suppresses his emotions until he explodes in a bid to take control of his life (Bonilla). In
contrast, the Behaviorist theory argues that “people act a certain way becaus.
Abolition of Corporal Punishment as a Form of Discipline in Cameroon’s Second...ijtsrd
Discipline in the educational milieu is a contemporary issue of national and international interest. Cameroon is not left out in the national picture of handling the problem of discipline in the educational sector. In a bid to implement appropriate disciplinary measures in schools, the government of Cameroon has put in place some procedures to guarantee the physical and moral integrity of students in the educational system. These, include among others, the substitution of corporal punishment with counseling in schools. However, this decision has in a long and short run been said to jeopardize the morals and lives of the teachers and students and in effect the future of Cameroon. In this paper, we seek to investigate the constraints or enhancements of the abolition of corporal punishment on the behaviors of students in secondary schools in Cameroon the root causes of school disciplinary problems, the behavioral challenges teachers face in class, the effectiveness of disciplinary reasoning and proposals from school administrators on better disciplinary strategies to be implemented in secondary schools. The study was limited to Buea in the South West Region of Cameroon and a descriptive survey in which both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in analyzing the data. The sample included a total of 155 respondents 20 counselors, 15 administrators, 20 discipline masters and 100 teachers. Open and closed ended questionnaires were used as tools for data collection. Findings suggested that the abolition of corporal punishment alongside other factors such as an un conducive school environment was responsible for highly noticeable deviant behaviors such as truancy, delinquency and recalcitrance marked with insults from students on teachers and administrators who try to discipline them. The idea of counseling is highly welcomed by the teachers and administrators but corporal punishment will better do the trick especially in the African context. The abolition of corporal punishment is therefore a constraint on students’ behavior. The study strongly suggests that corporal punishment should be reinstated but should be carefully administered. Nkemngong Atemnkeng | Honorine Lashire Azefack "Abolition of Corporal Punishment as a Form of Discipline in Cameroon’s Secondary Schools: “Constraint or Enhancement” of Appropriate Behaviors" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30861.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30861/abolition-of-corporal-punishment-as-a-form-of-discipline-in-cameroon%E2%80%99s-secondary-schools-%E2%80%9Cconstraint-or-enhancement%E2%80%9D-of-appropriate-behaviors/nkemngong-atemnkeng
Annotated BibliographyStudent’s Name Juliana Harr.docxdurantheseldine
Annotated Bibliography
Student’s Name: Juliana Harris
Institutional Affiliations: American Public University
Fader, J. J., Lockwood, B., Schall, V. L., & Stokes, B. (2015). A promising approach to narrowing the school-to-prison pipeline: The WISE arrest diversion program. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 13(2), 123-142. Comment by Dr. Mark Bond: References need to be formatted in alphabetical order Comment by Dr. Mark Bond: Double space between all lines and paragraphs. Remove the extra spacing. Apply this throughout the paper. Comment by Dr. Mark Bond: Missing information:A Promising Approach to Narrowing the School-to-Prison PipelineJournal Article published Apr 2015 in Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice volume 13 issue 2 on pages 123 to 142Authors: Jamie J. Fader, Brian Lockwood, Victoria L. Schall, Benjamin Stokes https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204014521249
This article is based on the WISE Arrest Diversion Program which is used as a pipeline to limit school to prison pipeline. This article has mentioned a list of programs which were evaluated in Uthica in New York. Based on the information obtained from this article, this program has so far proved to be successful since it has reduced the number of schools going teenagers from being imprisoned. As such, the research conducted in this article has shown the possibility of an alternative to what is popularly known as the school to prison pipeline. Comment by Dr. Mark Bond: What type of research methods were used in the study? Make sure that you fully analyze the entire article.
Castillo, J. (2014). Tolerance in schools for Latino students: Dismantling the school-to-prison pipeline. Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy, 26, 43-58.
