- Ubuntu is a popular open-source operating system that contains a variety of pre-installed software like LibreOffice, Firefox, and Thunderbird. Additional software can be accessed through the Ubuntu Software Center. - By default, Ubuntu aims to be secure "out-of-the-box" by running user programs with low privileges, using sudo for admin tasks, and closing unnecessary network ports. It provides security updates through its lifetime. - Ubuntu is released every six months and receives nine months of support, while long-term support releases are issued every two years and supported for five years. It is based on packages from Debian but may need recompiling to run on Ubuntu.

1. िहिंदी विविषय विशिक्षक वमंच व
द.क. िजिला वस्थरीय व५ विदविसीय वप्रशिशिक्षण
स्थान वस्थान व:-:- डयट् वडयट् व,, मंगलूरमंगलूर,, दद..कक..
िदनांक विदनांक व:-:- १६१६//११११//२०१५ वसे व२०२०१५ वसे व२०//११११//२०१५२०१५ व व
आप वसबका वस्विागत वहिंै व|
श्रीिनविास वनाय्क, स.प.पू.कॉलेजि, विग्ग,

2. साविर्वजििनक वतंत्रांशि वके वमहिंत्वि व,,,,,?
(Importance of Public Softwares)

9. Ubuntu (operating system)
Features:-
A default installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range
of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox,
Thunderbird, Transmission, and several lightweight games
such as Sudoku and chess. Many additional software
packages, including titles no longer in the default installation
such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, are
accessible from the built in Ubuntu Software Center as well
as any other APT based package management tool.
Execution of Microsoft Office and other Microsoft
Windows applications can be facilitated via the Wine
compatibility package or through the use of a virtual
machine such as VirtualBox or VMware Workstation.

10. Security :-
Ubuntu's goal is to be secure "out-of-the box". By
default, the user's programs run with low privileges and cannot
corrupt the operating system or other user's files. For increased
security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for
performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to
remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from
inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening
security holes. Policy Kit is also being widely implemented into the
desktop to further harden the system. Most network ports are closed
by default to prevent hacking. A built-in firewall allows end-users
who install network servers to control access. A GUI (GUI for
Uncomplicated Firewall) is available to configure it. Ubuntu compiles
its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow
protection to harden its software. These extra features greatly
increase security at the performance expense of 1% in 32 bit and
0.01% in 64 bit .The home and Private directories can be encrypted.

11. History and development process
Ubuntu is built on Debian's architecture and infrastructure, to provide
Linux server, desktop, phone, tablet and TV operating systems. Ubuntu
releases updated versions predictably every six months and each
release receives free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to
13.04) with security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative,
substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes. The first release was in
October 2004.
It was decided that every fourth release, issued on a two-year
basis, would receive long-term support (LTS).Long-term support
includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to
the 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud computing infrastructure). The first LTS
releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years
on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS
releases was increased to five years as well. LTS releases get regular
point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the
updates published in that series to date

12. Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's
unstable branch. Both distributions use
Debian's deb packageformat and package management tools
(APT and Ubuntu Software Center). Debian and Ubuntu packages
are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however;
packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in
Ubuntu. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key
packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by
pushing changes back to Debian, although there has been
criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock, the
founder of Debian, has expressed concern about Ubuntu
packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain
compatible. Before release, packages are imported from Debian
Unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific
modifications. One month before release, imports are frozen, and
packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features
interoperate well together.

13. Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July
2005, Mark Shuttle worth and Canonical Ltd., announced the
creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding
of US $10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the
support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark
Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an "emergency fund";
which in such a case, Canonical's involvement ends.
On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd-
party cloud management platforms, such as those used
at Amazon EC2.
Unity has become the default GUI for Ubuntu Desktop (not
included in 10.10 which uses Gnome 2).

14. Installation :-
The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For
the Ubuntu desktop release 14.04, a PC with at least
768 MB of RAM and 5 GB of disk space is recommended. For less
powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such
as Lubuntu and Xubuntu. As of version 12.04, Ubuntu supports
the ARM architecture. Ubuntu is also available
onPowerPC,and SPARC platforms,[citation needed] although these
platforms are not officially supported.
Live images are the typical way for users to assess and
subsequently install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image
(.iso) and subsequently burnt to a DVD and booted, or run
via UNetbootin directly from a USB drive (making, respectively, a live
DVD or live USB medium). Running Ubuntu in this way is typically
slower than running it from a hard drive, but does not alter the computer
unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot
the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still
the option to then use an installer calledUbiquity to install Ubuntu once
booted into the live environment.

15. Disk images of all current and past versions are available for download
at the Ubuntu web site. Various third-party programs such as
remastersys and Reconstructorare available to create customized
copies of the Ubuntu Live DVDs (or CDs). "Minimal CDs" are available
(for server use) that fit on a CD.
Additionally, USB flash drive installations can be used to boot Ubuntu
and Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings
and portability of the USB-installed system between physical machines
(however, the computers'BIOS must support booting from USB).In
newer versions of Ubuntu, the Ubuntu Live USB creator can be used to
install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or DVD).
Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as
dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for
persistence; for this, Ubuntu employscasper

16. The desktop edition can also be installed using the
Netboot image (aka netbook tarball) which uses the debian-installer
and allows certain specialist installations of Ubuntu: setting up
automated deployments, upgrading from older installations without
network access, LVM and/or RAID partitioning, installs on systems with
less than about 256 MB of RAM (although low-memory systems may
not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).
Ubuntu works on the newer Raspberry Pi 2,but not the original.

17. Version Code name Release date Supported
until
Precise Pangolin 26/04/2012 30/04/2017
Quantal Quetzal 18/10/2012 16/05/2014
Raring Ringtail 25/04/2013 27/01/2014
Saucy Salamander 17/10/2013 17/07/2014
Trusty Tahr 17/04/2014 30/04/2019
Utopic Unicorn 23/10/2014 31/07/2015
Vivid Vervet 23/04/2015 31/01/2016
Wily Werewolf 22/10/2015 31/07/2016
Releases:-

18. Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and
month number of the release. For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10
as it was released on 20 October 2004. Version numbers for future versions
are provisional; if the release is delayed the version number changes
accordingly.
Ubuntu releases are also givenalliterative code names, using an
adjective and an animal (e.g., "Trusty Tahr" and "Precise Pangolin"). With the
exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order,
allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. "We might skip a
few letters, and we'll have to wrap eventually." says Mark Shuttleworth while
describing the naming scheme. Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to
using only the adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 14.04 LTS
release is commonly known as "Trusty".
Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME
releases (which in turn are about one month after releases of X.org). As a
result, every Ubuntu release was introduced with an updated version of both
GNOME and X. After each release, the Ubuntu Developer Summit (UDS) is
held, at which the Ubuntu community sets the development direction for the
next cycle.

19. Upgrades between releases have to be done from one release to the
next release (e.g. Ubuntu 13.10 to Ubuntu 14.04) or from one LTS release to
the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 12.04 LTS to Ubuntu 14.04 LTS).
Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010
(10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the
end of October in order to get "the perfect 10", and makes a playful reference
to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary, 101010
equals decimal 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the
Universe and Everything" within the series.
A DVD or bootable flash drive of 1 GB or more is required for
Ubuntu 12.10 and later.Server releases still fit on CDs.

20. धनयवाद