This document discusses various qualitative non-experimental research designs, including phenomenological research, ethnography, grounded theory, and case studies. It provides definitions, goals, characteristics, steps, and examples of each design. Qualitative research seeks to understand human experiences in depth rather than draw conclusions from large samples. The researcher observes phenomena as they naturally occur without manipulation.

1. • Course Name: B.SC (N)
• Subject : Nursing research
• Unit : IV
• Title : Research approaches and design
Topic : Non-Experimental
- Qualitative
•
Prepared by
N.B.Mahalakshmi
Professor

2. Objectives
• Define qualitative non-experimental research
design.
• Describe the goals of qualitative non-
experimental .
• Explain about types of qualitative non-
experimental research design

3. introduction
• Qualitative research originated in the disciplines
of anthropology and sociology but is now used
to study many psychological topics as well.
• Qualitative researchers generally begin with a
less focused research question, collect large
amounts of relatively “unfiltered” data from a
relatively small number of individuals, and
describe their data using nonstatistical
techniques..

4. • They are usually less with drawing general
conclusions about human behavior than with
understanding in detail the experience of their
research participants.

5. definition
• Qualitative research design is a research
method used extensively by scientists and
researchers studying human behavior, opinions,
themes and motivations.

6. Goals of qualitative research
1. It seek the depth rather than the breadth: instead of
drawing from large, representative sample of
population, qualitative research seek to acquire in
depth and intimate information about smaller group
of person.

7. CONT..
2.To learn about how and why people behave,
think and make meaning as they do rather
than focusing on what people do or believe in
a large scale.
3.The goal falls within the context of discovery
rather than verification

8. TypesOfNon-experimentalResearch Design-
Qualitative
 Historical research.
 Phenomenological method.
 Ethnography.
 Grounded Theory.
 Secondary analysis.

9. Cont..
 Meta analysis.
 Field research
 Case study
 Action research
 content analysis

10. Phenomenological method
• Explores how people’s taken for granted world
is experienced and how structures of
consciousness apprehend the world

11. definition
• Phenomenology is an approach to philosophy
that begins with an exploration of a
phenomenon, logical , ontological , metaphysical
spirit that is behind the phenomenon. This is
named as a “ dialectical phenomenology”.
- G.W.F.HEGEL

12. Phenomenological method
Outcome
• Full, rich description of a human experience
Steps
1 )Describe the lived experience under study.
2) Collect participant descriptions of the lived
experience.
3) Read all the participants’ descriptions of the
lived experience.
4) Extract significant statements.

13. Cont…
5) Articulate the meaning of each significant
statement.
6) Aggregate the meaning into clusters of themes.
7) Write an exhaustive description.
8) Return to participants for validation of the
exhaustive description.
9) Incorporate any new data revealed during
validations into a final exhaustive description

14. CHARACTERISTIC
• Phenomenology tends to withstand the
acceptance of those circumstances which are
unobservable & is a grand system erected in
speculative thinking.
• phenomenology opposes naturalism, i.e
objectivism & positivism.

15. Data collection
• Data collection - Primarily in depth interviews ,
dairies or other written material.
• data analysis – task of contrasting & comparing
the final data to determine what patterns,
themes.
• The investigator seeks further knowledge about
the live experience in a concise manner.
• finding should be presented in an
understandable & clear manner detailing the
relationship that exist

16. Types of phenomenology
Realistic
Constitutive
Existential
hermeneutical

17. 1.Realistic phenomenology research
• The research focuses on gathering the universal
abstract of various types of information ,
including human action, motives & result.