According to Castro, the American Bar Association enforces the zero tolerance policies. These policies do not differentiate between offenses that are trivial from those offenses considered as significant. Furthermore, these policies hardly differentiate between those who have intentionally committed offenses from school going children who suffer from behavioral disorders. The author is of the opinion that, zero-tolerance policies are linked to other policies enforced in learning institutions, by metal detectors, body searches, or security cameras. Rather than having zero-tolerance policies, school districts ought to implement other options that are less stringent. As such, this article highlights existing differences between zero-tolerance policies and how they relate to over policing in learning institutions, and considers restorative justice as the best alternative.
Cole, H. A., & Heilig, J. V. (2011). Developing a school-based youth court: A potential alternative to the school to prison pipeline. JL & Educ., 40, 305. Comment by Dr. Mark Bond: Spell out the journal name
The authors of this article, Cole and Vasquez described how juvenile courts has implemented a policy resolution with the aim of reducing the phenomenon of “push-out”. These authors.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis - Corporal Punishment in Public Schools, PPT.William Kritsonis
This document discusses perspectives on corporal punishment in public schools. It provides background on legal cases related to corporal punishment and arguments both for and against its use. While some view corporal punishment as an effective discipline strategy allowed by some interpretations of religious texts, others argue it can perpetuate abuse, cause injuries, and be disproportionately used on certain groups of students. The document does not take a clear stance but aims to present different viewpoints on this controversial issue.
This essay analyzes the school-to-prison pipeline and its disproportionate impact on African American and Latino students. Zero tolerance policies in schools have led to increased suspensions and arrests of minority students for minor infractions. The essay recommends alternative policies like restorative justice programs and ending the privatization of prisons to reduce the criminalization of students and the financial incentives that contribute to the school-to-prison pipeline.
The document discusses teachers' authority to discipline students and the legal limits on that authority. It provides an overview of the statutory and common law sources of teachers' authority to maintain order and discipline students. It also examines what constitutes "reasonable force" and the limits of teachers' authority, including cases where teachers have been found criminally liable for assault.
The document discusses teachers' authority to discipline students and the legal limits on that authority. It provides an overview of the statutory and common law sources of teachers' authority to maintain order and discipline students. It also examines what constitutes "reasonable force" and the limits of teachers' authority, including cases where teachers have been charged with assault for their disciplinary actions.
The document discusses the Museum of Tolerance and its focus on racism in American history and the Holocaust. It describes how the museum discusses human rights, racism, and individual responsibility to speak up against racism and prevent future genocides. It then provides details about the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising during World War II, where Jewish resistance fighters held off German troops for over a month after being forced into the ghetto.
This document discusses student-on-student sexual harassment. It defines the two types of sexual harassment according to the Department of Education - quid pro quo harassment and hostile environment harassment. It examines what constitutes a hostile environment and lists circumstances to consider. Common reasons students give for sexual harassment are also presented. The document discusses landmark court cases around Title IX and student liability. Statistics on sexual harassment among students are provided.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Public School Law, School Law, School Legal Issues, Educational Laws & Policies
Professorial Roles
Dr. Kritsonis has served in professorial roles at Central Washington University, Washington; Salisbury State University, Maryland; Northwestern State University, Louisiana; McNeese State University, Louisiana; and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in the Department of Administrative and Foundational Services.
In 2006, Dr. Kritsonis published two articles in the Two-Volume Set of the Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration published by SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. He is a National Reviewer for the Journal of Research on Leadership, University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA).
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was invited to write a history and philosophy of education for the ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia of World History.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has chaired over 18 doctoral dissertations. He lives in Houston, Texas
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
The document discusses several legal issues related to students at community colleges including:
1. First Amendment issues around freedom of speech and academic freedom for both students and faculty.
2. Requirements for due process when disciplining students, including notice and opportunity to be heard.
3. Institutional liability for injuries to students from hazing or attacks by other students, with colleges generally not having a duty to protect students from all harms.
4. Deference given to colleges in academic decisions like grading policies and requirements for graduation.
Similar to Queinnise Miller & Dr. W.A. Kritsonis, student discipline (15)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Queinnise Miller & Dr. W.A. Kritsonis, student discipline
1. “Corporal Punishment” is it the key missing component to
successful student discipline for the present generation?
