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Similar to Puad 5340 d 01 module 4 lecture
Puad 5340 d 01 module 4 lecture
- 1. Ethical Decision Making ina Political Environment
- 2. The Nature ofDecisions ▪ Decision making: product of complex social process generally extending over a long period of time ▫ Increasing potential gains ▫ Monitoring ongoing decisional process ▫ Reducing resource expenditure, uncertainty or risk
- 3. Approaches to DecisionMaking: Concepts and Controversies ▪ Rational approach ▫ Works to achieve conscious goals ▫ Efficiency ▫ Cost-benefit analysis/cost-benefit ratios ▫ Value-neutral ▫ Procedural criteria
- 4. Approaches to DecisionMaking: Concepts and Controversies ▪ Critiques of rational model ▫ Only applicable to low-level decisions ▫ Many impediments to rationality ▫ Competition for resources ▫ Must deal with different aspects of same problem ▫ Not usually applicable to government decision-making processes
- 5. Incrementalism and MixedScanning: Response and Counterresponse ▪ Incrementalism ▫ Uses limited successive comparisons ▫ Simplified choices ▫ Status quo as reference for decisions ▫ Short-term effects & crucial consequences ▫ Less formalized cost/benefit measurements ▫ Satisfice
- 6. Incrementalism and MixedScanning: Response and Counterresponse ▪ Advantages of incrementalism ▫ Can satisfy ambiguous orders and legislative requirements while buying time ▫ Sometimes economic models inappropriate ▫ Can use nonquantitative measures
- 7. Incrementalism and MixedScanning: Response and Counterresponse ▪ Critiques of incrementalism ▫ Marginal changes may not meet policy demands, may overlook larger needs ▫ Makes inertia and status quo acceptable
- 8. Incrementalism and MixedScanning: Response and Counterresponse ▪ Mixed scanning ▫ Incorporates elements of rational and incremental approaches ▫ Decisions made by exploring main alternatives, but details omitted to permit overview
- 9. Decisions in theBalance: The Environment of Choice Decision-maker considerations Kinds/quantity of resources to be used Benefits vs. probable costs How are benefits and costs measured? Substantive grounds Political grounds Organizational grounds Which factor predominates?
- 10. Decisions in theBalance: The Environment of Choice ▪ Different grounds predominate for different decision makers ▫ Specialists (area of expertise) ▫ Generalists (political factors) ▪ Time factors
- 11. Information Quality and DecisionAnalysis Quantity and quality of information Decision analysis techniques Experimental method Technology Human judgment and experience Limitations Imperfect information Costs of obtaining Biases Deliberately distorted information
- 12. Information Quality and DecisionAnalysis ▪ Other issues facing decision makers ▫ Influence by previous decisions, current policy ▫ Unanticipated consequences ▫ Groupthink ▫ Sunk costs ▪ Bounded rationality framework
- 13. The Problem ofGoals ▪ Organizational goals: survival, maintenance, substantive, symbolic ▫ Symbolic goals attract political support ▫ Public policy goals may be aims (not attainable) ▫ Criticism can lead to “lowering the bar”
- 14. The Problem ofGoals ▪ Personal goals: livelihood, advancement or self improvement, strong policy attachment ▫ Some focus on personal goals only ▫ Personal goals can lead to conflicts
- 15. The Problem ofGoals ▪ Downs’ bureaucratic mind-sets: ▫ Climbers ▫ Conservers ▫ Zealots ▫ Advocates ▫ Statesmen ▪ Ideal to have goal congruence
- 16. Ethical Dimensions of DecisionMaking ▪ What is ethical behavior? ▫ ASPA’s Code of Ethics ▫ Public and ethical obligations ▫ Bailey’s moral attitudes and qualities ▫ Internal vs. external checks ▫ Rely on bureaucrat’s character/inclinations ▫ Public morality and public trust
- 17. The Ethical Setting: NewEmphasis on an Old Challenge Challenge in defining, establishing and maintaining high level of ethical behavior in government officials Ethical behaviors Professional conduct Personal honesty Concern for serving public Respecting law and democratic beliefs
- 18. The Ethical Setting: NewEmphasis on an Old Challenge Implementation: Formal adoption of ethics code Professional association codes Financial disclosure requirements Honoraria restrictions Professional activity restrictions In-house ethics training Moral leadership
- 19. Political Rationality: A Contradictionin Terms? ▪ Can politics and rationality coexist? ▪ Political rationality ▫ Political costs, benefits, consequences ▫ Choice of criteria significant
- 20. Organized Anarchies andUncertainty ▪ Organized anarchies ▫ Garbage can theory ▫ Decision making characterized by pervasive ambiguity and unpredictable behavior ▫ Choices often product of chance (not rationality)