Public Policy Importance and Understanding

Public Policy Importance
Public policy has a tremendous impact on all of society's constituents; accordingly, it is vital for the
same to understand and contribute to the policy making process. In spite of this, present day data
shows an underwhelming amount of personage contributing, or even voting in any part of the
process. Such trends point to a future that is a reflection of a past in which justice, equality, and
liberty are not a natural right. The United States of America was founded upon such principles of
democracy as per an ethical social contract in which the government served the people's best
interests for a common good, yet how can an entity adequately serve a master that lacks the
knowledge necessary to achieve aforementioned. As per Newton's laws of physics "any action has
an equal and opposite reaction"; public policy creates ripples in society that affect individual lives
both consciously and as a byproduct. Consequently, it is of outmost importance to understand public
policy, and the effects they have on all aspects of society. To achieve such a task, I believe that one
must first understand its background, purpose, effects, and most importantly, intricacy. With this in
mind, to truly appreciate and apprehend any public policy, one must understand the actions that led
to such. Whether its economical, racial, or moral reasons all policies have a story that led to their
proposal. It is important to understand how one got to a particular point as a consequence of
previous actions in order to avoid repeating previous errors, and policymaking is no exception. In
fact, understanding what actions led to the policymaking process of any singular policy allows an
individual to act accordingly. Similarly, understanding the past allows policymakers and constituents
alike to see possible consequences of their actions. Using the past for guidance and reference lets
people predict unintended consequences and plan accordingly; moreover, if a policy has failed in
previous proposals it gives reason to avoid repeating the same mistake. Along similar lines,
examples in the history of the United States show how certain policies are either beneficial or
detrimental for the greater good of the people. Looking the past for answers also
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Outsourcing Public Policy Essay
This week we are discussing public policy issues faced in the world today. Our reading for this week
defines public policy as a goal–oriented course of action that the government follows in dealing
with a problem or issue in the country (ushistory.gov). Many policies are created based on the needs
of the American people. Although policies are created with the best interest of Americans in mind
sometimes the policy might not work out as well as initially intended. One such policy that I feel
has the potential to have a negative effect is outsourcing.
Outsourcing is simply obtaining goods or services from an outside supplier in place of an inside
source. A great example of this is how our medical center has to outsource patients to other facilities
for procedures that we are not equipped to handle. This type of outsourcing is positive because the
patient gets the best care available, the base establishes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I understand that there are some industries where this cannot be avoided, but if you look at
consumable materials today you will be hard pressed to find something actually made in America.
In my opinion this country was built on the backs of coal miners and factory workers but today
we've outsourced almost everything drastically decreasing the job market and making it difficult for
fellow Americans to find employment. Other than the outsourcing of jobs abroad America has also
hurt itself with outsourcing in the federal government. The rise of the government's do more with
less mentality is stretched the military and other government offices very thin. To combat the
decline in manning the military has outsourced many jobs to civilian contract agencies. For each
contactor hired the military loses two bodies. True the job is getting done but the strain being placed
on the members is being felt as deployments continue to leave units undermanned as they try to
continue the mission with less

American Public Policy Chapter 1
Chapter one of American Public Policy, by B. Guy Peters, gives an in depth explanation of what
American public policy is. The definition that Peters gives of Public policy is the" sum of
government activities whether pursued directly or through agents, as those activities have an
influence on the lives of citizens" (4). This definition of public policy can be categorized into three
levels that will make differences in citizen's lives. The first level is policy choices. This level is
when, "decisions made by politicians, civil servants, or other granted authority that are directed
toward using public power to affect the lives of the citizens" (4). All of these choices that are made
by the president, congressman, or others can evolve into a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The first and most fundamental division of our government is "federalism or the constitutional
allocation of governmental powers between the federal and state governments" (24). Throughout the
years federalism has changed from what it was first described in the constitution. Contemporary
federalism is what is used in our modern government, and with the dilemmas that we have now a
more centralized government has been used, which was not planned when our government was
created. The second division is separation of powers. This division has a major impact on public
policies. The constitution "distributes the powers of the federal government among three branches,
each capable of applying checks and balances to the other two" (29). These three divisions can
either work together, which makes policymaking smooth and able to get things done, or they can
veto each other which makes policymaking harder and nothing gets done. The third division is
subgovernments, or can also be described as iron triangles. This division has three actors involved
the first is interest groups, the second is congressional committees or subcommittees, and the third is
the administrative agency (31–33). These actors work off each other to help get policies
implemented. These three division help compose our public policies in the United States.
Our modern government is large and complicated. Some people do not trust our government, and
there are many issues

Brief Description Of Public Policy
Part A: Brief description of public policy
Policy refers to a distinct path of action that is suitable for the pursuit of desired goals within a
particular context, directing the decision–making or behavior of an organization or individual. There
are three key elements of policies: problem definition, goals to be achieved, and policy instruments
to address the problem and achieve the goal. The policy process is an activity of balancing different
solutions that address aspects of complex problems: the policymaking is typically described as
"messy" (CITE). Important components of the policy process include identification of a policy
problem along with framing the problem for solutions (also known as policy formulation),
implementation of policy strategies, and establishing outcomes for evaluation of policy
effectiveness.
Policies come from those who have legitimate authority to impose normative guidelines for action
(i.e., elected officials). Formulation of health–related policies is complex and depends on a variety
of scientific, economic, social, and political forces. As a result, there is a considerable gap between
what public health research shows is effective and the policies that are enacted and enforced
(Brownson, Chriqui, & Stamatakis, 2009).
Non–elected officials (i.e., practitioners) are generally required to implement the policy through
programs (i.e., interventions). There are many barriers to effective policy implementation. For
example, insufficient