Queinnise Miller
PhD Student in Educational Leadership
Whitlowe R. Green College of Education
Prairie View A&M University
Teacher
Alief Independent School District
Houston, Texas
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor
PhD Program in Educational Leadership
Hall of Honor (2008)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy
Whitlowe R. Green College of Education
Prairie View A&M University
Member of the Texas A&M University System
Prairie View, Texas
Visiting Lecturer (2005)
Oxford Round Table
University of Oxford, Oxford England
Distinguished Alumnus (2004)
College of Education and Professional Studies
Central Washington University
________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
While many view corporal punishment as a ridiculous, unnecessary, and unruly act
toward children, it is believed by some that corporal punishment if handled
correctly can be an effective tool in student discipline. If rooted in true love and a
heart of good intentions, corporal punishment can be just as effective if not more as
many of the consequences given in schools all across the nation. Evidence of this
belief is proven with the fact that currently over 20 states to date currently practice
corporal punishment in their schools as a discipline option for students. Ultimately,
it becomes a matter of individual morals and principles whether or not one views
corporal punishment as an acceptable means of discipline. I for one say, where is
the paddle?!
2. Introduction
Child rearing traditionally has varied by cultures, families, as well as
geographically. There is no difference with student discipline that occurs in schools
across the nation. Depending on personal views on discipline or personal traditions the
idea of corporal punishment could be an outlandish thought, or could very well be a
possible and preferred form of discipline. The debate on corporal punishment has been
one that yields feelings of anger, sadness, fear, and helplessness.
While many would like for the subject to be a thing of the past, still currently
more than twenty of our fifty fine states believe that corporal punishment is not unlawful
and support it as a form of discipline in schools. The mere words “corporal punishment”
often sends the message that it is brutal “sans” love. There is, although, a continuum of
corporal punishment ranging from a loving and correcting spank to tragic child abuse. It
is this continuum along with varying controversial viewpoints on the subject of corporal
punishment that forces it to remain a subject matter of debate.
Purpose of the Article
The purpose of this article is to examine the practice of corporal punishment as an
effective discipline technique for students. This article will address the history of
corporal punishment and how the thought process addressing corporal punishment has
evolved over time. The article will also discuss facts about corporal punishment, what it
is and what it is not. The article will take a look at significant legal actions for or against
corporal punishment. The article will examine traditional forms and present methods of
student discipline in schools across the country. Finally, the article will discuss the
author’s perspective concerning corporal punishment and the impact it has had in my life.
3. History and Background of Corporal Punishment
The Victorian Era marked the inception of the idea of corporal punishment in the
public school system with the ideal of the “loco parentis”. The loco parentis was the
belief that teachers and administrators have the educational and moral responsibility for
children and are to step in as the acting parent when children are in school. This loco
parentis doctrine legally protected teachers who felt the need to administer corporal
punishment to students (Dupper, 2008). It was the year 1867 when New Jersey was the
first state to ban and abolish corporal or physical punishment from their school system. It
was not until 100 years later that Massachusetts was the second state to abolish corporal
punishment (Grasmick, H., Morgan, C., & Kennedy, M., 1992).
Corporal punishment in many cases is equally supported as it is unsupported.
Depending on an individual’s personal views on what is effective discipline look like,
will determine the stance taken on the use of corporal punishment. Approximately 15
years ago, more than 2/3 of all pediatricians and family practitioners supported the use of
corporal punishment as a means of discipline, yet in the last 5 years family and children
organizations have released reports that are strongly discouraging the use of corporal
punishment as a discipline technique (Fritz, 2008).
Culture and religion is also a major factor in how corporal punishment is viewed
among society. Many people believe that corporal punishment is the will of God and a
discipline technique that was used in the time of Christ and should be continued even
now. Scripture supports this belief Proverbs 13:24 states, “He that spareth his rod hateth
his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes. Proverbs 22:15 states,
“Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child; but the rod of correction shall drive it far
4. from him. Proverbs 23:13-14 says, “Withhold not correction from the child: for if thou
beatest him with the rod, he shall not die. Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt
deliver his soul from hell.
