'Non-pharmacological management in dementia' is really nice article published in British Journal of Psychiatry Advances. It gives basic idea about non pharmacological management in all forms of dementia for Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
'Non-pharmacological management in dementia' is really nice article published in British Journal of Psychiatry Advances. It gives basic idea about non pharmacological management in all forms of dementia for Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
23 September 2010 - National Council for Palliative Care / National End of Life Care Programme / the neurological alliance 15 February 2013 - National End of Life Care Programme / Whole Systems Partnership
This document aims to set out an EoLC framework for implementation that speciï¬cally meets the needs of those with neurological conditions.
It covers:
Strategic context
End of life care tools
End of life care in neurological disease
Communication and advance care planning
Co-ordination and multidisciplinary approach to care
Management of physical symptoms
Holistic care - psychosocial and spiritual aspects
Care at the end of life
Carers
Workforce, education and training
Commissioning health and social care services
Neuropsychological rehabilitation focused on improving cognitive functions which further results in improving symptoms, functional ability which enhance overall quality of life.
This ppt presentation discusses about the various models of mental illness. I found it useful to download as it gives a fair idea about various models which are generally not found in books.
John Kane - Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: New Guidelines on Diagnosis an...wef
Presentation made at the live webinar hosted by the Schizophrenia Research Forum on the 21st of February, 2017 - http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/forums/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia-new-guidelines-diagnosis-and-terminology
The DSM-5: Overview of Main Themes and Diagnostic RevisionsJames Tobin, Ph.D.
DSM-5 represents the field’s most recent attempt at revising the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic nomenclature. In this presentation, I will outline the primary efforts of the DSM-5 Task Force and the major diagnostic changes that were incorporated in the new manual, with an emphasis on the disorders of adulthood. The most promising changes are the organization of mental illness as a spectrum, the addition of dimensionality to specifier descriptions, lifespan/development and cultural refinements, and the articulation of a new hybrid model of mental illness. In the context of these gains, I also will provide a summary of the major controversies surrounding the DSM-5, including misgivings about lower thresholds to qualify for numerous diagnoses and the related concern that we may now run the risk of pathologizing “normal” human functioning.
This presentation by Dr Anita Rose, Consultant Neuropsychologist, looks at cognition and MS. It explores assessment, managing cognitive deficits and factors assessing cognition including pain, emotions and fatigue.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2013.
This presentation is one of many available on senior topics to help families better understand the aging process and find resources to help their loved one remain safe and healthy in their home. To sign up for a workshop please contact our office. Note: Videos and manuals affiliated with this presentation are only available when attending the workshop.
For more information go to www.homeinstead.com/650.
The “Project Maanasi” is a mission to deliver mental health and primary care services to poor rural women and children in southern India. The goal of the program has been to provide low cost or free care to villagers, sustained outreach to those who cannot access the clinic, and educate patients and others about seeking care to improve their lives.
23 September 2010 - National Council for Palliative Care / National End of Life Care Programme / the neurological alliance 15 February 2013 - National End of Life Care Programme / Whole Systems Partnership
This document aims to set out an EoLC framework for implementation that speciï¬cally meets the needs of those with neurological conditions.
It covers:
Strategic context
End of life care tools
End of life care in neurological disease
Communication and advance care planning
Co-ordination and multidisciplinary approach to care
Management of physical symptoms
Holistic care - psychosocial and spiritual aspects
Care at the end of life
Carers
Workforce, education and training
Commissioning health and social care services
Neuropsychological rehabilitation focused on improving cognitive functions which further results in improving symptoms, functional ability which enhance overall quality of life.
This ppt presentation discusses about the various models of mental illness. I found it useful to download as it gives a fair idea about various models which are generally not found in books.
John Kane - Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: New Guidelines on Diagnosis an...wef
Presentation made at the live webinar hosted by the Schizophrenia Research Forum on the 21st of February, 2017 - http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/forums/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia-new-guidelines-diagnosis-and-terminology
The DSM-5: Overview of Main Themes and Diagnostic RevisionsJames Tobin, Ph.D.
DSM-5 represents the field’s most recent attempt at revising the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic nomenclature. In this presentation, I will outline the primary efforts of the DSM-5 Task Force and the major diagnostic changes that were incorporated in the new manual, with an emphasis on the disorders of adulthood. The most promising changes are the organization of mental illness as a spectrum, the addition of dimensionality to specifier descriptions, lifespan/development and cultural refinements, and the articulation of a new hybrid model of mental illness. In the context of these gains, I also will provide a summary of the major controversies surrounding the DSM-5, including misgivings about lower thresholds to qualify for numerous diagnoses and the related concern that we may now run the risk of pathologizing “normal” human functioning.
This presentation by Dr Anita Rose, Consultant Neuropsychologist, looks at cognition and MS. It explores assessment, managing cognitive deficits and factors assessing cognition including pain, emotions and fatigue.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2013.
This presentation is one of many available on senior topics to help families better understand the aging process and find resources to help their loved one remain safe and healthy in their home. To sign up for a workshop please contact our office. Note: Videos and manuals affiliated with this presentation are only available when attending the workshop.
