This workshop was conducted for participants of Hackathon event PV-COM organized by B.H.Gardi College of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot. The main objective was to show importance of the software approach to understand analytical part for effect of parametric effect on PV output.
Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) simulationDanish Bangash
Demonstration of a basic Finite Element Method Magnetics simulation program
*The demonstration is part of exam for FEMM course to operate a basic finite element simulation program took place at Denmark Technical University (2015).
Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) simulationDanish Bangash
Demonstration of a basic Finite Element Method Magnetics simulation program
*The demonstration is part of exam for FEMM course to operate a basic finite element simulation program took place at Denmark Technical University (2015).
Energy Yield Assessment and Site Suitability using OpenFOAM - Crasto, Castell...Giorgio Crasto
A procedure has been implemented in order to assess the Annual Energy Production (AEP) of a wind farm. The pieces of software used for the porpoise are Octave, Meshlab and OpenFOAM. Two test cases are presented, in the second one also a first comparison with real production data.
Prof. Cuk invited talk at APEC 2011 plenary session to celebrate
35 years of his creation of this modeling and analysis method.
This talk was also recorded on video by IEEE.tv and can be viewed together. Here is a link to that video.
https://youtu.be/BLx57J2fF5w
Note: first few minutes of the video is Prof. Cuk's interview made after his presentation. This is thern followed by full 25 minutes presentation, which can be followed by the enclosed 67 slides.
Energy Yield Assessment and Site Suitability using OpenFOAM - Crasto, Castell...Giorgio Crasto
A procedure has been implemented in order to assess the Annual Energy Production (AEP) of a wind farm. The pieces of software used for the porpoise are Octave, Meshlab and OpenFOAM. Two test cases are presented, in the second one also a first comparison with real production data.
Prof. Cuk invited talk at APEC 2011 plenary session to celebrate
35 years of his creation of this modeling and analysis method.
This talk was also recorded on video by IEEE.tv and can be viewed together. Here is a link to that video.
https://youtu.be/BLx57J2fF5w
Note: first few minutes of the video is Prof. Cuk's interview made after his presentation. This is thern followed by full 25 minutes presentation, which can be followed by the enclosed 67 slides.
Assignment 1 Description Marks out of Wtg() Due date .docxfredharris32
Assignment 1
Description Marks out of Wtg(%) Due date
Assignment 1 200 20 28 August 2015
Part A: Comparators and Switching (5%)
(1) Signal limit detector
Use a 339 comparator, a single 74LS02 quad NOR gate and a +5V power supply only to
design a circuit which will detect when a voltage goes outside the range +2.5V to +3.5V
and such that an LED lights and stays lit. Provide a manual reset to extinguish the LED.
Design hints
1. The circuit has an analog input and a digital output so some form of comparator circuit
is required. There are two thresholds so two comparators are required, with the analog
input applied to both. This arrangement is sometimes known as a window detector.
2. Arrange the output of the comparators to be +5V logic levels, and combine the two
outputs logically to produce one signal which is for example, high for out-of-range, and
low for within-range.
3. Latch the change from in-range to out-of-range.
Design procedure
1. Start at the output and work backwards.
2. Select a latch circuit (flip-flop) and determine what combinations of inputs are needed to
latch and then reset it, ensuring that the LED is connected correctly with regard to both
logic and current flow.
3. Determine the logic needed to combine two comparator outputs in such a way as to
correctly operate the latch.
4. Choose comparator outputs which will correctly drive the logic. Remember that the
reference voltage at the input of the comparator may be at either the + or – input.
5. Choose resistors to provide the correct reference voltages.
Note: You will need to consult data for both the 74LS02 and the 339 (see data sheets).
Test
It is strongly recommended that you assemble and test your circuit.
(2) MOSFET Switching
Find out information on the operation of, and configuring of, MOSFETs to be used in
switching circuits. In particular note the differences between BJTs and MOSFETs in this
role. Draw up a table to highlight the differences and hence the pros and cons on each
device for particular situations (eg. Switching high-to-low or low-to-high (ie. P or N type),
high or low current switching, low or high voltage switching).
Consider the following BJT switching circuit. Analyse the operation of the circuit to
understand the parameters involved. Choose suitable replacement MOSFETs to be used
ELE2504 – Electronic design and analysis 2
instead of the output switching BJTs in the given circuit. Include any necessary circuit
changes for the new devices to operate so as to maintain the circuit’s required parameters.