The Formulation Of Public Policy
Sherri Torjman seems not to answer her own question, "What is Policy" as she skirts articulating
any concrete definition of policy as she attempts to explain what it is. She attempts to succinctly
describe policy, stating, "At the end of the day, the formulation of public policy involves a process
of making good decisions – for the public good" (2005, p. 18) but this is a description of how policy
is made and fails to define policy. Levison and Sutton (2001) also define policy as a verb by
equating policy "as a practice of power" (p. 2). This definition implies that policymakers are
powerful when in there have been times in our history that marginalized groups of people acquired
more power as a result of policy. Groups such as the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered
community (or communities, depending on your perspective), could hardly be described as powerful
yet they are moving public perception and policy initiatives in new directions with rapidity
politicians either envy or decry. Levison and Sutton (2001) state that policy is a fluid and
"negotiated" (Levison & Sutton, 2001, p. 3) means to govern (p. 3) diverse people and their values;
it is a tug of war contrasting , values, desires, wants, and needs. Yet this description of what policy is
remains insufficient; policy is not just a means to govern. Means – or methods – to govern implies
lots of things besides or in addition to policy: with a big stick, by coalition building, or as a
compassionate

A Fellowship At Schaefer Centre Of Public Policy
It is with great enthusiasm that I apply for a fellowship at Schaefer Centre of Public Policy Insti at
the University of Baltimore. After researching a few universities, I found the university appealing
for its track record of academic excellence, mentorship and its proximity to Washington DC, the hub
of public policy. My inspiration to study public administration stems from, my vision to become an
agent of change, a change that will not only better the lives of women and children but, humanity as
a whole.Having lived and schooled in three different countries, I have seen firsthand the impact of
policy on the lives of citizens. In my own home country, public policy is the missing link in growth
and sustainable development.The breakdown of rule of law, absence of institutions and absolute
corruption has sent the economy to the grave. Zimbabwe, once the bread basket of Africa, is now a
dustbowl with over 13 million citizens surviving on international Aid. I am fully convinced that,
better standards of living, economic development, positive health outcomes and sustainable
development can only be achieved through effective policy formulation, implementation, and
administration.
The change Zimbabwe needs, demands knowledge and skill. A doctorate degree will give me
thorough understanding in the discourse of Public Administraion through, intergrating theory and
practice.The components of course work will give me training in different practice areas such

Roles Of Public And Public Policy
Roles of Public Administrators in the Policy Process The formulation and implementation of public
policy benefit the public. Therefore, public policy is a framework whereby the government pursues
its action plan. Moreover, it is a course of action aimed at responding to a problem and achieving a
goal. Consequently, the formulation of a policy adheres to a particular political process, and it is
enforced and implemented by a public agency. As stated, public policy affects the public, meaning
that it has an effect on the people and how they live. Subsequently, public policy should cover the
needs of the people and enhance their lives. Not all the people can participate in the policy process,
and as a result, those professions that have a direct interaction with the public can play a big role in
representing it in the policy process. Thus, public administrators are best suited to represent the
public in the policy process because they understand needs of the public, the policy process, and
where and when they can influence this process.
Policy Design Public administrators should understand that in a bureaucratic system, they are
essential for good governance. Thus, they are in a position to represent the public and its needs to
the government (Warner, 2001). As stated earlier, the role of policies is to provide a framework for
solving problems. Therefore, from a general perspective, the analytic work in problem–solving
moves toward a certain direction, thus from the

Public Policy Making Model
4. Both non–clinical (socioeconomic and demographic) and clinical factors affect the health of the
population. These determinants are affected either negatively or positively by health policy. Whether
the government means to or not, policies can enable some alarming disparities in health. Such
disparities is the lack of social services such as sickness benefits, medical services for the elderly,
better disease preventive care, and others. Many policies do not address some of the health
determinants which determine the health outcome of a particular population. Not all policies affect
negatively, such as higher tax on tobacco. Many policies, however, address the entire nation and not
a particular population which may have worse conditions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
John Kingdon lists the first stage for health policy is the agenda setting. There are a list of concerns
or problems which officials are troubled about. In order to move an issue higher up onto the agenda
list they encounter three processes which are: Problems, proposals, and politics. Problems relate to
the issue at hand and the way those who have a say in whether or not those problems deserve more
looking into. This leads into proposals. This portion is the process in how the policy is introduced,
discussed upon, reviewed, and adopted. The politics section is focused on the political influences in
regards to the agenda at

Public Policy Influences Government Stakeholders:...
Public Policy Influences Government Stakeholders: Government Stakeholders Influences Public
Policy
James Dykes Williams
University: ORG–807
January 22, 2014
Public Policy Influences Government Stakeholders: Government Stakeholders Influences Public
Policy
The American people expect that government and government–reliant organizations will protect
their interests when there are imminent threats to the well–being of citizens and humanity. In the
process of sustaining trust from the general public, stakeholders in government are elected by the
people to protect citizen's interests. An agency that functions in supportive roles, such as, Non–
Governmental Organization (NGO) have professional rescue and lifesaving ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As the towers fell and bodies were tediously removed from the rumble, the sign of the American
government's failures to detect the plot, communicate among various agencies and respond to
leaders on the ground to ward off the attack was evident by the weakness shown in government to
protect its citizens at home. The dismantling of government infrastructure, the loss of innocent lives,
and the attack on American patriotism that public interest was raised to astronomical emotions
which sparked alert security levels to be established to protect infrastructure, border and
transportation security and emergency preparedness (Rynes and Shapiro, 2005).Through the 9/11
catastrophic disaster, and public policy concerns, the American government decided to restructure
legally, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that was not prepared to protect the
infrastructure into a centralized agency. That agency would be named the Department of Homeland
Security (Rynes et al., 2005).
To examine the effectiveness of the newly developed agency, the Department of Homeland Security,
it is important to roll the clock back to August 27, 2005. The citizens in New Orleans were
devastated by Hurricane Katrina where levees broke which caused flooding of the city which
consequently; drowned citizens, created mass vandalism of stores by desperate citizen who were in
need of food,

Group Theory : Public Policy
2. Group theory a) Public policy is the product of a group struggle from the organized masses. b) A
group can become a political interest group. A political interest group can make demands or
influence the demands of society on an institution of government c) A group should consists the
following attributes: good leadership, good status/reputation, resources, sources, social skills and a
positive rapport with decisions makers d) Policy will reflect the interest of the dominant group e)
Disadvantage of group theory The poor and disadvantages are not represented Poor construction of
the group/lack focus or purpose. 3. Elite Theory a) Reflects the values and preference of the elite b)
The ruling elite has presence and influence of the governmental decision–making c) Society is
divided between the haves and have nots The elite is the selected few but does not reflex the needs
of the masses d) Elite consensus includes private enterprise, private property, and favors minimal
government intervention – big business. e) Focus on the role of leadership in policy formation, the
few govern the many 4. Institutionalism Theory – a) The study of government institutions or
organizations b) Public policy is authoritatively determined, implemented and enforced by
institutions c) No outside influence in the policy making d) Types of institutions: Congress,
Executive Branch, political parties e) A public policy created from institutional theory – No child
Left Behind Act 5.