For more information go to www.homeinstead.com/650.
The “Project Maanasi” is a mission to deliver mental health and primary care services to poor rural women and children in southern India. The goal of the program has been to provide low cost or free care to villagers, sustained outreach to those who cannot access the clinic, and educate patients and others about seeking care to improve their lives.
Gerontological Nursing Research in a Time of Changeanne spencer
Keynote presentation given by Dr Catriona Murphy, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University at the 5th Annual Nursing Showcase at St Mary's Hospital, Phoenix Park, Dublin. September 6th 2017.
Bone Health and Falls Awareness in Intellectual Disability Population: Empowe...anne spencer
Bone Health and Falls Awareness in Intellectual Disability Population: Empowerment of Peers through Education - Lorraine Ledger, CNMIII, St Michael's House, Dublin
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
3. Research Funding by Selected JPND Countries
Country Basic % Clinical % H&S.C.% Total %
Ireland 76 15 9 100
Spain 74 26 0 100
Belgium 100 0 0 100
NthLands 47 27 26 100
EU 88 4 8 100
4. Dementia in Ireland
• There are currently an estimated 55,000 people with
dementia (PWD) in Ireland
– Rising to 94,000 in 2031
– Rising to 152,000 in 2046
• Average cost per PWD estimated at €40,500
• Total burden an estimated €1.9 billion
• Informal care accounts for 50% of overall costs of care
• Residential and acute care account for about 40%
• Community and primary and social equal to about 10%
5. What We Know
• People with dementia have a strong preference towards remaining at home
in their communities; data and information to help them do this is very
scarce
• Providing appropriate support to carers can reduce caregiver burden and
enhance the family commitment to caring
• The current provision of formal care in the community is fragmented, and
often lacks the flexibility and specificity to address the changing needs of
people with dementia
• Costs are high and will become higher; financing long-term care is a big
issue
• Measurement of impact and outcomes in dementia is poor
• Spending on social research on dementia is low
• There may be over-reliance on antipsychotic drugs both in the community
and especially in long-stay care
• Prevention matters
7. Biological Model
• Biological model presents a clinical perspective
• “Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterised by
global cognitive impairment, which represents a
decline from previous level of functioning, and is
associated with impairment in functional abilities
and, in many cases, behavioural and psychiatric
disturbances,” (NICE Mental Health Guidelines, 2007)
• Person with dementia as patient to be treated
• Necessary but not sufficient
7
8. Personhood
• Kitwood (1997) defines personhood as “a
standing or status that is bestowed upon one
human being by others in the context of
particular social relationships and institutional
arrangements”
• Person-centred care is the instrument often
used to achieve personhood, which is not to
be confused with individualised care (Brooker
2003)
8
9. Citizenship
• Citizenship is traditionally defined in the
social science literature as a “status
bestowed on those who are full members of
a community. All who possess the status are
equal with respect to the rights and duties
which the status bestows,” (Marshall, 1949/92:
18)
• A citizen is defined by the acquisition of, and
participation or inclusion in, the country or
community in which they live, (Gould, 1988)
9
10. Social Model of Dementia
• “The social model of care seeks to understand
the emotions and behaviours of the person
with dementia by placing him or her within
the context of his or her social circumstances
and biography. By learning about each person
with dementia as an individual, with his or her
own history and background, care and
support can be designed to be more
appropriate to individual needs,” (NICE
Mental Health Guidelines, 2007)
11. Psychosocial Theoretical Foundations
• Rooted in personhood/person centredness,
autonomy, dignity, respect, communication,
understanding dementia processes and
symptoms
• Concerned with human interactive behaviour
between providers/families and the person
with dementia (PWD)
• Reciprocity and integration mediated within a
social context
12. History
• Relatively new – origins in 1960’s and Reality Orientation
work
• But few studies emerged pre-2000 – mostly small-scale,
short-term, diverse, opportunistic and site-specific
• Absence of theoretical frameworks
• Difficulty of undertaking RCT’s – methodological issues –
replication difficult
• Absence of appropriate outcome measures
• Inadequate research funding
13. Psychosocial Interventions
• Therapeutic endeavour involving human interactive
behaviour between therapist(s) and clients
throughout the course of the intervention
• Any intervention that focuses on psychological
and/or social factors rather than biological factors
• Include a wide range of behavioural therapies,
educational programmes, psychotherapy and
support groups
14. Psychosocial Domains: American
Psychiatric Association
• Behavioral approaches – identify antecedents and
consequences of problem behaviors and attempt to reduce
the frequency of behaviors by making changes in the
environment (e.g. regular toileting)
• Stimulation-oriented – recreational activity, art, music or pet
therapy – aim to maximize pleasurable activities
• Emotion-oriented – supportive psychotherapy, reminiscence,
validation therapy, sensory integration, simulated presence
therapy
• Cognition-oriented – focus on specific cognitive defects:
reality orientation, cognitive retraining, skills training