Where Vcc = 12V and Relay resistance = 15Ω .
ELE2504 – Electronic design and analysis 3
Part B: Transistor amplifier design (6%)
Design and test a common emitter amplifier using the circuit shown and the selected
specifications.
Specifications
Get your own spec ...
WEEK 1 Assignment Power Amplifiers Week 1 Wor.docxcelenarouzie
WEEK 1
Assignment
Power Amplifiers
Week 1: Work Problems 10-2, 10-6, 10-10, 10-14, 10-18, 10-22, 10-26 pg. 409-411.
Scan all work and save it for upload with the title: "HW1_Student ID", with your
student id substituted in the file name. Show all work for full credit. Upload your file
here.
LAB
Power Amplifiers
INTRODUCTION
Discuss some of the basic differences between the operation of a class A, B and C
amplifiers.
EQUIPMENT
· 1 power supply: 12V
· 1 transistor: 2N3904
· 2 resistors: 1kΩ, 50kΩ
· 3 capacitors: 0.1µF, 0.01µF, 560pF
· 1 inductor: 38.07µH
· Tektronix oscilloscope
· Waveform generator
PROCEDURE
Using Multisim construct the circuit shown below:
Calculate the resonant frequency fr – show your work and record the answer in row 1 of
the table.
a. Use the Waveform generator to produce an input: 2.5Vpk and frequency set to the
resonant frequency.
b. Use the Tektronix oscilloscope to measure fout and record it in the table
c. Take a screen shot of circuit showing the frequency measurement on the oscilloscope.
d. Repeat steps a) and c) for each input frequency in the table.
RESULTS
fin fout
1
fr =
2 1500kHz
3 300kHz
4 546kHz
5 273kHz
6 873kHz
Discuss the results.
CONCLUSION
What is the function of this circuit?
What did you learn?
Please fill out and use the following Lab Report Template when submitting your lab work.
Please read and follow the guidelines given in the
Solution
s Template in submitting all of
your lab work.
WEEK 2
Assignment
Electronics II and Lab
JFETs
Week 2: Work Problems 11-2, 11-6, 11-10, 11-14, 11-18, 11-22, 11-26, 11-30 pg.
462-464.
Scan all work and save it for upload with the title: “HW2_StudentID”, with your student
id substituted in the file name. Show all work for full credit.
Upload file “HW2_StudentID” here.
LAB
JFETs
INTRODUCTION
Which types of applications are field-effect transistors preferred over bipolar junction
transistors? Why?
Explain why junction field-effect transistors are considered voltage-controlled devices.
EQUIPMENT
· 1 power supply: 15V
· 1 transistor: 2N4860
· 3 resistors: 1kΩ, 4.7kΩ, 2MΩ
· <List meters used>
PROCEDURE
Using Multisim construct the circuits shown below:
Measure the following and record the values in the “results” section: VG, ID, VS, VD, VDS,
RESULTS
Calculate VGS from the measured values.
Which type of biasing is used?
The table below shows readings for three different cases where the circuit above, was
malfunctioning. Find the fault, assuming only one device in each case has a problem.
List the steps taken to arrive at a solution.
VDS VD VS
What is the problem?
1 91.4mV 91.4mV 0V
2 66.5mV 15V 14.9V
3 15 15 0
CONCLUSION
What did you learn?
WEEK 3
Assignment
MOSFETs
Week 3: Work Problems 12-2, 12-6, 12-14, 12-18, 12-22, pg. 516-519.
Scan all work and save it .
November 21, 20131How a Diode WorksA diode is an electrica.docxhenrymartin15260
November 21, 2013
1
How a Diode Works
A diode is an electrical device allowing current to flow through in only one direction. The term “diode” is used if I ≤ 1 A. If I>1A, we use the term “rectifier,” although both terms are commonly considered interchangeable.
November 21, 2013
2
Theoretical Analysis of the Rectifier Circuit
Given the circuit below, R1=1.0 kΩ. Sketch theoretical waveforms for the input (CH-1) signal and the output (CH-2) signal when a 10 VPP 1.0 kHz sine wave is applied to the circuit. Predict the result.
November 21, 2013
3
Theoretical Analysis of the Rectifier Circuit- What should we observe (frequency? Amplitude?)