What Role Does Religion Play In Public Policy Essay
WHAT ROLE DOES RELIGION, MORALITY, AND WORLDVIEW PLAY IN THE CREATION
OF PUBLIC POLICY?
Joseph Casale
PPOL 501: Foundations of American Governance An Introduction to Public Policy
February 11 2018
WHAT ROLE DOES RELIGION, MORALITY, AND WORLDVIEW PLAY IN THE CREATION
OF PUBLIC POLICY?
Public policy is a statement that defines the procedures of an institution for the achievement of
consistency in decision–making. It is the result of a political process, which involves enacting laws
and regulations to enable the addressing of public concern in a constitutional manner. The efficiency
of a government is founded on the presence of proper and reliable policy–making procedures. The
process of policy creation is thus the implementation of the constitution by the employment of
certain causes of action and resource ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, the conviction of religion gives humans the ability to stand against anyone and anything
thus making religious groups a force to reckon. Religion is a symbol that acts to "establish powerful,
pervasive, and long–lasting moods and motivation in men formulating conceptions of a general
order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that they seem
uniquely realistic." Examples of this influence include the Islamic movement, the strong influence
the Pope has on the Catholic movement, and the impact the Pentecostal movement had on the US
government. The worldview contributes to the aspects of living, which include lifestyle, customs,
thoughts, philosophies, beliefs, and culture. These aspects seem to change with different generations
causing even greater conflict amongst interest groups in policymaking. Indeed, individuals in
opposite factions or groups may agree based on facts but sharply differ on conclusions simply
because of their different worldviews. A classic case of the worldviews influence is gay

Public Policy And Creating The Field Through Taking Action...
Running head:EXAMINING PUBLIC POLICY AND CREATING
Examining Public Policy and Creating Solutions for Improvement
Rowe
Western Governors University
Reflections on Public Policy
The chosen public policy issue is the ongoing effort within nursing to advance the field through
taking action. In this case, action takes four distinct activities: advocacy, policy, learning as a
lifelong process and involvement in philanthropy. This action can be applied through community–
based participatory research which is a research partnership seeking the involvement of all members
of the community. Under this approach, all participants contribute their knowledge to the process in
an effort to better the quality of life in that community members (Israel et al., 2008). It is because
there are so many under–served populations and in under–serving these populations nursing fails to
live up to its professional and this is a policy change that must be made. This issue of public policy,
that is, the issue of the prevalence of under–served populations which clearly requires changing, and
the role that nursing can play in this public policy process is discussed at length in Burkhardt and
Nathaniel (2013).
To influence public policy, nurses must act as professionals with the ability and the responsibility to
affect the current and future debate over the delivery of health care. This

The Contemporary Language of Public Policy: Starting to...
Article Analysis of Public Policy The Essential Readings:
The Contemporary Language of Public Policy: Starting To Understand
This article provides the audience with an adequately clear and convincing stance to explain what
public policy is, and other academic literacy related to public policy, which included some famous
theories. The main theme of this article is that public policy is intricate and no scholar can analyze
any policies with one particular theory or model. In addition, the author argues that the public policy
is multidimensional and it influences every citizen's life profoundly.
At the beginning of this article, the author brings up the fields of policy studies, how to understand
the policy making and how they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on this case, we can compare this policy to the same theories that are mentioned in this
article.
At first, we can distinguish this policy from rational choice theory because when the government
made decisions, they definitely considered the citizens' rights and evaluated the costs after they
implemented the policy. If the expected results or effects weren't positive, they would change their
final decision, wouldn't they? Second, we can find out this policy belongs to group theory as well.
Before this modification was announced, we could have read some articles from multiple
newspapers discussing the new policy. The government invited some leaders of groups, such as
corporations or labor unions, to put heads together about the influences of reducing the income tax
rate. Before the government implemented the new income tax rate, multiple professional opinions
were considered and deliberated on.
After reading this article, the author gave readers a bunch of ideas about the public policy field. The
author illustrated the definition of public policy clearly, explained specifically the broad field of
public policy, and absolutely brought out reliable theories. It is a very useful chapter for the novice
of public policy or public administration. By all means, this article provides multidimensional
fashions to analyze or determine the

Politics And Public Policy Essay
Politics and Public Policy essay 2
Question – Britain's foreign policy is not always as ethical as it claims to be. Discuss
Throughout the years, Great Britain has gradually become a country that is known for maintaining a
good global role as well as sustaining good relationships with many countries. Great Britain has
built these relationships and contributed to the aid and fight of many wars and global issues. At the
base of these relationships is Britain's foreign policy. The foreign policy for the United Kingdom is
controlled and implemented by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office which is led by the Secretary
of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. The job of creating foreign policies and enforcing
them is taken on by these organisations as well as the input from the prime minister, businesses and
various institutions and agenices. The aim of the foreign policy is to create fair and ethical policies
to maintain global relationships however despiste this, there has been various issues that have
questioned the foreign policy's abilty to support these aims. In this essay I will explore the pros and
cons of the foreign policy, how the foregin policy is changing, the work it does and finally the
importance of it to find out if the foreign policy is really as ethical as it claims to be.
Britain is a country known for the support it gives to many countries when they are facing a time of
grief or difficulties. It could be argued that the british foreign policy is

