The document discusses quality assurance in haemostasis laboratory testing. It outlines the importance of accuracy and precision in test results. There are three main types of quality assurance: internal quality control, external quality control, and participation in proficiency testing programs. The document also describes pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic factors that can affect test results and outlines standard operating procedures to ensure quality at each stage of testing. Maintaining reliable test results requires strict control of all variables from specimen collection through analysis and reporting.
Immunology lab manual for MLT students
Ethics of Laboratory
Collection of the blood sample by vein puncture, separation and preservation of serum
Widal Test
VDRL (including Antigen Preparation)
ASO (Anti streptolysin ‘O’)
C-Reactive Protein (Latex agglutination)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) Latex agglutination
Demonstration of antigen / antibody, determination by Immuno fluorescence (IF), Immuno diffusion, precipitation
in Agarose gel (Ouchterlony)
Demonstration of ELISA
Demonstration of SDS – PAGE
Preparation of Vaccination schedule
In a welcome move, the Pharmacy Council of India has recently re-structured the syllabus of the
Bachelor of Pharmacy course. In the effort to make the content more relevant to the practice of
pharmacy in its current form, we now find new, important subjects introduced, and Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance is one of them.
Dr. Marie Culhane - Increase the value of your diagnostics and your value as ...John Blue
Increase the value of your diagnostics and your value as a diagnostician - Dr. Marie Culhane, Associate Clinical Professor, Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2013 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 14-17, 2013, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2013-leman-swine-conference-material
Immunology lab manual for MLT students
Ethics of Laboratory
Collection of the blood sample by vein puncture, separation and preservation of serum
Widal Test
VDRL (including Antigen Preparation)
ASO (Anti streptolysin ‘O’)
C-Reactive Protein (Latex agglutination)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) Latex agglutination
Demonstration of antigen / antibody, determination by Immuno fluorescence (IF), Immuno diffusion, precipitation
in Agarose gel (Ouchterlony)
Demonstration of ELISA
Demonstration of SDS – PAGE
Preparation of Vaccination schedule
In a welcome move, the Pharmacy Council of India has recently re-structured the syllabus of the
Bachelor of Pharmacy course. In the effort to make the content more relevant to the practice of
pharmacy in its current form, we now find new, important subjects introduced, and Pharmaceutical
Quality Assurance is one of them.
Dr. Marie Culhane - Increase the value of your diagnostics and your value as ...John Blue
Increase the value of your diagnostics and your value as a diagnostician - Dr. Marie Culhane, Associate Clinical Professor, Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2013 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 14-17, 2013, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2013-leman-swine-conference-material
Preanalytical quality control practices in clinical laboratoryDr. Rajesh Bendre
Preanalytical variables contribute maximally to lab errors. However, these variables are most difficult to control as they include human dependency for phlebotomy skills & pretest patient conditioning. Quantifying & monitoring these variables is also more challenging. Use of checklists, continuous training, competency assessments, internal audits & clinician education for appropriate test utilization form some of the tools for improving the preanalytical processes.
Stability testing protocol for herbal products in a detailed review.It’s the ability of formulation to retain its physical, chemical, microbiological and toxicological parameter same as that time of manufacture .
Drug product remains within specifications established to ensure its identity, strength, quality and purity.
Stability – Chemical and Physical integrity of herbal medicinal products.
Over a given time period and under the influence of environmental factors including temperature, humidity and light.
To provide evidence on how the quality of active substance varies with time and environmental factors
To establish re- test period for active substance
To establish shelf life of finished products.
To recommend storage conditions.
To evaluate the efficacy of drug.
To develop suitable packing information for drug product
To submit stability information for regulatory agencies.
1.Physical stability study:-
The original physical properties namely appearance, uniformity, palatability, dissolution, and suspend ability are maintained.
Chemical stability study:-
Each and every active ingredient retains its chemical integrity as well as potency specified on label, within the specified limits.
It involves drug assay and determination of drug degradation.
Quality in clinical laboratory is a continuous journey of improving processes through team work, innovative solutions, regulatory compliance with final objective to meet the evolving needs of clinicians & patients.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Preanalytical quality control practices in clinical laboratoryDr. Rajesh Bendre
Preanalytical variables contribute maximally to lab errors. However, these variables are most difficult to control as they include human dependency for phlebotomy skills & pretest patient conditioning. Quantifying & monitoring these variables is also more challenging. Use of checklists, continuous training, competency assessments, internal audits & clinician education for appropriate test utilization form some of the tools for improving the preanalytical processes.
