The document provides an overview of punctuation types, including full stops, commas, apostrophes, colons, and semicolons, along with their usage rules. It emphasizes the importance of employing these punctuation marks correctly to enhance sentence clarity and structure. Specific examples illustrate how to use each punctuation mark in different contexts, such as lists, direct speech, and showing possession.

1. Punctuation
CLASS BA. SEM.-VI
Presentation By
Prof.Sneha Mohurle

2. Punctuation Types
• Full Stop / Period (.)
• Comma (,)
• Apostrophe ( ‘)
• Colon (: )
• Semi-colon (;)

3. Full stops are used
to mark the end of a sentence that is a complete
statement:
My name is Ram and I was born 20th July 2001.
After leaving school, she went to work in an
insurance company.
in some abbreviations, for example etc.,
Dec., or p.m.:
There’s a wide range of sandwiches, snacks, cakes,
etc. at very reasonable prices.
Full Stop / Period (.)

4. • in website and email addresses:
www.mgc.@gmail.com
• If an abbreviation with a full stop comes at the
end of a sentence you don’t need to add
another full stop:
I like apple,mango,cherry,banana etc.

5. A comma marks a slight break between different
parts of a sentence. Used properly, commas make
the meaning of sentences clear by grouping and
separating words, phrases, and clauses.
Here are the main cases when you need to use a
comma:
In lists
In direct speech
To separate clauses
To mark off certain parts of a sentence
With ‘however’
Comma(,)

6.  Using commas in lists
You need to put a comma between the different items in a
list, as in the following sentences:
Saturday morning started with a hearty breakfast of
scrambled eggs, bacon, sausage, and French toast.
My favorite sandwiches are chicken, bacon and ham and
cheese.
 Using commas in direct speech
When a writer quotes a speaker’s words exactly as they were
spoken, this is known as direct speech.
Anita replied, “No problem.”
You also need to use a comma at the end of a piece of direct
speech, if the speech comes before the information about
who is speaking. In this case, the comma goes inside the
quotation mark:
“I don’t agree,” I replied
“Here we are,” they said.

7.  Using commas to separate clauses
Commas are used to separate clauses in a complex
sentence (i.e. a sentence which is made up of
a main clause and one or more subordinate
clauses).
• Having had lunch, we went back to work.
• I first saw her in Paris, where I lived in the early nineties
• Passengers, who have young children, may board the
aircraft first.

8. Using commas to mark off parts of a sentence
Commas are used to separate a part of a sentence that
is an optional ‘aside’ and not part of the main
statement.
Gunpowder is not, of course, a chemical compound.
His latest film, Calypso Dreams, opens next month.
Using a comma with ‘however’
You should use a comma after 'however'
when however means 'by contrast' or 'on the other
hand':
However, a good deal of discretion is left in the hands of
area managers.
Don't use a comma after however when it means 'in
whatever way':
However you should complete your work.

9. QUENSTION MARK(?)
• The question mark is used at the end of the
sentence that ask question.
• Where are you?
• Is there your book?
• Communication using as a declarative sentence
• The bank is closed today?
• Could you open the window?

10. • Question marks are used at the end of
rhetorical questions to which answer are not
expected
• Why does it always happened to me?
• How can I forget my best friend?

11. The best way to get apostrophes right is to
understand when and why they are used. There are
two main cases –
1. Using apostrophes to show Possession.
2. Using apostrophes to show Omission.
ex.A Bag of Anita.
Anita’s a bag.
Apostrophe( s’)

12. You use an apostrophe to show that a thing or person belongs
or relates to someone or something:
Instead of saying the party of Ben, you can say Ben’s party.
Singular noun and most personal names: add an
apostrophe plus s
The dog’s tail wagged rapidly.
Yesterday’s weather was dreadful.
Personal names that end in –s: add an apostrophe plus s
He joined Charles’s army in 1642.
Dickens’s novels provide a wonderful insight into Victorian
England.
Using Apostrophes(s’) to show Possession

13. Plural noun that ends in –s: add an apostrophe
after the s
The mansion was converted into a girls’ school.
My duties included cleaning out the horses’
stables.
Plural noun that do not end in –s: add an
apostrophe plus s
He employs 14 people at his men’s clothing store.
Dogs’ food men’s

14. An apostrophe can be used to show that letters or
numbers have been omitted.
I’m - short for I am
he’ll - short for he will
she’d – short for she had or she would
pick ’n’ mix - short for pick and mix
it’s hot - short for it is hot
didn’t - short for did not
Using Apostrophes(‘) to show Omission

15. There are three main uses of the colon:
 Between two main clauses in cases where the second
clause explains or follows from the first.
That is the secret of my extraordinary life: always do
the unexpected.
It wasn’t easy: to begin with, I had to find the right house.
 To introduce a list
The price includes the following: travel to London, flight to
Venice, hotel accommodation, and excursions.
The job calls for skills in the following areas: proofing, editing,
and database administration.
 Before a quotation, and sometimes before direct speech:
The headline read: ‘Taxi Driver Battles Gangsters’
They shouted: ‘Our families are starving! We need land!’
Colon(:)

16. The main task of the semicolon is to mark a break that is stronger than
a comma but not as final as a full stop. It’s used between two main
clauses that balance each other and are too closely linked to be made
into separate sentences.
Ex.
The road runs through a beautiful wooded valley; the railway line follows
it.
An art director searched North Africa; I went to the Canary Islands.
The market is full of people :I went there when I was young child
You can also use a semicolon as a stronger division in a sentence that
already contains commas:
The study showed the following: 76% of surveyed firms monitor employee
Web-surfing activities, with 65% blocking access to unauthorized Internet
locations; over one-third of the firms monitor employee computer
keystrokes; half reported storing and reviewing employee emails; 57%
monitor employee telephone behavior, including the inappropriate use of
voicemail.
Semicolon(;)