Despite the religious or cultural beliefs toward corporal punishment, many are
totally against the idea and cringe at the mention of it. There is an overwhelming belief
that we should join the 24 countries that have banned corporal punishment of children.
The overwhelming majority of studies done to date show that spanking increases
problems both long term as well as short term in children and also increases aggressive
behaviors in children especially toward other people (Jenny, 2009).
Facts concerning corporal punishment
Corporal punishment is as old as the education system itself. The receiving of
“licks” was always a possible consequence to infractions committed in schools all across
the nation. Corporal punishment is defined as physical pain inflicted on the body of a
child as a penalty for disapproved behavior. This pain can be inflicted through
spankings, paddlings, hitting, punching, shaking, excessive exercise, etc. (Dupper, 2008).
It was not until around the late 1970’s’s that society began to question its usage in the
American public school system. According Dupper (2008) corporal punishment,
currently corporal punishment in public schools is legal in 21 of our U.S. states and is
most frequently used in the southeast and southwest regions of the country. These states
include: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana,
Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio,
Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wyoming.
5. According to estimates from the federal Department of Education, one third of all
the cases of Corporal punishment occur in just two states: Texas and Mississippi---add
Arkansas, Alabama, and Tennessee, these five states account for almost three quarters of
all the nation’s school paddlings. Corporal punishment is used much more often on poor
children, minorities, children with disabilities, and boys---the U. S. Department of
Education, Office for Civil Rights, reported that African-American students comprise
17% of all public school students in the U.S.; yet, statistics show Black students are at
38% when it comes to having CP inflicted on them, which is more than twice the rate of
white students.
Relevant and Related Court Cases
Fee v. Herndon
In this situation, the parents “authorized” appropriate personnel to punish their
emotionally disturbed child with three paddle swats; and even though these parents
consented, they filed suit against the principal for this beating, claimed their child spent
six months in a psychiatric hospital which costs them $90,000, and brought action against
the special education teacher who allegedly failed to intervene in the spanking. The
District Court for the Southern District of Texas, dismissed the case for failure to state a
claim, and the parents appealed. The Court of Appeals dismissed the case as well and
stated that: 1) Texas law afforded adequate post punishment civil and criminal remedies,
and 2) Texas law did not impose upon the teacher a duty to intervene in the corporal
punishment.
6. Cunningham v. Beavers
Two kindergartners were caught “snickering” and were given swats with a wooden
paddle by both the teacher and the principal. The paddling even left bruises on the two
young girls, but the Fifth Circuit Court concluded there was no constitutional violation of
either due process or equal protection and if there were a violation of law, it was a matter
for the state courts, not the federal ones.
Ingraham v. Wright
“The Court ruled that corporal punishment of public school students “did not require any
formal due process measures, such as notice and a hearing and under no circumstances
could be considered “cruel and unusual punishment” as that term is used in the Eighth
Amendment. Thus, in effect, the Supreme Court (by a 5-4 margin) left the regulation of
corporal punishment to state and local officials (Walsh, Kemerer, and Maniotis, p. 322).”
Student Discipline
Each individual school or district has its own policy concerning student discipline.
Overall, the process is somewhat standard in the consequences that are faced by students
for school infractions. These consequences normally begin with phone calls home to
parents or guardians with a possible parent teacher conference, loss of privileges, teacher
detentions, or referral to an administrator. Once referred to an administrator
consequences differ dependent on the level of the infraction. These consequences range
from extended detentions, placement into a in school suspension for a certain period of
time, suspension from school, placement into a alternative learning center, or school
7. expulsion. The question that I propose, is how effective are these discipline techniques
being in school discipline for the present generation?
Author’s perspective on corporal punishment
Growing up I have seen as well as experienced differing forms of discipline some
effective as well as ineffective. I attended schools that supported corporal punishment
which aligned with the values and beliefs supported by my disciplinarians at home, mom,
dad, aunt, uncles, grandmothers, and the list continues. Discipline would be had, by any
means necessary, and what was the most effective manner of discipline would be the
manner in which discipline would be carried out each time. Traditionally, my family
believed that without discipline, I would not poses the tools necessary to be a successful
and well functioning citizen in society. Due to this tragic and unfortunate possibility,
discipline would be a lesson that was required to be learned.
