- Coastal areas in Catalonia have experienced significant increases in harbors and confined coastal waters since 1950 due to modification of the natural coastline. - Nutrient inputs to coastal waters come from various sources including rivers, runoff, wastewater, and oceanic waters, with anthropogenic factors like runoff and wastewater comprising a large percentage. - Monitoring of nutrients and chlorophyll-a in nearshore Catalan waters from 1980-2008 showed decreasing trends in nitrate and ammonium but increasing trends in phosphate and chlorophyll-a levels over time.

1. Qualitat de l’aigua litoral i
ús del territori
Jordi Camp, Eva Flo i Esther Garcés
Coastal Biological Processes Research Group
Observació de la Terra i aplicacions en l’àmbit de la salut
Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya i Geològic de Catalunya
Barcelona, 15 Desembre 2016

3. SEA
CONTINENT
N P

4. 1950
2000
Catalunya 1950 2000
Harbours (Num) 12 42
Barcelona Harbour
Palamós Harbours
Cambrils Beach
Harbours
in
Catalunya
Modification of the natural
coastline and the subsequent
increase in confined water areas

5. D.Pauly, V. Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, F. Torres Jr. Fishing Down Marine Food Webs
Science 1998: 279 (5352), 860-863
Time
Trophiclevel
Bottom-up and top-down

7. Fotosíntesis
CO2 + 2 H2O + Luz (CH2O) + O2 + H2O
Respiración
(CH2O) + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energía

9. Composición de la materia viva
C H O N P … Fe … Mg … Si … etc.

10. 106 CO2 + 90 H2O + 16 NO3 + 1 PO4 + Oligoelementos + 1300 Kcal Luz
1287 Kcal Calor + 150 O2 + 3,4 Kg Biomasa
25 g Chl

12. Fotosíntesis
CO2 + 2 H2O + Luz (CH2O) + O2 + H2O
Respiración
(CH2O) + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energía

13. Fuentes de oxígeno
Oxígeno disuelto
Nitrato
Sulfato
Hipoxia
Nitrito
Sulfhídrico

14. R. J. Diaz and R. Rosenberg. Science, 2008
Antropización y condiciones de hipoxia
Distribución global de
400 “zonas muertas”
por eutrofización

16. Autumn
Summer
Winter
Spring
Temporal variability Coastal Zone Color
Scanner NIMBUS-7, 1979-1986
development of an upper mixed layer by summer solar heating
convective processes caused by winter cooling and strong winds

17. Nutrient supply in the photic zone
Black SeaAtlantic
Gibraltar Sicily
Mediterranean Sea
N
0.1
3
P
P
0.3
Photic layer
1N
Flow (Tm x 106 x Year -1)
1 10
P N

18. Percentual nutrient supply in the
photic zone of the Mediterranean Sea
10%
15%
75%
Atmospheric input
Continental input:
river, storm, ground
and waste waters
Oceanic input:
seasonal mixing,
upwelling and
Atlantic input

19. Shore Sea level
Oceanic watersCoastal waters
Continental shelf
Continental
slope
x5
≈ 15%
(mainly continental)
Extension
Inputs ≈ 85%
(mainly oceanic and atmospheric)
≈ 97%≈ 3%
RATIO x1

20. Median
25%-75%
10%-90%
n=9823
Inshore Nearshore Offshore
0
1
2
3
4
5
Inshore Nearshore Offshore
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
Nearshore – offshore gradient Catalan Coast
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
DIN (µM)PO4 (µM)
Chlorophyll-a (µg/l)
Nearshore Oceanic waters Nearshore Oceanic waters
Nearshore Oceanic waters
Flo E, Garcés E, Manzanera M, Camp J (2011) Coastal inshore waters in the NW Mediterranean:
physicochemical and biological characterization and management implications. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci
93:279–289

21. Percentual nutrient suply in the
coastal zone
20%
30%
20%
5%
25%
Oceanic
Runoff
River
Groundwater
Wastewater

23. Tendency of the nutrient inputs
in the Mediterranean Sea
Ludwig et al. 2009
Mediterranean rivers suffer from a
significant reduction in freshwater
discharge
(20 %, 1960- 2000)
A similar decrease has been
observed for the fluxes of
dissolved silica but ….what are
the dynamics in the fluxes of N
and P?