15. Specific Interventions Across Europe
• Carer support, physical activities,
reminiscence, multi-sensory
stimulation/snoezelan, behaviour therapy,
massage/touch, cognitive behaviour therapy,
recreational activities, environmental design,
cognitive stimulation, music therapy,
aromatherapy, animal assisted therapy, reality
orientation, memory training, validation and
emotion oriented care
16. Quality of Interventions
• Few studies in Olazaran’s 2010 review met
high quality standards: 13/179
• Interventions/participants not fully described
• Sample sizes low < 30
• Absence of blinding of outcome assessment
• Not enough emphasis on compliance -
Intention to Treat Analysis
• High attrition rates
• Absence of validated outcome measures
17. General Quality of Life (EQ-5D)
• There is debate around the extent to which generic preference–based measures
fully capture aspects of quality of life associated with dementia
• The EQ-5D does not sufficiently cover the impact of changes in cognitive
functioning on quality of life
• Although the cognitive challenges of dementia, including deficits in memory,
insight, language and interpretation, would be expected to impact on an
instrument‘s performance, there has been little validation of the EQ-5D for this
condition
• A cognitive dimension has been developed for the EQ-5D, but utility values for the
EQ-5D incorporating this component are in the early stages
• Differences in response have also been found between people with dementia and
family carers, with patients reporting higher utility scores than carers
• Recent work from Sheffield on the development of a health state classification
system derived from the DEMQOL system, a measure of health-related quality of
life in dementia by patient self-report and carer proxy-report
18. Typical Outcomes
• Quality of life person with dementia (QoL-AD scale)
• DEMQOL
• Activities of daily living (Bristol ADL)
• Depression (Cornell scale for depression in dementia
(CSDD))
• Autobiographical memory (autobiographical memory
interview (AMI(E))
• Agitation ((Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory
(CMAI))
• Anxiety (rating anxiety in dementia (RAID) and hospital
anxiety and depression scale (HADS))
• Caregiver burden (Zarit burden interview)
• Personhood – the self
18
19. Some Examples of RCTs of PSIs
• UK: (Spector et al, 2003): 7 week cognitive stimulation therapy
programme was associated with significantly improved cognition
(MMSE, ADAS-Cog) and QoL (QoL-AD); n = 115
• Argentina (Serrani Azcurra, 2012): a 12 week life story-based
reminiscence programme in long-stay residential units showed a
significant improvement in QoL (SRQoL scale) and engagement (SES
scale) of residents; n = 135
• UK: (Woods et al. 2012) REMCARE: 10 months, joint reminiscence
groups for people with dementia and their family caregivers
identified no differences in QoL for PWD (QoL-AD) and an increase
in stress for carers (anxiety subscale of GHQ-28); n = 448 PWD
20. Focus on Reminiscence
• Cochrane Review concluded that there was uncertainty
in relation to the effectiveness of reminiscence therapy
and called for more and better designed trials in the area
• Five trials but in total only covered 144 participants
• Inconclusive evidence on effectiveness
• Some evidence of improvement in cognition and in
mood, as well as decrease in caregiver strain
• Our work in Ireland on reminiscence – (Int.Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry)
21. Reminiscence –Irish Study
• Intervention - structured education
programme
• 3 days training for care staff
• Two group single-blind cluster randomised
trial
• 153 in intervention; 151 in control
• 18 residential units in trial
• Baseline data collected and 18-22 weeks later
• 4-point difference required in QoL-AD
22. Outcome measures
• Primary outcome
– Quality of life: Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s disease (QoL-AD)
resident score
• Secondary outcomes
– Quality of life: Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s disease (QoL-AD)
caregiver score
– Agitation: Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI)
– Depression: Cornell Scale for Depression (CSDD
– Staff burden: Zarit Burden Interview
24. Psychosocial Guidelines Across Countries
• Inclusion of psychosocial interventions in dementia guidelines
across Europe is limited
• Guidelines for psychosocial interventions found in only
5/12 countries (Vasse et al., 2012)
• UK NICE guidelines had best methodological quality and
included most recommendations (e.g. recommend the use of
group Cognitive Stimulation for people with mild to moderate
dementia, irrespective of drug treatments received).
• Physical activity and carer interventions recommended most
often across all guidelines
• Even when guidelines exist physicians tend to recommend
pharmacological interventions far more often (Rimmer et al,
2005)
25. Psychosocial interventions in national
dementia strategies
• French Alzheimer Plan… create/identify specific units for
patients suffering from behavioural problems in long-stay
care and provide activities, including PSIs, delivered by
specially trained staff (e.g. occupational and psychomotor
therapists)
• Some reference to the use of non-pharmacological
management strategies and/or reduction in use of
antipsychotics for BPSD in English Dementia Strategy
• References to psychosocial needs in Irish Dementia Strategy
• Generally, national dementia strategies focused at higher
level (improving diagnosis, improving quality of care) than on
major paradigm shift towards psychosocial interventions
26. New Paradigm
Personhood not patient/client
Prevention as much as cure
Strengths more than deficits
Capabilities more than risk
Inclusion (citizenship) not exclusion
Social as important as biological