CH-1 (input signal):
(>>t=0:0.00001:6/2000; y=5*sin(2*pi*1000*t); plot(t,y), grid on)
What should be the output signal???
November 21, 2013
4
Simulation of the Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
5
Construct the Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Compare the theoretical, simulation, and hardware circuit results and make your comments
November 21, 2013
6
Construct the Rectifier Circuit – the O-Scope Display
Hardware circuit oscilloscope display
November 21, 2013
7
Theoretical Analysis of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit
Given the circuit below, R1=1.0 kΩ, C1=10 uF. Sketch theoretical waveforms for the input (CH-1) signal and the output (CH-2) signal when a 10 VPP 1.0 kHz sine wave is applied to the circuit. Predict the result.
November 21, 2013
8
Theoretical Analysis of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Output Signal
Given input signal below, what should we observe at the output?
The diode is to change the AC to DC signal
The capacitor is to “smoothen” the DC signal
November 21, 2013
9
Simulation of the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
10
Construct the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – Record the Result
Compare the theoretical, simulation, and hardware circuit results and make your comments
November 21, 2013
11
Construct the Filtered Rectifier Circuit – O-Scope Display
Hardware circuit oscilloscope display (notice scale change for Channel 2 for better viewing of the output signal)
November 21, 2013
12
Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode – The Circuit
November 21, 2013
13
How a Zener Diode Works
Zener diodes are special diodes which work reverse-biased at breakdown - specific voltage (“Zener voltage”). They are designed to work continuously at that specific voltage - anywhere from 1.8 to 200 V.
November 21, 2013
14
How a Zener Diode Works – The Circuit Example
For the circuit below, the voltage across the Zener diode will be maintained at 10V.
November 21, 2013
15
Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode – MultiSim Simulation (Change Scale on Channel B to view signal more clearly)
Adjust the settings
of the function generator
Accordingly
November 21, 2013
16
Voltage Regulation using the Voltage.
A modified Cuk DC-DC converter for DC microgrid systemsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new efficient step-updirect current-direct current (DC-DC) power converter that is suitable for DC microgrid systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed step-up DC-DC converter is derived from the conventional Cuk DC-DC power converter. Output voltage analysis that is useful to predict the conduction losses is presented. It is shown that the proposed step-up DC-DC converter is more efficient than the conventional DC-DC boost power converter. Current ripple analysis that is useful to determine the required inductors and capacitors is also presented. Experimental results are included to show the validity of the proposed step-up DC-DC power converter.
Worked on End-to-End Implementation of Machine Learning Project.
Project Name: Loan Status Prediction
• Handling Null Values, Outliers, Unbalanced Dataset
• Data Pre-processing, Restructuring for Balanced Data
• Applying various Machine Learning Classification models
• Analyzing Various Accuracy Parameters
• Tuning and Pickling Models
• Deploying Model on Streamlit
Online classes pe ac voltage controllerAmit Kulkarni
You will get to learn regarding basics of AC Voltage Controller, both Single phase and 3-phase controller are discussed. Furthermore derivation for the same is also done.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
4. • Depending on Brand Specification Detail
changes.
• Generally PV Name Plate includes:
Maximum Power
Maximum Voltage (for Max Power)
Maximum Current (for Max Power)
Open Circuit Voltage (VOC)
Short Circuit Current (ISC)
System Voltage
• All measurements given under STC
Standard Test Condition (STC)
T=25°C
G=1000 W/m2
Air Mass= 1.5
Name Plate H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
5. • Monocrystalline
• Multicrystalline
How To Identify Panel
Material?
→Check for the shape of cell.
Pseudo Square → Monocrystalline
Rectangle →
Multicrystalline
Polycrytalline
Material H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
9. • 𝜼 =
𝐏 𝐨/𝐩
𝐏𝐢/𝐩×𝐀
Here Po/p = Vm*Im
Pi/p = Measured Power by device
A = Module Area.
Usually PV efficiency ranges from 15-20%.
• FF(Fill Factor) =
𝐕 𝐦×𝐈 𝐦
𝐕 𝐨𝐜×𝐈 𝐬𝐜
.
• FF represents squareness of a curve.
Efficiency & Fill Factor H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
10. Solar Cell
Sunlight
1
0.5
0
t→
G→
• A solar cell is a 2 terminal power generating device, in which one is
anode and other is cathode.