Current Public Policy Actions : Monitoring
Current Public Policy Actions Monitoring FAiST Group as a global manufacturing organization has
operations in Europe, Americas and Asia Pacific, with functional headquarters in Italy and group
headquarters in the United Kingdom. We consider ourselves a small global company, with twenty–
six facilities. However many of the locations have less than two hundred employees and some with
fewer than fifty. This results in an organization that is thinly dispersed, but one that should be very
concerned about local, regional and federal policies as we rely heavily on trade agreements. To
assist with this each month a newsletter is sent to the Directors and the financial teams. This
newsletter is quite factual and states any regulations that have changed or that have been approved
and are scheduled to change. This is a comprehensive report for each country that we have
operations. This report does not list anything that could be influenced, just rulings that will affect
our financial reporting or operations. Within Arizona we have participated with the Arizona
Commerce Authority and receive monthly emails with what has happened in Arizona or is trending.
For the organization I manage in North America this is often more relevant. Arizona Commerce
Authority also has events for education on issues. For industry related regulations that can affect our
products or our customers we are members of the Society of Automotive Engineers. They are the
technical experts for

Public Policies Are Culturally Driven Summary
One of the problems areas we have talked about this semester centers on the actual definition of
public policy. Why is public policy so difficult to define? According to Chapter 1 of our text,
political scientists have continually addressed the problem without reaching a consensus. The term
public policy always refers to the actions of government and the intentions that determine those
actions. Making policy requires choosing among goals and alternatives, and choice always involves
intention. Since political agendas change frequently and the rational actors also change, it is easy to
see why a consensus is not commonly attained. Morgenthau stated, "To understand policy one must
first understand the complexity." Braybrooke prescribes policy as a combination of incrementalism
and utilitarianism. This combination provides the complexity through its rich fullness.
Incrementalism allows the continuation of sequences to describe the problem trends so that through
his unique combination with utilitarianism he achieves the agent that will take responsibility for the
problem; hence providing a possible description of the method to create the policy.
Other Elements of Public Policy Definitions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Governmental authority–under the direct development and influence of government; c. Develop
through action or inaction d. Are Culturally Driven e. Are in response to a crisis or perceived
need/demand
Lynn tells us that public policy is the output of a political system that comprises individuals who
come together in small groups within the framework of organizations characterized by hierarchy, the
division of labor, and specialization. Laswell put it simply as who gets it when, where, why and
how. So in response to the posed question, the answer is there is no true definition and that each
scholar and organizational unit create the definition that serves them the best.
2. What are the institutions that most affect public policy in the United States,

Public Policy And Public Health
Literature Review
The first section describes the term public policy, taking into account a number of policy definitions
from both public administration and public health, and as well as several policy influencing factors.
The second section addresses physical activity policy in particular, providing a definition of
physical activity policy as well as suggested criteria that characterize successful physical activity
policy. The third section gives an insight into policy evaluation...
What is public policy? The National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy (NCCHPP)
defines public policy as "a strategic action led by a public authority in order to limit or increase the
presence of certain phenomena within the population" (2012, p. 1). They propose an evidence–
informed analytical framework that reflects both public health perspectives and concerns of policy
makers. This is important because public health actors (i.e., policy evaluators and advocates) do not
have the power to make decisions as they represent one voice of among many in the policy making
process. The analytic framework is structured to guide public health matters in a decision–making
context with six dimensions: first, the dimensions of effectiveness, unintended effects, and equity
are related to the question of effectiveness; and subsequently, cost, acceptability, and feasibility are
related to policy implementation. Policy is often not a single decision, but a web of decisions or
sometimes rather a

Public Policy And Creating Solutions For Improvement Essay
Reflections on Public Policy The chosen public policy issue is the ongoing effort within nursing to
advance the field through taking action. In this case, action takes four distinct activities: advocacy,
policy, learning as a lifelong process and involvement in philanthropy. This action can be applied
through community–based participatory research which is a research partnership seeking the
involvement of all members of the community. Under this approach, all participants contribute their
knowledge to the process in an effort to better the quality of life in that community members (Israel
et al., 2008). It is because there are so many under–served populations and in under–serving these
populations nursing fails to live up to its professional and this is a policy change that must be made.
This issue of public policy, that is, the issue of the prevalence of under–served populations which
clearly requires changing, and the role that nursing can play in this public policy process is
discussed at length in Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2013).
To influence public policy, nurses must act as professionals with the ability and the responsibility to
affect the current and future debate over the delivery of health care. This would seem natural enough
as nursing is based on the principle that all people are of value and their health should be advanced
throughout every socioeconomic tier of society (Brown,

Agendas, Alternatives, And Public Policy
Author John Kingdon's book entitled Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policy takes at look at
Policy issues and examines how these policy issues became issues to begin with. Kingdon starts his
book by looking into how policy issues come to the government 's attention. He expresses to his
readers that problems get identified when we focus on certain events or changes. Policy is taken
over by researchers and bureaucrats, and the political aspect is dominated by members of the
government. When these three come together, Problems, Policy and Politics, issues get on the
decision agenda.
In the first chapter of his book, Kingdon explains the point of his writing. He wants his readers to
know why and how certain issues come to and overtake the government and decision agenda. He
explains the difference between issues and alternatives. Issues are the vast areas of concern whereas
alternatives are the specific ideas that could be implemented. He also makes a distinction between
the government agenda and decision agenda. The government agenda includes subjects that people
involved in government are aware of. The decision agenda only includes specific issues. These
issues are made to discuss and take action on.
Kingdon begins by examining the importance of various 'actors' within the government. The actors
in the administration include the President, Executive Office Staff, and Political Appointees. The
President is the actor who sets agendas through veto power and hiring and firing

Media Influence on Public Policy Essays
Policymaking is a political process which is affected by various social and economic factors
(Hofferbert, 1974) and media systems play an integral role in shaping the social context in which
policies are developed. Through the media, citizens learn how government policies will affect them,
and governments gain feedback on their policies and programs. Media systems act as the primary
channels between those who might want to influence policy and the policymakers '' controlling the
scope of political discourse and regulating the flow of information. Textbook policymaking follows
an orderly sequence where problems are identified, solutions devised, policies adopted,
implemented, and lastly evaluated (Mazamanian & Sabatier, 1989). In reality, ... Show more content
This effect does not refer to the sole influence of CNN on policymaking, but rather on the power of
global media networks to determine political processes through selective coverage of certain issues.
This is particularly important, as most of the public rely on the media for access to foreign policy
information (Brown & Vincent, 1995). Gilboa notes that: "The [CNN] concept was initially
suggested by politicians and officials haunted by the Vietnam media myth, the confusion of the
post'' Cold War era, and the communications revolution. Despite evidence to the contrary (Hallin,
1986), many leaders still believe that critical television coverage caused the American defeat in
Vietnam. Since then, many have viewed the media as an adversary to government policies in areas
such as humanitarian intervention and international negotiation." (Gilboa, 2005, p. 37)
To determine whether the media has the power to influence policymaking, Robinson (2000) devised
the 'policy'' media interaction model' (See Table 1), using the theoretical framework of press'' state
relations in the United States outlined by Hallin (1986). This model was applied to a number of US
humanitarian interventions, which took place in the 1990s. The results showed, that critical
reporting by the media with a strong pro–intervention frame had a 'strong' role in shaping the US
government policies when policymakers were uncertain about their actions but a 'weak' role when
government policies

