The document discusses several name reactions including the Stobbe condensation, Oppenauer oxidation, Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction, Reformatsky reaction, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, Hofmann rearrangement, and Wittig reaction. It provides the mechanisms and applications of each reaction. It also discusses the nature of carbonyl groups and several other organic chemistry concepts.
Hydroboration-oxidation, Addition with alkenes like Hydroxylation, Hypo-Halou...Einstein kannan
It includes three parts.
The first part consists of hydroxylation of alkenes and alkynes with KMnO4, OsO4, and Per acids with examples.
The second part consists of hypo-halous-acid addition in alkenes and cyclo alkenes with examples.
The third part consists of hydroboration oxidation in alkenes and alkynes by Anti-Markovnikov rule and CSIR questions.
Hydroboration-oxidation, Addition with alkenes like Hydroxylation, Hypo-Halou...Einstein kannan
It includes three parts.
The first part consists of hydroxylation of alkenes and alkynes with KMnO4, OsO4, and Per acids with examples.
The second part consists of hypo-halous-acid addition in alkenes and cyclo alkenes with examples.
The third part consists of hydroboration oxidation in alkenes and alkynes by Anti-Markovnikov rule and CSIR questions.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
02. Chemistry Common Name Reactions for Students.pdf
1. 10/18/2020
1
Name Reactions
Dr. Satish Dhirendra Mitragotri
(M.Sc., Ph.D., SET, NET, GATE and M.B.A. (Finance))
Department of Chemistry
Walchand College of Arts and Science, Solapur
1
Name Reactions
Mechanism and applications of following reactions :
3.1 Stobbe condensation.
3.2 Oppenauer oxidation.
3.3 Meerwein Ponndorf Verley reduction.
3.4 Reformatsky reaction.
3.5 Wagner - Meerwein Rearrangement.
3.6 Hofmann rearrangement reaction.
3.7 Wittig reaction.
Related problems.
2
Nature of carbonyl group
Aldehydes have C=O bond which is polar in nature
Oxygen being more electronegative carries
negative charge where as carbon has partial
positive charge. The incoming nucleophile attacks
the carbon.
C
O
R1 H
C
O
R1 H
+
-
C
O
R1 H
+
-
B-
C
O
R1 H
-
B
3
Nature of carbonyl group
C
O
R1 R2
C
O
R1 CH2
H
B-
C
O
R1 CH2
C
O
R1 CH2
C
O
R1 CH2
Ketones on treatment with base generate carbanion
which is stabilized by resonance.
4
Hofmann rearrangement reaction.
Conversion of an amide into primary amine
with one carbon less by action of alkaline
hypohalite is called as Hofmann rearrangement
NH2
NaOBr (Br2 + NaOH)
- NaBr
NH2
Hofmann reaction
C
O
R
R
Amide
Amine containing one C less
5
Mechanism of reaction
Formation of Hypobromide
Formation of N-Bromoamide
Hofmann rearrangement reaction.
2 NaOH + Br2
NaOBr NaBr + H2O
+
Formation of Hypobromide
NH2
NH-Br
C
O
R
NaOBr
+ C
O
R
+ -OH
Amide N-Bromoamide
6
2. 10/18/2020
2
Mechanism of reaction
Formation of N-Bromoamide anion and nitrene
intermediate
Formation of isocynate intermediate
Hofmann rearrangement reaction.
NH-Br N-Br N
C
O
R
+
-OH
C
R
O
C
R
O
Br
N-Bromoamide anion Nitrene
N
N N
C
R
O
C
R
O
+ C
R
O
Isocyanate Isocyanate
Nitrene
7
Mechanism of reaction
Addition of water to isocynate and Formation of
amine
Hofmann rearrangement reaction.
N
OH2
N
H
OH NH2 CO2
C
R
O
C
R
O
R +
CO2
Na2CO3 + H2O
2 NaOH
+
8
Applications
Hofmann rearrangement reaction.
NH2
NaOBr (Br2
+ NaOH)
- NaBr
NH2
C
O
CH3CH2
Amide
Amine containing one C less
CH3CH2
NH2
NaOBr (Br2 + NaOH)
- NaBr
NH2
N
N
C
O
Amide
Amine containing one C less
NH2
NaOBr (Br2 + NaOH)
- NaBr
NH2
NH2
NH2
C
O
Amide
9
Wagner-Meerwein Rrearrangement
Reactions involving the change in the carbon skeleton through
rearrangement of the carbonation intermediate are collectively
known as Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements.
Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
Br
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
OH CH3
OH
CH3
CH2
CH3
C
SN1
1-bromo, 2,2-dimethyl propane
C
2,2-dimethyl 1-propanol
Expected Product Obtained Product
C
2-methyl, 2-butanol
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2Br
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
CH2CH3 CH3
CH3
CHCH3
C
SN1
C C
+
1-bromo, 2,2-dimethyl propane 2-methyl, 2-butanol 2-methyl, 2-butene
10
• Mechanism
Wagner-Meerwein Rrearrangement
CH3
CH3
CH3
CHCH3
OH
Br
CH3
CH3
CH3
CHCH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CHCH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CHCH3
OH
OH
- H
+
CH3
CH3
CH3
CCH3
C
SN1
C
+
C
+
Secondary carbocation Tertiary carbocation
C
C
11
Applications of WM reaction
Wagner-Meerwein Rrearrangement
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
OH
H2
SO4
CH3
CH3
CHCH3
CH2
CH3
CH2CH3
C C
2-methyl, 2-butene
+ C
2-methyl, 1-butene
2,2-dimethyl 1-propanol
OH CH2
H
+
Br
AgNO2
NO2
NO2
CH2
+
NH2
CH2
NaNO2 + HCl = HNO2
OH
CH2
OH
+
12
3. 10/18/2020
3
Stability of Carbocation is more important -As benzyl is
more stable than tertiary
Wagner-Meerwein Rrearrangement
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
Br
C CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
OH
C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH
OH
Expected Product
Obtained Product
SN1
C
+
C
+
C
13
Wittig Reaction
Synthesis of alkenes by the treatment of aldehydes or
ketones with Wittig reagent
(alkylidenetriphenylphosphorane) or phosphorane is
known as Wittig reaction.
This reaction is useful for generating alkene functional
group from variety of carbonyl groups like aldehyde,
ketones, ketenes, isocynates and nitroso functional
group.
Ph3P=CH2 C=O
R2
R1
C=CH2
R2
R1
Ph3P=O
+ +
14
The Wittig reagent i.e.
alkylidenetriphenylphosphorane can be
synthesized from triphenylphosphine with alkyl
halide to generat phosphonium salt which on
treatment with strong base like phenyl lithium
gives witting reagent.
Wittig Reaction
Ph3P CH3Br Ph3P CH3Br
C6H5Li
Ph3P CH2
Ph3P=CH2
+
+
+
15
Mechanism of Wittig reaction – Wittig reagent reacts
with carbonyl compound to produce cyclic BETAIN
intermediate which is decomposed to produce alkene
Wittig Reaction
Ph3
P CH2
O=C
R2
R1
Ph3
P CH2
R2
R1
Ph3
P CH2
R2
R1
Ph3
P CH2
R2
R1
+ +
O C
O C
Betain
O
C
16
• Applications of Wittig reaction
Wittig Reaction
O CH2
Ph3P CH2 Ph3P O
+
+
O Ph3P C(CH3)2
C(CH3)2
Ph3P O
+
+
C=O
R2
R1 Ph3P CH-CH2COOCH3
C=
R2
R1
CH-CH2COOCH3
Ph3
P O
+
+
17
Applications of Wittig reaction
Wittig Reaction
Ph3P C(R)2
R2C=C=O R2C=C=C(R)2
R-N=C=O
R-N=C=C(R)2
R-N=O
R-N=C(R)2
Ketene
+
Nitroso
Isocynate
18
4. 10/18/2020
4
Reformatsky Reaction
Reaction of alpha haloesters with aldehydes or ketones
in presence of metallic Zinc in dry benzene solvent to
produce beta hydroxy esters is known as Reformatsky
reaction
Mechanism
1.Insertion of metallic Zn to C-Br bond to form organometallic
compound
Br-CH2
-COOC2
H5
Zn + Benzene
H+ , H2
O
C=O
R2
R1
C
R2
R1
OH
CH2-COOC2H5
+
Alpha bromo ester
Beta hydroxy ester
Br-CH2
-COOC2
H5 Zn
Benzene
CH2-COOC2H5
I2
Zn
+ Br
19
2.This is followed by formation of carbanion and its salt
3.The carbanion attacks carbonyl carbon to produce oxonium ion
which on decomposition with water produces beta hydroxy
ester.