The process of discipline for me was quite simple and easy to understand. The
first infraction would generally yield a firm warning with an explanation of the reasoning
behind why something should or should not be done. Next, if that form of discipline was
not successful, I would be given again the explanation of why I should alter my behavior
accompanied with a very firm and emphatic demand to never make the same choice
again. Generally, this demand would also yield the taking away of a special privilege
that was previously available to me with a warning that the next time, I would find
myself experiencing “corporal punishment” or what we called a whipping. Ultimately, if
I decide to make the same decision again, I was told how not being obedient would one
day find me in places or situations that could potentially be harmful. I would then
receive a spanking that did indeed hurt and cause pain, which was the point of the
8. spanking to hurt as a representation of the possible pain that can be experienced by the
act of not being disciplined or making bad choices. Each spanking was concluded with a
heartfelt quote which I never understood at that moment, but have grown to understand
the insight having a son of my own, “I spank you because I love you, and spanking you
hurts me more than it hurts you.” This simple quote was repeated often, so to help me
understand the difference between a spanking from love with good intentions and just
mindless abuse.
As an educator for the last ten years, I have seen a shift in the level and lack of
discipline owned by students of every race, sex, and age group. I believe that it is due to
the shift in discipline given to students in classrooms and with school administrators
moving further away from corporal punishment. Students have become less respectful,
more engaged in trouble making activities, truant, tardy to class, classroom distractions,
along with a host of other negative behaviors that have seemed to escalate over the past
ten years. It seems that the more lax society has become toward discipline, the worse the
state of student discipline has become. Students are no longer concerned or fearful of the
consequences that they must face for their actions. More importantly, they are no longer
fearful of their elder adults and view their disciplinarians in school as people who are
against them rather than for them. Unfortunately, unlike past times, teachers and school
administrators are not viewed as part of the community responsible for rearing the child
in the way in which he or she should go.
9. Concluding Remarks
In conclusion corporal punishment misused can be a horrible act, but to label it
completely unlawful would be unreasonable. The African proverb “It takes a village to
raise a child” is the value that has produced the most positive results in past generations.
This is the same principle that I hope will be evident and applied to my son as well as his
children. Students need and want to be disciplined regardless of what may seem.
Surprisingly, children are accepting of corporal punishment having the expectation to
receive proper consequences for their behavior (Middleton, 2008). Discipline whether by
the loving rod or any other means is essential in the rearing of any child and is the
responsibility of the entire community to parents, teachers, administrators, family, and
neighbors. I share the belief that when there is no evidence that infrequent, non-abusive
spanking by caring parents damages children, I’m in favor of keeping governmental rules
away from child rearing and protecting parental autonomy, cultural traditions and family
privacy (Fritz, 2008). I have a firm belief that no matter school, institution, disciplinary,
child, or culture, without discipline there can be no education!
10. References
Dupper, D., & Montgomery Dingus, A. (2008). Corporal Punishment in U.S. Public
Schools: A Continuing Challenge for School Social Workers. Children &
Schools, 30(4), 243-250. Retrieved from ERIC database.
Fritz, G. (2008, November). Should spanking a child be unlawful?. Brown University
Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, p. 8. Retrieved from Professional
Development Collection database.
Grasmick, H., Morgan, C., & Kennedy, M. (1992). Support for Corporal Punishment in
the Schools: A Comparison of the Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Religion*.
Social Science Quarterly (University of Texas Press), 73(1), 177-187. Retrieved
from Professional Development Collection database.
Jenny, C. (2009). Spanking should not be lawful. Brown University Child & Adolescent
Behavior Letter, 25(5), 8. Retrieved from Professional Development Collection
database.
Middleton, J. (2008). The Experience of Corporal Punishment in Schools, 1890-1940.
History of Education, 37(2), 253-275. doi:10.1080/00467600701607882.
Walsh, J., Kemerer, F., & Maniotis, L. (2005). The educator’s guide to Texas school
law. Austin: University of Texas Press.