Public Policy Of Globalization In Canada
Public Policy of Globalization in Canada
The government is what makes executive decisions for the public policy. Our living is depending on
living and working conditions which shape health. The social determinants of heath, shape material,
psychosocial, and behavioral routes. However, stages of life–like, genetics, early life, and cultural
factors are some components that influence health. The Canadian welfare state shapes public
policies enhance the social determinants in Canada and the low quality and the unevenly distributed
throughout the nation. There are several different factors that revolve around inequality, health
policy disputes that the government takes care of including policy makers. Contributing factors like
increasing minimum ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although the health care system is constantly making improvements, industrialized countries fail to
depict various societies that live within. Politics, public policy and health inequalities are some
issues that evolve the Canadian health care system. Social determinants expand on the availability
and affordability of housing and food. Other components like the stability and quality of
employment and health and social services being influenced by health. This chapter mainly revolves
around public policy based aspects like health inequalities and political economy perspective. The
policies the government makes revolves on the social determinants. Social determinants are known
as the living conditions, education, housing employment and food. These designs guide the
government in finding an effective solution. In conclusion, it shows that economics, politics and
social facts organize public policy in Canada and influence and shape other countries around the
world. Comprehensiveness in the Canadian health–care insurance plan of a province indicates that
all citizens insures to services that are "medically necessary." Comprehensiveness is also known as
the basket of services, because this act talks about service quality which provides a list of detailed
services insures to all citizens. This can also be categorized in the provincial governments. Thus, the
range of

Why Voting Is Important For Public Policy
Voting is very essential and one of the easiest methods to influence public policy. You just need to
be registered, and go to a polling station. It is simple because the government encourages people to
vote, to hear a broad range of opinions. It is a form of direct democracy because when you vote, it
directly affects the side or issue you support. Your vote is one more supporting opinion for a
candidate or issue that is counted. Some people may think that their vote won't make a big
difference, but if you look at it from another perspective it can impact smaller and local issues.
Although voting is imperative because you are given this privilege at the age of 18, it is not the end
of one's ability to influence government, but rather the beginning. Public policy is a system of laws
that the government created for the citizens in order to maintain order. Public policy should be fair
for all the citizens, however, on many occasions it is hard to accommodate for all races and social
classes such as lower, middle, and upper class. An example of an effective method to utilize that
influences public policy is civil disobedience. Let's use the policy that imposed high taxation on
tobacco and alcohol to demonstrate one's ability to impact the government. First and foremost the
policy is beneficial for the government because it generates revenue that is earned from the
products, however the consequence is that it encourages illegal activity. There

Public Policy Analysis Model
1. Public policy is a set of laws that are enacted to reach a specific goal. These goals are genuinely
made to be for the interest of the greater good, and the majority of people. For example, the policy
for red light cameras in Rochester was enacted to help reduce the accident rates from people running
red lights. Even though this causes people to pay fees for getting caught by the cameras, the greater
good is helped because there are less traffic accidents. Public policy helps steer the country in the
ways that our great minds think would be the best direction for the majority.
a. Discussed in class were 6 models of policy making. The first is the institutional model, it stresses
the opportunities and constraints on policy that are a part of the very structure of the American
constitutional order. The second is the Elite model, it focuses on influence on policy by powerful
individuals or groups. The third is the pluralist model, it stresses ... Show more content on
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Policy analysis is different from academic research as academic research is done through conducting
studies on samples that are usually from a much small grouped that policy analysts use. Academic
researchers usually do not have access to the same resources that government employees will have
available. However, they could generally be used in a similar manner, just on a smaller scale.
Journalism however is much different than policy analysis. Journalist while able to find credible
sources, it is harder for them to substantiate their claims. Journalist usually conduct their research
through interviews rather than sample testing which is considered not as reliable.
2. I do not favor an increase in minimum wage. I believe that minimum wages are not the root cause
for individuals who have a difficult time having the necessities required to survive. If companies has
to pay more to employ workers, then they will add these costs to their production costs, and then
simply increase the costs of the products or services

Public Policy Analysis: Gun Control Essay
Public policies are developed in response to the existence of a perceived problem or an opportunity.
The analysis delves into a public issue or problem and assesses a set of proposed government action
for addressing the issue. The job of the analyst is to describe the background and status of an issue
and then, using research and analysis, determine a proper government action to resolve the issue. By
comparing options and weighing their expected benefits, the analyst should conclude with a
recommended course of action or inaction to addressing the issue.
During the problem definition stage, one must realize that "a condition is not a social problem
unless it is seen as violating certain fundamental values and beliefs about how society ... Show more
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The analyst can also find research reports, identification problems, recommendations for new
programs or reform to existing programs, and requests for lobbying activities.
Agenda setting has raised the following questions:
Who recognizes the issue as being a problem and why is it seen as a problem?
The Institute for Legislative Action (ILA) is the lobbying force of the NRA. "The institute works
vigorously to defeat restrictive gun control legislation, pass pro–gun reform legislation, and to
educate the public about the facts concerning the many facets of firearms ownership" (NRA, 2011).
Is the issue looked at differently by groups with different values?
Are public officials interested in responding to the problem and can a public policy be formed to
address the problem?
Do public officials have the means necessary to carry out a policy response?
Has something recently happened to make this issue a problem?
How pressing is this problem?
How long will it take to respond to the problem?
Policy formulation develops policy proposals and goals to resolve the issue and restructure
problems. It determines those barriers that may be incurred and what is needed from other agencies
or the private sector. Also developed, are methods in which to evaluate how success will be judged
and the

