The document is a psychology project report on choosing a mate. It includes an introduction discussing mate selection as an evolutionary process. The method section describes the quantitative research design, including questionnaires given to 100 participants to determine factors considered in mate selection. The results section presents 10 figures showing participants preferred kindness, intelligence and physical appearance as the top 3 factors. Most accepted an age difference of 1-5 years and over half accepted long distance relationships or different races. Discussion analyzes the findings and differences between male and female mate preferences based on evolutionary perspectives.
: Survey is a technique of descriptive research that is used to determine the opinions of a specified population.
Basically Surveys are method of data collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questioning.
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3LASA 1.docxDIPESH30
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3
LASA 1: FINAL PROJECT EARLY METHODS SECTION
THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION AND EXTRAVERSION
PERSONALITY TRAITS ON MARITAL BLISS
STUDENT
_______ UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 15, 2015
Author Note:
This research was carried out as a partial fulfillment towards research methods course by.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
1. What is your research question?
What is the significance of extroversion and introversion in marriage?
1. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Null Hypothesis: Extroversion brings along successful family institution and marital bliss.
Alternate hypothesis: Extroversion does not bring along successful family institution and marital bliss.
1. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
20 participants will be engaged in the research study. This is a small number that is easier to manage as well as coordinate their activities during the data collection exercise. Ideally, participants are required and are normally sampled from a large population to be a representative. The nature of the study will require the researcher to get participants who have experiences in marriage. On gender, I will sample equal number of men and women to act as the representative of the general population. The approach is guided by the population in the community where the number of women and men is at par. On age, I will pick individuals from across ages although the highest percentage will constitute of married individuals between the age of 30 and 40 years. Further, I will also pick four individuals who have divorced with the aim of understanding whether introversion or extroversion contributed to their divorce. I will also look at the personal traits of individuals; hence will both social and anti-social individuals. The target participants will precise, representative and homogeneous. They will then be divided into different sets or strata that are mutually exclusive in order to aid it obtaining a systematic process of research.
1. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does yoursample generalize to?
Being a qualitative research, the research will utilize the sampling method in the collection of data. Surveying and questionnaire are the main data collection methods that are normally used in quantitative research. The methods aids in understanding the behavior and effects from different members of the focus groups. The approach helps to reduce biases that may emerge when using a bigger population size while at the same time gu ...
: Survey is a technique of descriptive research that is used to determine the opinions of a specified population.
Basically Surveys are method of data collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questioning.
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3LASA 1.docxDIPESH30
LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section3
LASA 1: FINAL PROJECT EARLY METHODS SECTION
THE ROLE OF INTROVERSION AND EXTRAVERSION
PERSONALITY TRAITS ON MARITAL BLISS
STUDENT
_______ UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 15, 2015
Author Note:
This research was carried out as a partial fulfillment towards research methods course by.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to
1. What is your research question?
What is the significance of extroversion and introversion in marriage?
1. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
Null Hypothesis: Extroversion brings along successful family institution and marital bliss.
Alternate hypothesis: Extroversion does not bring along successful family institution and marital bliss.
1. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?
20 participants will be engaged in the research study. This is a small number that is easier to manage as well as coordinate their activities during the data collection exercise. Ideally, participants are required and are normally sampled from a large population to be a representative. The nature of the study will require the researcher to get participants who have experiences in marriage. On gender, I will sample equal number of men and women to act as the representative of the general population. The approach is guided by the population in the community where the number of women and men is at par. On age, I will pick individuals from across ages although the highest percentage will constitute of married individuals between the age of 30 and 40 years. Further, I will also pick four individuals who have divorced with the aim of understanding whether introversion or extroversion contributed to their divorce. I will also look at the personal traits of individuals; hence will both social and anti-social individuals. The target participants will precise, representative and homogeneous. They will then be divided into different sets or strata that are mutually exclusive in order to aid it obtaining a systematic process of research.
1. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does yoursample generalize to?
Being a qualitative research, the research will utilize the sampling method in the collection of data. Surveying and questionnaire are the main data collection methods that are normally used in quantitative research. The methods aids in understanding the behavior and effects from different members of the focus groups. The approach helps to reduce biases that may emerge when using a bigger population size while at the same time gu ...
1 S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h
Sociologists doing Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Explain the steps in the research process.
Define and identify dependent and independent variables.
Explain sampling.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of data.
Identify levels of measurement of variables.