24. Sensors OLS of DMSP NOAA 1994 - 1995

28. COMPOSITION AND MASS LOADING
RATES FOR STORMWATERS

29. Percentual nutrient suply in the
coastal zone
20%
30%
20%
5%
25%
Oceanic
Runoff
River
Groundwater
Wastewater

30. Nearshore Mediterranean blooms

31. FACTOR 1 N (-1)
1
0,74
0,48
0,22
-0,04
-0,3
-0,56
-0,82
0 1000 5000
Shore (m)
Llançà
*Muga
*Fluvià
L'Estartit
*Ter
St.Feliu
Mataró
*Besòs
Barcelona
*Llobregat
Tarragona
*Francolí
L'Ametlla
*Ebre
St.Carles
FACTOR 1 R
0,71
0,53
0,35
0,17
-0,01
-0,19
-0,37
-0,55
0 1000 5000
Shore (m)
Llançà
*Muga
*Fluvià
L'Estartit
*Ter
St.Feliu
Mataró
*Besòs
Barcelona
*Llobregat
Tarragona
*Francolí
L'Ametlla
*Ebre
St.Carles
FACTOR 2 R
1,54
1,2
0,86
0,52
0,18
-0,16
-0,5
-0,84
0 1000 5000
Shore (m)
Llançà
*Muga
*Fluvià
L'Estartit
*Ter
St.Feliu
Mataró
*Besòs
Barcelona
*Llobregat
Tarragona
*Francolí
L'Ametlla
*Ebre
St.Carles

32. Surfer Eva + foto + cluster?
N
. . .
Distance from the coast (m)
0 1500 2000
Barcelona
Fluvià, Mugaand
Ter Rivers
Ebre River
Inshore Nearshore Offshore
Catalan coast as an example:
dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll a
Chl-a (µg * L-1)
River influence= NO3, Si
Anthropogenic influence
= P, NO2, NH4

34. Catalan Coastal Waters (1994-2014)
Quality
Numberofsamples
High
Good
Moderate
Poor
Bad
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
High
Good
Moderate
Poor
Bad
High global quality
Cambrils-Montroig del Camp (C30)
Bad global quality
Sant Adrià de Besòs-
Barceloneta (C19)

35. Catalan Coastal Waters (1994-2014)
Numberofsamples
High
Good
Moderate
Poor
Bad
30
80
400
900
5000
High
Good
Moderate
Poor
Bad High
Good
Moderate
Poor
Bad
High
Good
Moderate
Poor
Bad
30
80
400
900
5000
High
Good
Moderate
Poor
Bad
ModerateGoodHigh
Poor Bad
Global Quality
of
Water Bodies
Quality
of
samples
59% 25% 10% 4% 2% 46% 26% 14% 6% 7% 29% 25% 20% 9% 17%
32% 21% 15% 7% 25% 11% 13% 15% 12% 49%

36. LUSI = (Score urban + score agricultural +
score industrial + score riverine)
* Correction number
Low LUSI value High LUSI value
LAND USES SIMPLIFIED INDEX (LUSI)
Flo et al. (2011)

37. Pressure-impact relationship:LUSI and Chlorophyll-a (µg/L)
CHLA=0.11*LUSI+0.21 (R2=0.61 and p=8.18*10-5)

38. Garcés, E. and J. Camp. 2012. In “Life in the Mediterranean Sea: A look at habitat changes” Noga
Stambler editor, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York, US, pp. 519-541

39. 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Nitrate(uM)
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Ammonium(uM)
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
Phosphate(uM)
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Chlorophyll-a(ug/l)
Ammonium (µM) PO4 (µM)
Chlorophyll-a (µg/l)Nitrate (µM)
Tendency in the nearshore
Catalan Coast 1980-2008
r=-0.88
p<0.01
annual Means
n=9823

40. ¿Qué nos preocupa?