The Influence Of Public Policy In The United States
Public Policy is the way that our Executive branch of government help maintain the order of the
country as well as the needs of its citizens. Of course, no one system can be individually perfect and
solve all issues. But the public policies in the United States have been molded on off racial
prejudices in the past, and off legacy racism in the present. Discrimination that affects the racial
dynamic of most urban cities in the nation. In this course we have discussed the necessity for public
policy and the ways in which it affects this nation. Public Policy –our government and the citizens
that have an impact through voting– help shape the economic and social system for the United
States. To go more into depth, that means that education, employment, housing, health(care), our
communities, and the criminal justice system are all impacted by the decisions made by our
government. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Public policy has influenced philanthropists to do some of the beneficial deeds they have done over
the years. That will not only benefit themselves, but also select communities and groups of people.
On the other hand, public policy has also helped with the creation of laws that do not necessarily
benefit "the people". Laws and bills passed such as the Bill of Rights or the Fair Housing Act of
1968. Although there are actions being executed by the government, sometimes they are not as
beneficial as they were intended to be. Regular citizens as well as executives of the law can
sometimes find ways to misuse or bypass the intentions of the law for their own personal purposes.
One thing I have learned is that racism, inequality, and inequity play a role in how the laws that
were created, are

Government And Public Policy In The Public And Local...
Public policy is created by addressing complicated issues which affect communities. Public policy
requires a collaboration of ideas with purposes and the means of achieving them. Society plays an
important role in policymaking and utilization, which improves implementation not only in the
public sector but also in the private sector (Peters, 2016). Government agencies at all levels can
manage and support policies.
A reported by Professor Donald F. Kettl (2014) described local zoning officials in Oso, Washington
did not inform people of the potential risk of building their homes on the hillside. Also, federal,
state, and local officials did not share information well enough, so that decision makers were not
aware of the risks involved (Kettl,2014). The inadequate communication and collaboration between
the levels of government resulted in lack of resources for tragedy stricken communities. For
instance, local nonprofit agencies offered more aid than federal, state, and local governments and
national organizations.
The mudslide tragedy of Oso, Washington buried many homes and 44 people lost their lives.
Natural disasters are incidents that affect the population by causing physical and emotional
damages, loss of life, property damages, and sometimes emphasizes the failure of public
administrative processes (Donahue & Tuohy,2006, p.5). The federal government knows more about
the risks, but they do not have power to act (Kettl,2014, p.3). Also, local governments have the
power

Why The State Is A Weak Player On Public Policy
I argue that the state is a relatively weak player in delivering public policy in contemporary
governance. I make this argument with reference to a program implement after the 1997 economic
crisis in Indonesia. Djiwandono (2006) concludes that the economic crisis in 1997 was caused by
the combination of weak domestic economic and inefficiencies financial structures and "contagion"
forces from external. Specifically, the combination of external shock starting in Thailand in 1997
and the weak Indonesia banking system soon resulted a systemic banking crisis (Omori, 2014). Data
shows that Rupiah depreciated 80% in just less than 12 months, economic growth slumped from 7–
8% annually to negative growth of approximately 14%, inflation hiked from single digits to 80%,
reversed capital flowed by $22 billion, unemployment rose by 5 million and poor people doubled
from 12% to close to 25% (Djiwandono, 2006). On January 15, 1998 Indonesian government
launched a program known as an "Economic Recovery and Reform Program" or "IMF–Plus
Reforms Program". This was a broad program which consisted of some specific programs such as
currency stabilization (Rupiah in term of Dollar), hyperinflation prevention, banking restructuring,
structural reformation, private foreign debt settlement and assistance programs for the poor
(Ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia, 2013). The aim of the program is to seize the decline of
Rupiah, to restore market lost confidence in government, to deal with

The And Public Health Policies
For years, it has been assumed by the vast majority of health care experts that everyone knows the
guiding principle of ethics in healthcare. Everyone agrees that this guiding principle has the solid
endorsement of the majority of the population. These presumptions are accepted with almost no
contention or debate. In Justice in Medicine and Public Health, Rosamund Rhodes argues that "no
single conception of justice explains the array of broadly endorsed medical and public health
policies." This thought challenges the classical approach of defining or defending one accurate view
of justice in medicine. There are many different views of justice in health care that have been
developed and debated. However, it is clear that no one view of the distribution of the scarce
resources and services fits every situation. Aristotle defined justice as giving each his due. While
this thought has its fans, others prefer a more idealistic view of justice in the field of health care.
One of these philosophies, utilitarianism, defines justice as policies and procedures that produce the
best outcomes. During times of emergency, it is acceptable for health professionals to practice triage
medicine. The practice of triage medicine represents the goal of avoiding the worst outcomes and
not the utilitarian view of the best possible outcome. Furthermore, the aim of public health research
is to collect information that may or may not be useful. The quest to gather information also appears
to

Foreign Public Policy Essays
Foreign Public Policy Analysis
Directions: Choose one specific foreign policy issue in American government and complete a public
policy analysis of how the problem was addressed.
Stage I Agenda Setting: How did this issue arrive on the public policy agenda? Identify specific
linkage institutions and describe their roles and influence in placing this issue on the policy agenda.
The Ebola virus was first discovered in the year 1976 in Africa. Since then, there have been
countless outbreaks of this virus documented in several different countries across Africa. The issue
of the Ebola virus first arrived on the public policy agenda in the year of 2014. In march of this year,
there was an outbreak in west Africa.
Stage II Policy Formulation: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any who were at high risk or some risk had to have daily check ups from health officials for a total
of 21 days straight. These policies showed to be very effective at containing the disease and
preventing it from spreading. I would characterize these policies as true reform.
Stage V Policy Change: Based on what you learned in the evaluation of the policy, is it necessary to
revise the policy? Why or why not? In your opinion, what would have to happen for the policy to
change? Basing my analysis on what I've previously learned about the policies, I believe it would be
necessary to constantly check and revise the policies on Ebola. These revisions would help to make
any improvements to the system possible and ensure the highest regulations on safety for the
general public would be set.
Stage VI Policy Termination: Should this public policy be ended? What factors would lead to
termination of this public policy? Who has the most to gain from maintaining the policy and who
has the most to lose?
I do not believe at all that these public policies should be stopped or terminated. These policies were
set in place to keep the deadly virus from west Africa from spreading throughout the United
States. It is solely for the purpose of keeping the general public safe and controlling the epidemic.
© KC Distance Learning
Foreign Policy Summary: Based on the discussion with your