Stability testing protocol for herbal products in a detailed review.It’s the ability of formulation to retain its physical, chemical, microbiological and toxicological parameter same as that time of manufacture .
Drug product remains within specifications established to ensure its identity, strength, quality and purity.
Stability – Chemical and Physical integrity of herbal medicinal products.
Over a given time period and under the influence of environmental factors including temperature, humidity and light.
To provide evidence on how the quality of active substance varies with time and environmental factors
To establish re- test period for active substance
To establish shelf life of finished products.
To recommend storage conditions.
To evaluate the efficacy of drug.
To develop suitable packing information for drug product
To submit stability information for regulatory agencies.
1.Physical stability study:-
The original physical properties namely appearance, uniformity, palatability, dissolution, and suspend ability are maintained.
Chemical stability study:-
Each and every active ingredient retains its chemical integrity as well as potency specified on label, within the specified limits.
It involves drug assay and determination of drug degradation.
Quality in clinical laboratory is a continuous journey of improving processes through team work, innovative solutions, regulatory compliance with final objective to meet the evolving needs of clinicians & patients.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. Quality assurance in the
haematology laboratory is intended
to ensure reliable test results with
the necessary degree of precision
and accuracy.
Accuracy: refers to the closeness
of the estimated value to that
considered to be true.
Precision: refers to the
reproducibility of a result, but a test
can be precise without being
accurate.
4. Types of quality assurance
Internal quality control:
Is the set of measure
undertaken by the staff of the
laboratory to ensure quality from
the collection of specimen of the
test up to the analytical result, and
the measure should include test
results on control material.
Pre-analytic procedure.
Analytic.
Post analytic.
5. External quality control:
The assessment of result
from assessment produced
at a certain site by comparing
with results obtained by other
sited on the same material
distributed by an external
agency which also analysis
the data statically.
We need EQC to compare
our performance with other.
6. Pre-analytic stage: (collection of sample)
1. Use fullness of the request form:
Sex, Age, Family history, Clinical remarks,
Clinical exam.
2. Patient preparation:
Pt should be relax about 15 min !
because the excessive stress and excersice
cause change in blood clotting and fibrinolysis
(Increased F V111 and VWF).
Pt under aspirin administration, should be stop
for 7 days!
Aspirin is block the cyclooxygenase.
If possible the Pt must be fasting!
To reduce the lipid level, specially when
use automated analysis.
7. 3. Specimen quality control:
(a) Use the venous blood rather than the
capillary blood!
Because capillary blood require
modification of technique, and locally
established normal range.
(b) Proper collection:
All blood samples must be collected by
personnel who are trained and
experienced in the technique.
Clean the site of the vein puncture.
Select A proper Vein.
8. Avoid the using of torniquate!
because it causes the venous
occlusion which lead to
haemoconcentration, that is lead
to increase the fibrinolytic activity,
Platelets released and activation
of Co-factor.
A disposable plastic syringe of a
needle gauge 20-23 is used!
- To avoid the contact
activation.
- To avoid the haemolysis.
9. 4.The anticoagulant use:
The commonly anticoagulant used
is Tri-Na citrate!
1. The calcium ion is neutralised
more rapidly in citrate.
2. Prevent continued tPA–PA1-1
binding.
The labile factors (factors V and
VIII) are un-stable in oxalate.
10. Heparin and EDTA directly
inhibit the
coagulation process and
interfere with end-
point determinations.
APTT tests are more
sensitive to the
presence of heparin.
11. The recommended volume is 9
vol of blood:1 vol of
anticoagulant, when the PCV
is normal.
Haematocrit Citrate (ml)
0.20 0.70
0.25 0.65
0.30 0.61
0.55 0.39
0.60 0.36
0.65 0.31
0.70 0.27
12. Screw capped plastic
containers used for the blood
collection, also can use the
evacuated tube.
If an evacuated tube system
is used for collecting samples
for different tests, the
coagulation sample should be
the second or third tube
obtained.
13. 5. Right labelling (Pt identification):
Pt identification is very important
both at the bedside and within the
laboratory to avoid the mistakes.
6. Sample transportation:
The sample delivered quick as
possible to prevent the
deterioration of the labile factors.
Certain investigation need to put
the sample in crushed ice (urgent
fibrinolytic test).
14. Storage of Plasma:
PT and APTT are carried out on
fresh samples.
coagulation assays, unless
urgently required, can be
performed in batches at a later
date on deep frozen plasma.
Storage of small aliquots of
samples in liquid nitrogen (–
196°C) is the optimum, although
samples may be frozen at -40°C
or -80°C for several weeks .