Analyze ethical concerns in research.
One of the most remarkable traits that August Comte mandated for Sociology was a core of
scientific rigor. He proposed the concept of positivism which is the scientifically-based
sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective
measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society. Although
the current definition of positivism expands far beyond Comte’s original vision, sociological
scientific methodology is used by government and industry researchers and across higher
education and the private sector. Comte was originally interested in social statistics, why
societies remain the same, and social dynamics, why societies change. Most sociological
research today falls within these broad categories. Sociologists strive for objectivity, which
is the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias. Bias-
free research is an ideal that, which if not present, could open the door to extreme
misinterpretation of research findings.
Sociology is both different from and similar to other scientific principles. It differs from
chemistry, biology, and physics in that sociology does not manipulate the physical
environment using established natural science theories and principles. It is similar to
chemistry, biology, and physics in that statistical principles guide the discovery and
confirmation of data findings. Yet, sociology has no universally social laws that resemble
gravity or the speed of light, as other scientific methods do. This is because chemistry,
biology, and physics have the luxury of studying phenomena which are acted upon by laws
of nature. Sociologists study people, groups, communities, and societies which are
comprised of agents, people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied
motivations.1
THE RESEARCH PROCESS2
Problem Recognition & DefinitionResearchers start with a question such as “What do I want
to know?”; “What is important for society to know?”; or “Why does this occur?”
Unfortunately some questions cannot be answered, such as “How many angels can dance
on the head of a pin?” Even though many would like to know the answer to this question, it
cannot be empirically observed; that is it cannot be perceived through one of the five
senses—sight, taste, touch, hearing or smell. After a researcher decides on what question
they want to answer they must state their goals and objectives. Do they want to determine
if religious service attendance causes couples to ha.
1 S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i o l o g i s t s d o i n g R e s e a r c h
Sociologists doing Research
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Explain the steps in the research process.
Define and identify dependent and independent variables.
Explain sampling.
Calculate the mean, median, and mode of data.
Identify levels of measurement of variables.
Analyze ethical concerns in research.
One of the most remarkable traits that August Comte mandated for Sociology was a core of
scientific rigor. He proposed the concept of positivism which is the scientifically-based
sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective
measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society. Although
the current definition of positivism expands far beyond Comte’s original vision, sociological
scientific methodology is used by government and industry researchers and across higher
education and the private sector. Comte was originally interested in social statistics, why
societies remain the same, and social dynamics, why societies change. Most sociological
research today falls within these broad categories. Sociologists strive for objectivity, which
is the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias. Bias-
free research is an ideal that, which if not present, could open the door to extreme
misinterpretation of research findings.
Sociology is both different from and similar to other scientific principles. It differs from
chemistry, biology, and physics in that sociology does not manipulate the physical
environment using established natural science theories and principles. It is similar to
chemistry, biology, and physics in that statistical principles guide the discovery and
confirmation of data findings. Yet, sociology has no universally social laws that resemble
gravity or the speed of light, as other scientific methods do. This is because chemistry,
biology, and physics have the luxury of studying phenomena which are acted upon by laws
of nature. Sociologists study people, groups, communities, and societies which are
comprised of agents, people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied
motivations.1
THE RESEARCH PROCESS2
Problem Recognition & DefinitionResearchers start with a question such as “What do I want
to know?”; “What is important for society to know?”; or “Why does this occur?”
Unfortunately some questions cannot be answered, such as “How many angels can dance
on the head of a pin?” Even though many would like to know the answer to this question, it
cannot be empirically observed; that is it cannot be perceived through one of the five
senses—sight, taste, touch, hearing or smell. After a researcher decides on what question
they want to answer they must state their goals and objectives. Do they want to determine
if religious service attendance causes couples to ha ...
Participant Observation Essay
An Exploratory Research..
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Exploratory Questions
The Purpose of Exploratory Research
Examples Of Exploratory Essay
Research methods1. Survey research The city of Warren has o.docxdebishakespeare
Research methods
1. Survey research:
The city of Warren has over 1,000 full-time police officers and 300 support staff employees. In the past year, there has been an excess number of department employees (police and staff) taking sick leave. The city wants a study done to determine why there has been so much sick time taken. Rumors suggest it has something to do with morale and declining support of the chief. Assume research approval has been given. The city is specifically interested on how you address the following:
1. Will this be an inductive or deductive approach? What is the difference and which will you choose and why?
2. What type of comparative or prior research would you look at in preparing your study ( examples)?
3. What type of research design or questionnaire will you use? In other words, how will you design the study and how will you develop, validate, and administer the questionnaire (consider Likert scaling measures)?