Reformatsky Reaction
H2
O, H+
HO Zn Br C
R2
R1
OH
CH2-COOC2H5
Beta hydroxy ester
C
R2
R1
O
CH2
-COOC2
H5
Zn Br
+
CH2-COOC2H5
Zn
C=O
R2
R1
Br
+
+
+
Hydrolysis
+
20
• Under acidic condition beta hydroxy compound
decomposes to produce alph-beta unsaturate ester
which can yield alpha-beta unsaturated acid on
hydrolysis.
Reformatsky Reaction
C=O
H
Br-CH2-COOC2H5
Zn + Benzene
H+ , H2
O
C
OH
CH2-COOC2H5
H
H+ , H2
O C CH-COOC2H5
H
C CH-COOH
H
+
Dehydration
Beta hydroxy ester
Alpha beta unsaturated ester
Cinnamic acid
21
Applications of Reformatsky reaction
•Synthesis of alph-beta unsaturated esters
• Elongation of carbon chain
Reformatsky Reaction
Br-CH2-COOC2H5
Zn + Benzene
H+ , H2O
C CH-COOC2H5
H
C=O
H
O
O
+
Alpha beta unsaturated ester
OH
C=O
CH3CH2
CH3
Br-CH2
-COOC2
H5
Zn + Benzene
H+ , H2O
C
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2-COOC2H5
C
CH3CH2
CH3
CH-COOC2H5
CH
CH3CH2
CH3
CH2-COOH
Dehydration
+
Hydrolysis
Reduction H2 + Pd
22
Stobbe Reaction
Base catalyzed reaction of aldehydes or ketones with
dialkyl esters of succinic acid to produce alpha-beta
unsaturated esters is known as Stobbe reaction.
Mechanism of reaction.
Base catalyzed formation of anion
(CH3
)3
COOK
C=O
R2
R1
C
R2
R1
CH2
-COOK
CH2
-COOC2
H5
CH2
-COOC2
H5
(CH3)3COH
COOC2H5
C
+
Diethy ester of succinic acid
Alpha Beta unsaturated ester
(CH3)3COOK
(CH3)3C-OH CH2-COOC2H5
CH-COOC2
H5
CH2-COOC2H5
CH2
-COOC2
H5
23
• Attack of carbanion on carbonyl carbon followed by attack of
oxonium ion on ester carbonyl group to form cyclic
intermediate
Stobbe Reaction
C
R2
R1
O
CH2
C-COOC2
H5
C
O
C=O
R2
R1
CH2
-COOC2
H5
CH-COOC2
H5
- OC2
H5
(CH3
)3
COOK
OC2
H5
C
R2
R1
O
CH2
CH-COOC2H5
C
O
C
R2
R1
O
CH2
C-COOC2
H5
C
O
C
R2
R1
CH2
-COOK
COOC2
H5
C
Alpha Beta unsaturated ester
+
24
5. 10/18/2020
5
• Applications
Synthesis of alpha-beta unsaturated acid
Stobbe Reaction
C=O
H
H
+
H
H
(CH3
)3
COOK
(CH3
)3
COH
CH2-COOC2H5
CH2-COOC2H5
C CH2-COOK
COOC2H5
C
H
C CH2
-COOK
COOH
C
H
C CH2-COOH
C
+
Decarboxylation
Hydrolysis
25
• Synthesis of polycyclic compounds
Stobbe Reaction
CH2
H2
SO4
C CH-COOH
C O
CH3 (CH3
)3
COOK
(CH3
)3
COH
CH2
-COOC2
H5
CH2
-COOC2
H5
CH3
C
O
HO
CH3
HO
COOH
+
26
M P V Reduction
C
O
R1 R2 CH3
CH3
C
OH
H
Al[OCH(CH3
)2
]3
CH3
CH3
C
O
C
OH
R1 R2
H
+ +
Meerwein Ponndorf Verley Reduction – Reduction of
aldehydes or ketones to alcohols on treatment with
alumimium isoproposide in excess of isopropyl alcohol is
known as M P V reduction
This is reversible reaction so the reaction is driven in the forward
direction by removing product of reaction i.e. ketone by
distillation process.