15. Analytic stage
1. Equipment reliability.
2. Reagent stability.
3. Adequate calibration.
4. Quality control material.
5. Good pipetting technique.
6. Good climate.
7. Cleaning of equipment.
8. Procedure using SOPs.
16. 1.Equipment reliability:
Water baths: A 37°C water bath is
required for manual coagulation
tests,
Refrigerators and Freezers:
Check that the temperature
4° ± 2°C for refrigerators.
-20° ± 2°C for freezers,
Plastic and Glass Tubes:
Glass tubes For clotting tests.
Plastic tubes should be used
for sample dilutions, storage, and
reagent preparation.
17. Pipettes:
A range of graduated glass.
Automatic pipettes .
The latter should be accurate and
durable
Centrifugation:
PPP prepared by centrifugation at
2000 g for 15 min!.
Sample should kept at RT for PT, LAC
and FV111assay. And in 4°c for other
assay.
the testing should preferably be
completed within 2 hours of collection
18. Stopwatches and Clocks:
At least four stopwatches are
needed for measuring clotting
times and for short incubations.
Automated Coagulation
Analysers:
If coagulation analysers are used, it
is important to ensure that their
temperature control and the
mechanism for detecting the end-
point are functioning properly.
19. 2. Reagent quality control:
The focus in the quality control
procedure for ensuring satisfactory
reagents for performing routine
coagulation tests, including : the PT, PTT,
functional fibrinogen level and TT.
Thromboplastin reagent for PT derived
from bovine and rabbit brain or lung.
PTT reagent contain two types of
activators:
Particulate activator: Kaolin, silica.
Soluble activator: Contain ellagic acid.
Test result depend on the specific
reagent and instrument used.
20. Reagent selection:
In selecting reagents for use
in laboratory testing several
factors should be considered:
1. Purpose for forming the test.
2. Reagent instrument
compatibility.
3. Reagent cost.
4. Reproducibility.
5. Reagent sensitivity.
21. Sources of error in coagulation
reagent:
1. from open vials or reagent.
2. Contamination.
3. Storage problems related to
excessive exposure of
reagent to either heat or cold.
4. Deterioration of reagent, by
freezing and thawing.
5. Reconstitution.
6. Expiration date.
22. 3. Calibration:
Is procedure which uses known
quantities of analyses to adjust the
analytical system to ensure that result
well be accurate.
types of calibration in coagulation:
National standard (e.g., National
Institute
for Biological Standards and
Control).
Commercial standard.
Normal pool plasma(activity100%
or 1.0 u/ml).
The principle of calibration is
repetition to minimise possible errors
at each stage of calibration.
23. 4.QUALITY-CONTROL
MATERIALS:
Types of control material uses:
PPP.
Commercially.
Duplicate Tests on Patients'
Specimens.
Using the control plasma to
detect the precision.
Batches must included the
controls
( Normal, abnormal) to detect
the non linearity in STD curve.
24. Standard Operating
Procedures :(SOPs)
Standard operating
procedures (SOPS) are
written instructions that are
intended to maintain optimal
consistent quality of
performance in the laboratory
25. Format for a standard
operating procedure (SOP)
Cover page .
Scope .
Specimen requirements .
Specimen reception .
Safety precautions .
Equipment and reagents .
Test procedure .
Reporting.
Clinical significance .
Test limitations .
Maintenance of equipment .
Specimen storage post test .
26. Post-analytical stage
1. Accurate recording of result and
interpretation.
2. Speed reporting.
3. Write of normal value in result.
4. Biological validation of result.
5. Conservation of specimen(storage).
6. Proper dispose of waste.
7. Transfer the report to the doctor or
ward.
8. Documentation.
27. Some Common “Technical” Errors
1. Faulty collection of the sample.
2.Underfilling or overfilling of the bottle.
3. An unsuitable anticoagulant.
4. Collection of blood through a line that
has at some stage been in contact
with heparin.
5.Contamination of the kaolin.
6. Undue delay in sample analysis.
7.Use of inaccurate pipettes.
8.Machine malfunction.
9.Incorrect waterbath temperature.
10.Calcium chloride at incorrect
concentration or not freshly prepared.
40. Variability of coagulation assays
Within laboratory
1. Dilution error
2. Differences in the
composition of
reagents
3. Failure to take the
time-trend into
account
4. Differences in
experience and
technique between
operators.
Between laboratory
1. Differences in
methods
2. Differences in
the
composition of
reagents