4. Due to costs, you can only do a sampling study. How will you get a random sampling of 500 police subjects and 100 staff for study ( explain your method for doing a random sampling of each)?
5. How will you assure the validity and reliability of the study? Explain the difference between the two and explain the importance of each ( suggest an example of each as well).
6. How will you examine or analyze your findings (how will you present the data), and how will you determine if the results are statistical significant or not?
2. Experimental research:
A researcher wants to determine which method is most effective in reducing weight gain in middle age persons. There are three methods used. One method is to exercise at a gym three evenings a week with a trainer. The second method is a daily drug (pill) administered without exercise and the third is a personal exercise routine without a drug or the use of a trainer. Some argue that trainers are the best, others the pill and others the personal routine, which is referred to as the normal or usual practice of weight loss. Assume you have a pool of 600 volunteers of various weights, age ranges and health issues, etc. to choose for the study. Due to cost you can only select 220 total participants. Develop a study using a classical research design to evaluate the three methods. Include the following in your response.
1. Is this a qualitative or quantitative study ( explain the difference)?
2. How will you address randomization of the participants? In other words, while perfect randomization of subjects may be difficult to achieve, how will you select the participants for the three groups to reduce bias ( e,g, consider health issues, etc.).The participants in the study do not have to be equal numbers in groups.
3. Will you use a classical research design, a non-classical, or pre-experimental design ( explain the difference between them)?
4. Identify the control and experimental groups and pre and post test procedures used in your study (time period of ...
Running Head LASA 1 Final Project Early Methods Section .docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: LASA 1: Final Project: Early Methods Section 1
USE AND MISUSE OF INFORMATION PRESENTED AS PERCENTAGE 2
LASA 1: Final Project: Early Methods Section
Name
Class
Instructor
School.
Date
1. What is your research question? My research question for this study is, what is the relationship between peer pressure and underage drinking?
2. at is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis? There is a positive correlation between peer pressure and underage drinking. My null hypothesis is There is no correlation between peer pressure and underage drinking.
3. How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not? For this study I think I would use about 200 students from 4 different schools in the same general area. I would get 25 students from each school, my inclusion characteristics would be female and male students ages 10-20, different social groups, grades levels, and those who have had an alcoholic drink. Some Exclusion characteristics would be kids who are too old, homeschooled, or have never had a drink. The sample for this study needs to be diverse because I don’t believe one could get an accurate reading and or estimation of which students are under the influence and which aren’t without a large population of samples. The samples do not need to be completely diverse however because I am still looking for a certain type of person in a limited group.
4. What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does your sample generalize to? The sampling technique which will be used to collect my sample isconvenience sampling. Convenience sampling is a non-probability statistical method of drawingrepresentativedata by selecting people because of the ease of their volunteering or selecting units because of their availability or easy access. Convenience sampling is limited when generalizing. Since the sample is not representative of the population, the results of the study cannot speak for the entire population. This results to a low external validity of the study.
5. What are the variables in your study? The two variables in my study are peer pressure and underage drinking.
6. Provide operational definitions for each variable.
Peer pressure is the influence you feel from a person or group of people to do something you might not otherwise consider doing. Peer pressure isn’t always a negative thing. It can be a positive influence and help challenge or motivate you to do your best. However, it’s helpful to recognize that peer pressure can also be negative. It can result in yo.
Cross-Cultural PsychologyChapter 2 Methodology of Cross-Cult.docxannettsparrow
Cross-Cultural Psychology
Chapter 2
Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research
A blind man who sees is better than a seeing man who is blind.
Persian Proverb
Never believe on faith, see for yourself! What you yourself don’t learn, you don’t know.
Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956)—
Twentieth-Century German Playwright
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
1
Goals of Cross-Cultural Research
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Imagine, a researcher wants to find similarities and differences between arranged marriage practiced in India and nonarranged marriages in the United States and how they affect marital stability. What does the psychologist aim to pursue in this particular project?
First, the researcher wants to describe the findings of this research.
Then, when some differences between ethnic groups are found, the researcher tries to explain whether these factors affect stability.
The practical value of the study may be significant if it not only explains but also predicts the factors that should determine successful marital relationships in both studied groups.
