The document outlines rules for punctuation, covering the use of full stops, question marks, exclamation marks, commas, semi-colons, colons, quotation marks, hyphens, capital letters, and apostrophes. It provides specific guidelines for each punctuation mark, along with examples and applications in various contexts. Additionally, the document concludes with a series of sentences for punctuation practice.

2. 1
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Rules For Punctuation
A sentence ends with one of these punctuation marks.
Full Stop/Period 
Question Mark 
Exclamation Mark !
The Full Stop:
At the end of a sentence;
After abbreviations; (not strictly used)
After initials;
The Question Mark
At the end of a question;
(In spoken English when one uses affirmative
sentence patterns as questions. In this case, the
tone of the voice rises at the end to indicate that
one is asking a question. So we use a? In the end.)
The Exclamation Mark
At the end of an exclamation;
At the end of a sentence that is meant as a
joke;
At the end of a sentence that carries a very
special meaning.(opposite of the ordn.. meaning)

3. 2
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Comma ,
The Comma
After Yes and No;
After words in series;
Before direct quotations;
Before and after words in opposition;
Between parts of date;
Between parts of an address;
We often use COMMA when we link two
statements with “and, but or or”. (If we have two
subjects in a long sentence.
We can use a COMMA when a sentence has a
linking word like WHEN or ALTHOUGH. (This is
optional).
Things To Remember
Some time a COMMA can separate off an adverb
or a phrase.
The rules about COMMA are not very exact.

4. 3
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
The Semi-colon ;
We can use SEMI-COLON between two separate
statements which are linked in meaning. (It is used in
sentences in the same way as the full stop is used.
But Remember
It is cannot be used at the end of the last sentence.
The sentence following the SEMI-COLON begins
with a SMALL LETTER.
The COLON :
We can use a COLON before an explanation or
before a list. (Words coming after COLON begin
with a SMALL LETTER)
Before a direct quotation; (not in Narrations, but
in a part of a speech in any way. Now words after
COLON in such examples begin with a CAPITAL
LETTER.)

5. 4
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Quotation Marks “_____”
around words in direct speech; (and now direct
quotation begins with capital letter it means this is a
complete sentence.)
around the title of a chapter or an article;
Hyphen -
We sometimes use HYPHEN in these structures.
in Compound Nouns;
Compound expression before a noun;
noun formed from a phrasal verb;
noun + ing-form;
before the last word of a compound number;
after some PREFIXES;
letter + a noun;

6. 5
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
CAPITAL LETTERS
CAPITAL LETTERS have two main uses;
used for starting a new sentence;
used for writing PROPER NOUNS; ( for writing
the names of people, places, countries, cities,
street, continents, rivers, oceans, seas,
mountains, names of books, magazines, directions,
names of films, names of days of week, months of
year, holidays and festivals and so on)
Besides these
we use CAPITAL LETTERS for writing “I”
Apostrophe ‘
we use APOSTROPHE in short form, when there is a
missing letter;
we also use an APOSTROPHE with “s” to form the
possessive of a noun;

7. The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Punctuate the following.
1. the necessity of amusement made me a carpenter a bird-cager a
gardener.
2. speak clearly if you would be understood.
3. whenever i approached a peasant s house towards night-fall i played
one of the most merry tunes.
4. in the old persian stories toran the land of darkness is opposed to iran
the land of light.
5. history it has been said is the essence of innumerable biographies
6. when i was in delhi i visitedthe red fort qutab minar raj ghat india
gate and chandni chowk
7. your wife would give you little thanks if she were present to hear you
make this offer
8. some are born great some achieve greatness and some have greatness
thrust upon them

8. The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Kha
9. why did you laugh
10. who calls me villain
11. a stitch in time saves nine
12. get on with your work
13. o, what a rogue and peasant slave am I
14. fine feathers make fine birds
15. don t be angry with me
16. o wise young judge how i do honour you
17. heaven helps us
18. how far that little candle throws its beams
19. all work and no play makes jack a dull boy
20. let us read the next poem
21. in fact there was nothing to do
22. read the next stanza smith