18. 2.Constitutive phenomenology research
• This includes philosophy of natural sciences.
The procedure entangles suspending
acceptance of the pre given position of
conscious life as something that exist in the
world .
• carried out in order to obtain an ultimate inter
subjective grounding for the world& the positive
sciences of it.(eg. Social beliefs, positions &
practices)

19. 3. Existential phenomenology
• The study is concerned with topics such as
actions , conflicts ,desires, finitude , oppression
& death

20. 4. Hermeneutical phenomenological
• Uses lived experiences as a tool for better
understanding the social, cultural, political or
historical context in which those experiences
occur.
• Eg. A phenomenological study on lived
experiences of tsunami victims in selected
villages of tamilnadu

21. Ethnography
Meaning:
• Explores the nature of specific social
phenomenon, often using a small number of
cases.

22. Ethnography
• Ethnography emphasizes the observation of
details of everyday life as they naturally
unfold in the real world.
• This is sometimes called naturalistic research.

23. definition
• Ethnography is a method of describing a
culture or society. This is primarily used in
anthropological research which focuses on
community.
• Aim:
• The aim of ethnographer is to learn from (rather
than to study) members of cultural group to
understand their worldviews as they define it.

24. characteristics
• Ethnographers learn about cultural groups in which
they are interested through the extensive fieldwork
• It is a labor intensive and time consuming
endeavour,where even months or years of
fieldwork can be involved

25. Cont..
• A certain level of intimacy with cultural group is
required to study culture.
• Researcher use themselves as instruments in
these ethnography studies

26. Cont…
• Information on three major aspects of cultural life
is sought.
• Cultural behavior , cultural art facts (object made
by human being),cultural speech.

27. Cont…
• Ethnographers rely on various sources of data
collection such as in depth interviews , record
analysis , observation of physical evidence
(photographs , diaries, letters , etc)

28. Steps
• Pre fieldwork -Choose place/people, plan, prepare.
• Fieldwork phase I –Contact , establish role , begin
• Fieldwork phase II -work within informants, themes.
• Fieldwork phase III -Observe, double check .
• Post fieldwork - finalize the findings, write up.

29. • Two types
• Macro ethnography-is a study of broadly defined
culture
• Micro ethnography-is a study of more narrow aspects
of a culture.

30. Cont..
• Example : An ethnographic study on social
cultural beliefs of people about antenatal, natal,
and postnatal care of women in selected tribal
communities

31. Grounded theory
• The theory uses the interplay between analysis
and data collection to produce theory.

32. Grounded theory
• The term grounded theory means that the
theory developed from the research is
grounded or has its roots in the data from
which it was derived.

33. Cont..
• Grounded theory is an inductive process of
generating theory from data or a bottom-up
processing.
• It emerged from the discipline of sociology

34. Cont…
• It does not rely on prior assumption about the
world.
• The research detect pattern in their
observation and then create working
hypothesis that lead the progression of
inquiry.

35. cont….
• It is an approach to study of social process and
social structures
• It is different from other methods because of it’s
specific access to theory development

36. • OVERVIEW AND PHASES :
• Data collection
• Note taking(after each hour of data collection
,note down the key issues)
• Coding(the result of comparison are written in
the margin of notes)

37. Cont…
• Memoing(write further notes about theory)
• Sorting(sequences them line by line to make
theory clearer)
• Writing

38. • Methodology
• Constant supervision
• Combined inductive(data actually gathered) and
deductive(what is expected to be found in social
life) process is utilized

39. Cont…
• Sources of data collection:
• Formal/informal interviews
• Audio/video tape recording
• Diaries
• Case studies
• Artwork
• Participant observation
• documents

40. Secondary analysis
• Secondary analysis is the practice of
using secondary data in research. As
a research method, it saves both time and
money and avoids unnecessary duplication
of research effort.
• Secondary analysis is usually contrasted with
primary analysis, which is the analysis of
primary data independently collected by a
researcher . Nov 4, 2019

41. Cont…
• Secondary analysis is the re-analysis of either
qualitative or quantitative data already collected
in a previous study, by a different researcher
normally wishing to address a
new research question. Section Outline: Data-
sets are never fully used.