Public Policy
Sandy Williams
Walden University
Abstract
The Political Stream is made up of many different aspects public mood, pressure group campaigns,
election results, ideological distributions in Congress, and changes of administration. These
developments impact the agendas and what issues become more or less of a priority. In the political
stream, there are usually a change which is caused by the shifts of important participants in the
system. The changes have an impacts on policy agendas and the outcome. The antigovernment
mood is the changes in the national public. The national mood plays a vital role it can create the
fertile ground for a policy's promotion or, on the other hand, it can slow a policy down.
Discuss the three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ideas are very rarely traced to the creative thought process of a single individual or group. The
President and Congress members can offer items for the agenda also, the White House staff,
executive branch career personnel, congressional staff, the media, lobbyists, organizations, and the
public, can supply other agenda items to be reviewed. The agenda is a list problem that are being
paid attention by governmental officials ( Jansson, 2014). Policy entrepreneurs are people who
advocate for proposals. Individuals invest their resource and time, in hope of changing the future.
Many business people advocate to promote their personal interests, solve problems, and shape
public policy according to a paticular values. In today's society tough economic times, greater
competition exists among advocacy organizations for fiscal support ( Edwards , 2010). In some
aspect, people just love the game of politics. Available alternatives play an important role because,
before a subject can achieve a position on a decision agenda, a viable alternative is available for
decision makers to consider. Public policy choices come from substitutes placed on the

Media Influence On Public Policy Essay
Policymaking is a political process which is affected by various social and economic factors
(Hofferbert, 1974) and media systems play an integral role in shaping the social context in which
policies are developed. Through the media, citizens learn how government policies will affect them,
and governments gain feedback on their policies and programs. Media systems act as the primary
channels between those who might want to influence policy and the policymakers '' controlling the
scope of political discourse and regulating the flow of information. Textbook policymaking follows
an orderly sequence where problems are identified, solutions devised, policies adopted,
implemented, and lastly evaluated (Mazamanian & Sabatier, 1989). In reality, ... Show more content
Consequently, the political sphere is now being colonised by the media, and politics has begun re–
orientating itself to satisfy the logic of media organisations (Meyer, 2002, p. 71). Therefore, the
media are active participants in the policymaking process and the ability to stimulate change or
maintain the status quo depends on their choice of subject or policy issue and how they frame it.
Active investigative reporting attempts to shape policy outcomes, but this does not necessarily mean
that it always represents the most successful approach for gaining policy changes (Spitzer, 1993, p.
7). In fact, sometimes passive, straight reporting can have a greater influence on policy choices.
When this occurs, media independence is largely bypassed, as the news generated depends solely on
the information released (as public relations material) from legitimate news sources. For example, in
the United States, White House staff routinely make 'leaks' – expressively to influence policy
decisions (Davis, 1992, p. 143; Robinson, 2001, p. 948). Robinson noted that journalists regard
"leaks... as indispensable to their work" and that they are aware of their use by officials in return for
scoops (2001, p. 949).
The media may also influence policy outcomes through their ability

Public Policy : The United States
The United States' government has a responsibility to ensure the safety and security of its citizens
and in doing so creates what is called public policy. The simplest way to describe public policy is an
action that is taken by a government in order to address issues that they are facing. Public policy as
its name states is generated through the government process such as the legislative branch. In order
to address these issues the legislative branch enacts laws and regulations.
Law is a major aspect of public policy because it can dictate how someone is treated following a
certain sequence of events. In the criminal justice world laws can regulate how an interrogation is
done and whether or not a stop is legitimate or not. The United States constitution can be seen as
public policy because it is a set of laws that must be followed or rights that must be granted. This
was a major step when the United States separated from the British. The United States Constitution
is one of the most obvious ways that external forces such as the British affect public policy. The first
ten amendments clearly show what the United States wanted that they were not receiving when the
British ruled. The first being freedom of speech which is something that we take for granted almost
every day. We are not scared of the government if we say that we disagree with what President
Obama is doing. There are countries where those who spoke out are killed or put in prison. This
public policy was made

Essay on The Creation of Public Policy
This paper is about how our government forms and decides to create public policy through the
interaction of the branches, the influence of political parties, and the effects of media. So what is
public policy? Public policy is the action taken by the government to make changes for the better.
As the paper goes on one will learn about this even further throughout it. When dealing with public
policy and how it is created one must know how the idea is even brought up and put into motion.
Anyone can have an idea for public policy and bring it to the government to be made to change
something. When this happens a bill is created with this idea to later become a law if possible.
Public policy is created because an issue arrives that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second step is pointing out all possible decisions. This means making sure all options are
pointed out to know every way that you could end up going with the final decision. The third step is
gathering research and information. This is where data is taken into account to help make a decision
easier. It shows all the pros and cons of each decision to be made. The fourth step is making the
final decision. A final decision is decided upon and is ready to be put into effect immediately. Lastly
step five is evaluating the decision. The decision is looked at as a whole, to determine if the choice
is good or not. ("The Five–Step Decision Making Process ") All these steps have to be taken to
create public policy. The role of the three branches in creating public policy is pretty important first
you start with the Legislative Branch. The legislative branch is where the public policy creation
starts. Someone presents an idea for public policy and they all vote on it. If any of the senators
object the bill becomes postponed for the next day. ("Government 101: How a Bill Becomes Law.")
Then it is further passed down the committees from this point. The committee is chosen by the
speaker of the house or the presiding officer in the senate. "Government 101: How a Bill Becomes
Law." () Usually multiple committees handle the bill. They often split apart a committee and refer to
them as subcommittees. The

