Pulmonary embolism
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Pulmonary edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs' interstitial space and alveoli. It can be caused by left ventricular failure which leads to increased hydrostatic pressure, pulmonary capillary damage allowing fluid leakage, or neuroendocrine factors increasing capillary permeability. Diagnosis involves listening for crackles on auscultation of the lungs and chest x-rays showing fluid buildup. Nursing management focuses on positioning patients to aid circulation, providing psychological support, and monitoring medications.
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Farmer’s lung
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of an antigen that the individual is sensitized to. It can present acutely following high dose exposure or chronically after long term low dose exposure. Common causes include moldy hay, grain, or bird droppings. Symptoms include breathlessness, cough, and fever occurring 4-8 hours after exposure. Chest imaging shows small nodules or infiltrates. Treatment involves avoiding the antigen and using corticosteroids. Prognosis depends on exposure type and duration, with acute cases often resolving but chronic exposure risking persistent symptoms.
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Diffuse (interstitial) lung disease includes a wide variety of relatively uncommon conditions presenting with characteristic clusters of clinical features and marked by an immune response. There are over 200 specific diffuse lung diseases, many of unknown etiology. The combined incidence is 50 per 100,000, or 1 in 2000 people. Because these conditions cause aberrant lung function, morbidity and mortality due to lung injury and fibrosis are not uncommon. Both environmental and genetic factors are believed to contribute to the development of diffuse lung disease. Antigen processing and presentation are important in the development of the immune response seen in the disease, and it is thought that the likely candidate genes predisposing patients to this category of disease are those of the major histocompatibility complex. Genes that affect the immune, inflammatory, and fibrotic processes may also influence who develops the disease. If we can identify the genes that cause diseases characterized by lung injury and fibrosis, we can eventually develop genetic interventional approaches to treatment.
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2. ILDs are classified based on known causes, idiopathic forms, and granulomatous types. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common idiopathic form.
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2. ILDs are classified based on known causes, idiopathic forms, and granulomatous types. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common idiopathic form.
3. Clinical presentation involves breathlessness, cough, and reduced lung function. Investigations include chest imaging showing infiltrates and fibrosis, and lung biopsies to determine classification. Treatment focuses on removing exposures, suppressing inflammation, and palliating symptoms primarily using corticosteroids.
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1. An 84-year-old male patient presented with breathlessness and was found to have bilateral diffuse interlobular septal thickening and ground-glass opacities on HRCT, suggestive of interstitial lung disease, possibly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
2. HRCT is superior to chest x-ray for assessing interstitial lung diseases as it allows for better evaluation of the extent and distribution of lung abnormalities. It can also help determine whether a lung biopsy is needed and from where samples should be taken.
3. Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, wheezing and chest pain are common respiratory symptoms in interstitial lung diseases. Physical exam may reveal crack
Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a group of disorders causing scarring of the lungs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common ILD, accounting for around half of cases. It generally affects older adults and smokers and causes shortness of breath, cough, and lung function decline. Diagnosis involves imaging, pulmonary function tests, and biopsy. Approved treatments are pirfenidone and nintedanib, which can slow disease progression, but prognosis remains poor with median survival of 3-4 years. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is another ILD that may be idiopathic or associated with connective tissue diseases.
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atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of part or all of the lung resulting in reduced gas exchange. It can be primary, due to prematurity or lung immaturity, or secondary due to obstruction from mucus, tumors, or surgery. Symptoms include rapid shallow breathing, cough, hypoxia, and fever. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum tests, and CT scans. Treatment focuses on positioning, suctioning mucus, oxygen therapy, and preventing infections. Nursing care manages breathing, airway clearance, gas exchange, and monitors for complications like infections.
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
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DETAILS OF DISEASES OF PLEURA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. PROCEDURES OF PUTTING A CHEST DRAIN AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMOTHORAX
Alveolar lung disease
- Alveolar lung disease (ALD) refers to the filling of airspaces in the lungs with fluid or other materials.
- ALD can be caused by conditions such as pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, pneumonia, aspiration, and alveolar proteinosis. Acute ALD often resolves quickly but can recur, while chronic ALD persists over months.
- Chest x-rays are useful for diagnosing ALD and distinguishing between acute and chronic causes. Features include bilateral airspace opacities, consolidation, and clearing seen with acute conditions versus stable opacities with chronic conditions. The distribution and associated findings provide clues to the underlying condition.
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This document discusses acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a condition where fluid builds up in the small air sacs of the lungs causing breathing difficulties. It is characterized by hypoxemia, reduced lung compliance, and bilateral lung infiltrates. Causes include aspiration, trauma, sepsis, and pneumonia. Pathophysiology involves inflammation damaging the lungs. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and blood gas tests. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Nursing care includes monitoring, suctioning, positioning, and respiratory treatments.
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Pneumosclerosis is the excessive growth of connective tissue in the lungs resulting from diseases like tuberculosis or syphilis. It leads to three stages - an initial offset stage with good remission, a subcompensated stage with chronic intoxication symptoms, and a decompensated stage with severe intoxication signs. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, cyanosis, and later respiratory and heart failure signs. Diagnosis involves sputum analysis, x-ray examination to check for bronchiolectasis. Treatment consists of bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids, therapeutic exercises, and cardiac/pulmonary medications. Complications can include lung abscesses, pleurisy, toxic shock, and more.
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A systematic, stepwise approach can help arrive at a diagnosis for cystic lung disease. First, cyst mimics must be ruled out. Next, the clinical presentation is characterized. Then, the radiographic features such as cyst distribution are characterized. Finally, all information is combined to determine if cysts are discrete or diffuse and point to conditions like lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, infection, or congenital abnormalities. This approach facilitates diagnosis of cystic lung disease.