42. examples of secondary analysis
• Common examples of secondary
research include textbooks, encyclopedias,
news articles, review articles, and meta
analyses. When conducting secondary
research, authors may draw data from
published academic papers, government
documents, statistical databases, and historical
records.

43. Best Technique to Conduct Secondary
Research
Identify research topic and where to get the
information from. ...
Gather existing data. ...
Compare data from different sources, and
normalize it. ...
Analyze the data.

44. Meta analysis
• It is a technique that uses the findings from
several studies to create a data set that may be
analyzed as a single piece of datum.
• By applying statistical Procedures to this
finding, this technique can be a unique approach
to integrate knowledge.

45. Field research
• The natural environment is the priority of the
field researcher.
• There are no implemented controls or
experimental conditions to speak of
Such methodologies are especially useful in
observing social phenomena over time.

47. Cont…
• Field researcher goes directly to the social
phenomenon under study and observes it as
completely as possible.

48. Case study
• Is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory
analysis of a single case example of
phenomena

49. Case study
• Studies of specific “bounded system”, eg. A
person or institution.

50. Cont…
• Data collection strategies include direct
observation , interviews , documents, archival
records ,participant observation, physical
artifacts and audio visual materials.
• analysis of themes ,or issues and an
interpretation of the case by the researcher .

51. advantages
• Develops strong reading skills
• Develops analytical skills
• Develops logical thinking
• Develops strategic planning skills.
• Facilitates learning regarding analysis of impact
of decisions taken.
• Facilitates enhanced domain learning
experience.

52. Cont…
• Develops coherence in the thought processes
• Develops good communication skills
• Develops confidence and art of public speaking
• Develops all the skill and confidence that is
required at the time of summer and final
placements.
• Develops thinking , planning and implementation
skills.

53. disadvantages
• Inability to replicate.
• Hawthorne effect.
• Researcher bias
• Time intensive.
• Possibility of errors .
• Ethical issues.

54. Action research
• Action research is inquiry or research in the
context of focused efforts to improve the quality
of practice.
• It tries to find practical solution to problems
existing in an organization
• it is typically designed and conducted by
practitioners who analyse the data to improve
their own practice

55. • Data collection methods
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57. • Objectives
• Action research is of particular importance to
the nursing field, especially in the Indian
setup, as its objectives are as follows
• To solve problem by enriching the field of
application of a discipline

58. Cont…
• To collaborate with several disciplines for
solving the problem
• To study the individual cases
• To recognize that other variables are constantly
changing
• To report in common language

59. Content analysis
• Content analysis is used to analyse the
presence, meanings and relationships of
words and concepts in a text.
• then make inferences about the messages
within the texts.

60. method
• Identify specific body of material to be studied
• Small amounts of material is usually studied in
its entirety
• Large amounts of material are sampled
randomly
• If material to be analyzed is complex, e.g.
books, transcripts of conversation, etc. , break
down each item into small, manageable
segments to be analyzed separately

61. role of researcher in non experimental
research design
The researcher must physically go to the people,
location, setting or site
The researcher do not manipulate the situation,
but rather watch naturally occurring events and
not controlling them, i.e. qualitative research is
naturalistic (Guba, & Lincoln, 1994).

62. Cont….
• The researcher must physically go to the
people, location, setting or site
• The researcher do not manipulate the situation,
but rather watch naturally occurring events and
not controlling them, i.e. qualitative research is
naturalistic (Guba, & Lincoln, 1994).

63. Strength & weakness
• Strengths
1. Depth of understanding
2. Flexibility
• Weakness
1. Subjectivity
2. Suggestive not definitive
3. Limited generalizability

64. SUMMARY
• We discussed about non experimental research
design like qualitative and quantitative .
• In that descriptive ,correlational design ,
developmental research ,historical ethnography ,
case study.

65. REFERRENCE
• Denise f.polit, cheryl tatano beck; NURSING
RESEARCH (2013);9TH edition, wolters
kluwer,lippincott williams&wilkins.