qorg - sldie mechanisms in organic chemistry.ppt
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The document summarizes various organic chemistry reaction mechanisms including: electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2), electrophilic substitution (nitration, bromination, alkylation, acylation of benzene), bromination of methylbenzene, free radical substitution of methane with chlorine, and free radical addition polymerization of ethene. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the key steps in each reaction mechanism.
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The document summarizes the history and structure of benzene. Some key points:
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2) Modern studies show benzene has equal carbon-carbon bond lengths, indicating resonance rather than distinct single and double bonds.
3) Benzene's stability is attributed to resonance and delocalization of pi electrons across the ring, known as aromaticity.
4) Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions like nitration, sulfonation, and halogenation involve attack by an electrophile on the pi system followed by proton loss restoring aromatic
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3) The reactivity of alkenes is due to the weak pi bond and presence of electron-rich pi electrons on the carbon atoms of the double bond, which attract electrophiles for addition reactions.
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Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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- 1. Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry Alkenes Aldehydes or ketones Halogenoalkanes Arenes Alkanes Electrophilic Addition HBr, Br2,Br2(aq) Free Radical Polymerisation Nucleophilic Addition Nucleophilic Substitution SN1 SN2 Electrophilic Substitution Free Radical Substitution
- 2. Electrophilic Addition 1 – Ethene + HBr H Br d _ d+ C C H H H H H + :Br _ C C H Br H H H H C C H H H H home
- 3. Electrophilic Addition 2 – Ethene + Br2(hexane) Br Br d _ d+ C C H Br H H H + :Br _ C C H Br Br H H H C C H H H H home
- 4. Electrophilic Addition 3 – Ethene + Br2(aq) Br Br d _ d+ C C H Br H H H + :OH2 C C H OH Br H H H C C H H H H home :Br _ HBr
- 5. Nucleophilic Addition – Reaction of HCN with Carbonyls C O H3C H C :O _ H3C H CN C :OH H3C H CN H+ :CN _ d+ d _ home
- 6. C CH3 CH3 H3C OH C CH3 CH3 H3C Br C CH3 CH3 H3C + :Br- d+ d- :OH- Nucleophilic Substitution – SN1 Mechanism Rate = k[C4H9Br] home
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- 8. Electrophilic Substitution 1 – Nitration of benzene H2SO4 + HNO3 NO2 + + HSO4 - + H2O home + NO2 H +NO2 NO2 H+
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