The reaction occurs under mild conditions and it is fast.
Other functional groups like C=C, NO2, CN etc. are not affected
during reaction.
27
Mechanism
M P V Reduction
C
O
R1 R2
Al[OCH(CH3
)2
]2
CH3
CH3
C
O
H
Al[OCH(CH3
)2
]2
CH3
CH3
C
O
R1
R2
C
O
H
Al[OCH(CH3
)2
]2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
C
OH
H
- Al[OCH(CH3)2]3
+
C
O
R1
R2
C
O
H
+
C
OH
R1
R2 H
28
Mechanism involves formation of a cyclic transition
state in which hydride ion from alpha C-H bond of the
alkoxide migrates to carbonyl carbon to give mixed
alkoxide.
The excess of isopropyl alcohol is exchanged to liberate
the reduced ketone.
The transfer of hydride ion from isopropoxide is proved
by using Al(ODCMe2)3
It has great synthetic importance as this is chemo
selective reduction reaction .
M P V Reduction
29
Applications
Al[OCH(CH3)2]3
HOCH(CH3)2
CH2=CH-CHO
CH2
=CH CH2OH
Allyl alcohol
Acrealdehyde
M P V Reduction
Al[OCH(CH3)2]3
HOCH(CH3
)2
CH3
-CH=CH-CHO CH3-CH=CH CH2OH
Crotonaldehyde Crotyl alcohol
CH3
Al[OCH(CH3)2]3
HOCH(CH3)2
CH3
C
O
C
OH
H
30
6. 10/18/2020
6
Applications
M P V Reduction
H
NO2
Al[OCH(CH3
)2
]3
HOCH(CH3
)2
NO2
H
C
O
C
OH
H
Al[OCH(CH3
)2
]3
HOCH(CH3
)2
O OH
31
Oxidation of secondary alcohols with ketone and base
such as alumimium tertiary butoxide or potassium
tertiary butoxide is known as Oppenaure oxidation.
Commonly ketone like acetone, cyclohexanone are
used in the reaction.
Oppenaure Oxidation
Al[OC(CH3)3]
C
OH
H
R1 R2 CH3
CH3
C
O
CH3
CH3
C
OH
H
R1 R2
C
O
+ +
32
Mechanism of reaction involves traction between
alcohol and aluminium tertiary butoxide to form the
aluminium derivative of secondary alcohol . This
derivative forms a cyclic transition state which
undergoes internal hydride ion transfer, resulting in
oxidation of alcohol.
This is also chemoselective reaction in which other
functional groups like C=C, RCOOR’, NH2, etc. remain
unchanged.
This reaction has many synthetic applications.
Oppenaure Oxidation
33
Oppenaure Oxidation
Al[OCH(CH3
)2
]2
CH3
CH3
C
OH
H
R1 R2
Al[OC(CH3)2]
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Al[OC(CH3)2]
CH3 CH3
C
O
Al[OC(CH3)3]
+
C
O
R1
R2
C
O
H
+
C
OH
R1
R2 H
C
O
C
O
R1
R2
C
O
H
34
Applications
CH2=CH CH2
OH CH2=CH-CHO
Al[OC(CH3)3]
O=C(CH3)2
Allyl alcohol Acrealdehyde
Oppenaure Oxidation
CH3-CH=CH-CHO
CH3-CH=CH CH2
OH Al[OC(CH3)3]
O=C(CH3)2
Crotyl alcohol Crotonaldehyde
CH3
C
O
CH3
C
OH
H
Al[OC(CH3
)3
]
O=C(CH3
)2
35
• Applications
Oppenaure Oxidation
O
OH
Al[OC(CH3
)3
]
O=C(CH3
)2
Al[OC(CH3
)3
]
O=C(CH3
)2
NO2
H
C
OH
H
H
NO2
C
O
36
7. 10/18/2020
7
How will you bring out following transformation
CH3
C
H3
CH3
CH2CONH2
CH3
C
H3
CH3
CH2NH2
NaNO2 + HCl
CH3
C
H3
CH2
CH3
- H+
?
?
?
+
?
+
?
O O
37