I→
V→
I→
V→
Diode Characteristics
Dark
Light
I→
V→
PV Characteristics
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
11. Rs
V
IIL
PV Mathematical Model
ID
• IL is photo generated current
• ID is PV module Saturation
current
• Rs is series resistance of PV
module
• I is PV current
• V is PV voltage
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
12. Terminology
Parameter Nomenclature Value
k Boltzmann Constant 1.38×10-23 J / K
A Diode Ideality Factor 1~2
q Charge of Electron 1.6×10-19 C
Ki Temperature Co-efficient of Isc
Eg Band-Gap Energy 1.1eV
Tref Reference Temperature 298 K
Gref Reference Irradiance 1000 W/m2
VT Thermal Voltage
𝐤 ∗ 𝐀 ∗ 𝐓
𝐪
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
15. PV Electrical Characteristics
Under No-Load Condition.
Rload=0
Under Short Circuit.
Rload=∞
V
I Increasing Load
Rload=R1
Increasing Load
Rload=R2
Increasing Load
Rload=R3
VOC
ISC
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
16. PV Electrical Characteristics
V
I
VOC
ISC
dI3
dV3
dI1
dV1dV2
dI2
𝑅1 =
∆𝑉1
∆𝐼1
We can observe that ∆ 𝐼1 changes more so R1 is small
𝑅3 =
∆𝑉3
∆𝐼3
We can observe that ∆ 𝑉3 changes more so R3 is large
𝑅2 =
∆𝑉2
∆𝐼2
We can observe that ∆ 𝑉3 changes same as ∆ 𝐼3
∴ R2 is optimal point for getting maximum power transfer.
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
18. • Set of instruction written to achieve desired output.
• Uses various functional codes to relate quantities with each other.
• To write a code open a new m-file and write necessary equations.
• Steps to write a code for any programming platform remains same, they are :
Initialization
Programme
Output
Coding Approach to MATLAB
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
19. Coding Approach to MATLAB
Define Constants
Write Relative Equations
Desired Outputs
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
21. • It involves arrangement of blocks to get desired result.
• Uses Simulink Library to connect various blocks to get desired output.
Modelling Approach to MATLAB
Following is a part of PV Model Approach
Temperature
25
Photon Current
G
T_ref
Iph
Irradiance
1
Iph
3.8
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
23. • Ns = No. of series connected cells/module;
• Np = No. of parallel connected cells/module.
• Ns is used to increase voltage capacity of PV arrangement.
• Np is used to increase current capacity of PV arrangement.
• Ns & Np must be calculated so as to meet Power demand.
• In any case it must not increase System Voltage capability.
Significance of Ns and Np
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
24. • Q. You are given a Module having 60W, Voc=21.1V, Isc=3.58A, and it is given that,
Ns=36. Find the voltage and current capability of each cell?
Vcell(oc)=Voc/Ns
= 21.1/36
= 0.58 V (0.5V-0.6V).
Icell(oc) =Isc/Np
= 3.58/1
= 3.58 A (~3.5 A).
• Q. PV module is rated for above condition. Find the value of Ns & Np required to meet
230V for 1kW load.
Significance of Ns and Np
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
25. Effect of G & T on I-V & P-V Curves
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
VPV (V)
IPV(A)
G=1000 W/m2
G=800 W/m2
G=500 W/m2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
VPV (V)
PPV(kW)
G=500 W/m2
G=800 W/m2
G=1000 W/m2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
VPV (V)
IPV(A)
T=15°C
T=25°C
T=35°C
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
VPV (V)
PPV(kW)
T=15°C
T=25°C
T=35°C
Effect of G &T on I-V, P-V curves.
Change in Insolation
Change in Temperature
T↑ Eg↓ Isc↑
T↑ Io↑ Voc↓
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
26. Partial Shading
• A common MPPT tracker would get
confused and would result in wrong
detection of Peak point.
• The magnitude of peak point depends on
PV array configuration & shading
pattern besides G & T.
H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0
27. • We got an insight on Solar Cell.
• We got to know about different type of parameter that a
cell is dependent.
• We learn about types of PV model and its characteristics.
• An introduction to Coding and Modelling approach to PV.
• Effect of Solar Parameters.
• Partial Shading and its effects.
Conclusions H
A
C
K
A
T
H
O
N
2
0