Public Policy And Natural Disasters In The United States
Public Policy and Natural Disasters In the United States, people who live in poverty are already one
of the most vulnerable populations and it is this population that is heavily impacted by public policy
relating to natural disasters. Often, public policies relating to disaster preparedness and recovery are
not discussed until after a natural disaster takes place which is too late to do any good for the people
affected and who are devastated almost beyond comprehension. The role of government in disaster
preparedness and recovery became a "hot button" issue especially after Hurricane Katrina when the
federal and local governments seemed to protect/help those who already had resources and not those
with little to no resources. According to a Gallup Poll by Jones & Carroll (2005), forty–nine percent
of respondents said that FEMA was most helpful to them while thirty–one percent of respondents
said that nothing was helpful to them during recovery from Hurricane Katrina. This information
indicates that there is a gap in services disaster relief policies and programs that needs to be filled.
The opinion of New Orleans residents regarding how Hurricane Katrina was handled by the
government also depends on the resident's race, class, and gender. Many of the poor urban residents
in New Orleans that were the most devastated by Hurricane Katrina were African American (Pardee,
2014). These residents felt that they were forgotten by their government and left to die because they
did

Nike's Public Policy Issues
In today's society the public plays a major part in any business because in order for a business to be
sustained there must be clients/customers that are contributing to the business. It's vital that
companies build their missions around focusing on the needs and demands of the customers.
Nike is a company that is continually evolving with the people and society. Nike engages in public
policy advocacy on a range of issues affecting their business, the industry and other areas of
concern. They use their voice to advocate, promote and protect our business objectives with
stakeholders around the world. Nike has developed its focus on six key public policy issues which
are as follows: trade, tax and intellectual property, employment, supply chain, sustainability and
sport. This is an international focus as their main goal is to be consistent across the board and across
the market. Although this may seem simple, it can be quite complicated in some areas such as
between trade and labor, or environmental standards, trade and poverty alleviation. It has taken
numerous discussions, debates and rigorous education to try and establish consistency globally and
to create a balance between different interests taking into account local, regional, global interests,
and cultural and political dynamics. It requires that a strong stance is taken through internal and
external consultation. (public policy and advocacy , 2015)
A second company that is also continually evolving with the people is

When Making Public Policy Decisions
1. When making public policy decisions, policy makers must face a world with imperfect
information and a finite amount of resources. Both of these realities put limitations on how
effectively a policymaker can make people's lives better off. Obviously, it is impossible for anyone
to perfectly predict how a certain policy will play out when it is enacted. This includes
policymakers, who despite their noble goals of increasing the well–being of society, can only make
an educated guess about the effects a policy will have. Factors such as the fickleness of human
nature or hidden information creates uncertainties that are hard to address when making policy. For
example, in 1929 the causes of the Great Depression were not fully understood, but ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has caused many people to call into question the workings of capitalism as it operates in the
United States. By letting markets produce this outcome, it has become clear that the efficiency
gained from this system is creating an equal loss in equality. Whether there exists a natural tradeoff
between efficiency and equality or their inverse relationship is a product of our political system does
not change the fact that the tradeoff exists in our current society and is affecting policy decisions.
Policymakers who are against increasing equity see it leading to a moral hazard. By creating a
safety net through redistribution, they believe it will eliminate the incentive for people to work hard
and contribute to society. Government on the other hand would have to increase their work effort in
order to create the bureaucracy responsible for ensuring that equality is maintained. If government is
using up their resources and energy to achieve this goal, they are not only decreasing efficiency but
also incurring an opportunity loss by not using those resources for other purposes that could benefit
society in other ways. The way the United States government has handled the equality–efficiency
tradeoff shows that for the most part, they value efficiency more. As long as this tradeoff exists in
our system, or even just the belief that it exists, the lower portions of society will have little hope to

Pursuing An Education For Public Policy
During an economics lecture the professor said to my class " I do not know whether the increasing
income inequality is an issue or not". I was perplexed. I thought the goal of Economics, as a social
science, was to achieve the maximum welfare of people while efficiently using resources. So how is
income inequality that renders many people worse off, not an issue? By not stating his opinion, he
wished to remain unbiased. However, if everyone were to keep their understanding of justice and
inequality to themselves without meaningful dialogues, no societal issue would gain attention or
action.
I felt my theoretical background required training in practical applications to conceive working
solutions to some of the most pressing problems of our time. Realizing I want to be equipped with
the tools necessary to take appropriate measures when the welfare of individuals is compromised, I
knew I should seek an education in Public Policy. With my interdisciplinary academic background, I
aspire to contribute to the field of Public Policy by bringing a transnational–feminist perspective to
the socio–economic policy discourse. Therefore, there is no better place for me to pursue my
doctoral degree in Public Policy than at Chicago Harris School of Public Policy.
My experiences in research and community service have molded my policy interests and prepared
me for my graduate education in policy formulation and analysis. My joint research paper on the
lives of women veterans in the U.S.

Study Of Public Policy Making And Discuss And Explain The...
PP
Question 3
Please provide definitions of the following theoretical approaches to the study of public policy
making and discuss and explain the policy categories listed below. You must cite an example for
each of the policy category types.
A. Policy Theoretical Approaches:
Group theory– public policy is the product of the group struggle. Some public policies are born out
of group struggle. When a group seeks government intervention it becomes an interest group. The
main requirement is for the group to have access to the right people, which requires being well–
organized, excellent leadership, and little competition, which will give a good chance of getting the
public policy approved. As a result, the dominant will gain the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantage – the policy agenda concerns or issues of the elite may not reflect the issues or
concerns of the greater community.
Political Systems Theory – public policy where the environment consists of phenomenona that are
external to the political system. Its inputs are demands and support and its outputs are laws and
decisions. Public policy is created because political systems respond to the rising demands from the
environment. All the important decisions and bargaining happens outside the government in the
environment. An example: disgruntled voters in a nation decide to turn to violence in order to get
their voice out. This is a demand. The government officials talk among themselves and gather
internal feedback. Then this demand is changed into an output with a reward such as services and
opportunities as well as deprivations such as taxes and imprisonment. Easton believed that the input
was necessary because the government needs to generate internal feedback and then support for that
internal feedback in order to create laws and run the country.
Advantage – action taken by citizen are heard. Disadvantage – Theory can be considered relatively
abstract (theoretical)
Rational Choice Theory – this public policy argues that policymaker's pursuit there own self–
interest instead of any national–interest. Policy is meant to maximize social gain unless the cost
exceed it benefits. For instance, the Trump Administration Executive Order on the Immigration

Public Policy Importance and Understanding

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