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1. An 84-year-old male patient presented with breathlessness and was found to have bilateral diffuse interlobular septal thickening and ground-glass opacities on HRCT, suggestive of interstitial lung disease, possibly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
2. HRCT is superior to chest x-ray for assessing interstitial lung diseases as it allows for better evaluation of the extent and distribution of lung abnormalities. It can also help determine whether a lung biopsy is needed and from where samples should be taken.
3. Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, wheezing and chest pain are common respiratory symptoms in interstitial lung diseases. Physical exam may reveal crack
Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a group of disorders causing scarring of the lungs. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common ILD, accounting for around half of cases. It generally affects older adults and smokers and causes shortness of breath, cough, and lung function decline. Diagnosis involves imaging, pulmonary function tests, and biopsy. Approved treatments are pirfenidone and nintedanib, which can slow disease progression, but prognosis remains poor with median survival of 3-4 years. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is another ILD that may be idiopathic or associated with connective tissue diseases.
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease : Radiological Approach
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by a dominant pattern of reticular opacities and honeycombing, predominantly in the subpleural regions of the lower lobes. Ground-glass opacities and traction bronchiectasis may also be seen. The distribution demonstrates an apicobasal gradient. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) most commonly demonstrates a dominant ground-glass opacity pattern, distributed bilaterally and more prominent in the lower lobes without an apicobasal gradient. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) appears as patches of consolidation and ground-glass opacity in the peripheral and subpleural regions of the middle and lower lung zones.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and classification. It describes the pathophysiology of simple/closed, open/sucking, and tension pneumothorax. Signs and symptoms include chest pain, air hunger, and respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray and CT scan. Management depends on size, with small pneumothoraces treated with oxygen and larger ones requiring a chest tube. The British Thoracic Society guidelines from 2010 are discussed. Pleurodesis can be used for recurrent pneumothorax to obliterate the pleural space using either mechanical or chemical means. Aftercare involves cessation of smoking and avoiding air travel and diving.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of pulmonary infection.
This document discusses various radiological imaging techniques for evaluating pulmonary infections such as pneumonia. It provides details on what chest x-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds, and MRI scans of the lungs can reveal. Chest x-rays can detect infiltrates indicating infection and complications like abscesses or pleural effusions. CT scans provide finer detail of the lungs, airways, and can detect complications. Ultrasounds are used to evaluate pleural effusions. MRI is not generally used but can provide information on the heart, chest vessels or chest wall structures if lungs are abnormal due to fluid, infection or tumor. The document also discusses various types of pneumonia seen on imaging such as bronchopneumonia, atypical pneumonia, and
Connective tissue disease associated ILD
This document summarizes various connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung diseases. It describes common intrathoracic manifestations and imaging findings for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, progressive systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis. For each condition, it lists typical radiological patterns seen on CT such as ground glass opacities, reticulation, consolidation, and honeycombing. Photomicrographs are also included to illustrate histopathological findings for some of the interstitial lung diseases.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DYSTRESS SYNDROME
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition characterized by poor oxygenation, pulmonary infiltrates, and acute onset. It occurs when lung injury from direct or indirect causes results in increased permeability of the lungs and loss of aerated lung tissue. Management involves respiratory support through oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes and PEEP, and prone positioning to improve oxygen levels. Complications can include infections, barotrauma, and multi-organ dysfunction if not properly managed.
Interstitial lung diseases
This document provides information about interstitial lung diseases (ILD). It begins with objectives of providing detailed knowledge about ILD and being able to define, classify, identify causes, signs/symptoms, risk factors, clinical manifestations and complications of various types of ILD. It then defines ILD, discusses types including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Diagnostic studies and medical management including antibiotics, corticosteroids and lung transplant are covered. Nursing management focuses on improving breathing, promoting gas exchange, and providing health education.
atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of part or all of the lung resulting in reduced gas exchange. It can be primary, due to prematurity or lung immaturity, or secondary due to obstruction from mucus, tumors, or surgery. Symptoms include rapid shallow breathing, cough, hypoxia, and fever. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum tests, and CT scans. Treatment focuses on positioning, suctioning mucus, oxygen therapy, and preventing infections. Nursing care manages breathing, airway clearance, gas exchange, and monitors for complications like infections.
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
Pleural diseases
DETAILS OF DISEASES OF PLEURA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. PROCEDURES OF PUTTING A CHEST DRAIN AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMOTHORAX
Alveolar lung disease
- Alveolar lung disease (ALD) refers to the filling of airspaces in the lungs with fluid or other materials.
- ALD can be caused by conditions such as pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, pneumonia, aspiration, and alveolar proteinosis. Acute ALD often resolves quickly but can recur, while chronic ALD persists over months.
- Chest x-rays are useful for diagnosing ALD and distinguishing between acute and chronic causes. Features include bilateral airspace opacities, consolidation, and clearing seen with acute conditions versus stable opacities with chronic conditions. The distribution and associated findings provide clues to the underlying condition.
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This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
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Pulmonary embolism
- 1. PULMONARY EMBOLISM MINATI DAS ASST.PROF., KINS, KIIT UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA
- 2. MEANING Pulmonary edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space of the lungs that diffuses into the alveoli.
- 3. CAUSES
- 15. ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
- 26. NURSING MANAGEMENT Positioning the patient to promote circulation. Providing psychological support Monitoring medications
- 27. THANK U…