2
Love marriages are like hot soup that cool overtime, arranged marriages are like cold soup that warm up.
-Outsourced
“There is never a time or place for true love. It happens accidentally, in a heartbeat, in a single flashing, throbbing moment.”
― Sarah Dessen, The Truth About Forever
Different cultures and even people within these cultures have different perspectives on love and marriage.
3
First, the researcher wants to describe the findings of this research.
Then, when some differences between ethnic groups are found, the researcher tries to explain whether these factors affect stability.
The practical value of the study may be significant if it not only explains but also predicts the factors that should determine successful marital relationships in both studied groups.
Factors that Affect Marital Stability
What we aim to do as cultural psychologists is to describe, explain, and predict behavior.
4
Two strategies in cross-cultural research
Application-Oriented
Strategy
Comparativist
Strategy
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Application oriented attempts to establish research findings obtained in one country to the culture of another. Comparativist trys to find similarities and differences in sampling of cultures.
5
equivalence. Indicates that the evidence that the methods selected for the study measure the same phenomenon across other cultures chosen for the study.
Method A is used to study anxiety in France and Italy
Method B is used to study anxiety in India and Pakistan
The results will likely to be incompatible due to the equivalency problem
!
Shiraev/Levy Cross-Cultural Psychology 5/e
Consider a study that measures anxiety using a self-report survey in France but a study which uses observation of a population and measures number of anxiety educing instances in an Indian population. While they may attempt to measure the sa.
1. SHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
FOUNDATINO IN NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY – PSY0103
PSYCHOLOGY PROJECT – CHOOSING MATE
GROUP MEMBERS: (LEADER) NICHOLAS YAP WEI TYNG
TEO CHONG YIH
MELVIN LIM
LILY
MAK
LECTURER: MISS PENG CHIA YEE
DATE OF SUBMISSION: JANUARY 22, 2014
0314058
0314660
3. AKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our lecturer, Miss Pang Chia Yee
for her input and assistance in giving us suggestion, encouragement and guide us in completing
our project and report in a proper and formal way. We would also like to thank all the teammates,
Nicholas Yap, Chong Yih, Melvin Lim, Mak and Lily who help each other to in providing
suggestions, questions for the questionnaire and giving the best efforts to work on this research,
data analysis and conducting a report. Last but not least, we would like to thank all the
participants involved in this study for their time, understandings and support on us in completing
this project.
1
4. ABSTRACT
Selecting a mate was part of human being’s life. Selecting an ideal husband or wife was
their responsibility .Considering certain status and characteristic that can suits one’s life when
selecting a mate was important. So, this paper is to describe a study which attempt to find out
which factors that participants considered the most when selecting a mate. 100 participants were
picked randomly were given questionnaire with 9 different questions to answer. Participants
were required to finish on that time. According to researchers’ hypothesis, participants prefer
physical appearance more than other factors. However it was result that participants prefer kind
person more than a nice looking person. The results are discussed based on the characteristic of a
person and its perspective when selecting a mate.
Keywords: selecting a mate; considering status and characteristic of the mate; prefer psychical
appearance; perspective when selecting a mate.
2
5. INTROUDCTION
This assignment is in a group of between 4 to 5 students. Students will be required to
conduct a social psychology research experiment and need to do a presentation. Group research
topics, hypothesis and research methods must be approved by the course instructor well in
advance. So our topic is talk about social psychology research experiment and we choose
selecting a mate as our topic.
Selecting a mate is a purpose in our lives. Every human will to choose a mate as their
future wife or husband. Mate selecting is an evolutionary process in which selection of a mate
depends on attractiveness of its traits. Humans are in a small minority in the important way for
over 95 percent of other mammals, family arrangements involving male care of offspring are
non-existent. Across human societies, though, men and women bond together in marriage. Not
all human mating occurs within such bonds; within and across societies, polygamous
arrangements are relatively common. In considering how and why people choose mates,
therefore, two points are significant, there are variations as well as universalities across cultures,
and distinction between selection of mates for short-term relationships versus long-term
relationships.
The discussion below begins with research and theories focused on immediate
psychological triggers of mate choice, and moves through progressively like relationship
exchange, cultural and historical factors, and evolutionary history. Like the single frames, scenes,
and overall plot of a movie, are complementary, and all are required to see the "big picture" of
mate selection.
3
6. In conclusion, there are different between male and female in selecting a mate therefore
in this assignment research will show the different and the compare between male and female in
the choice of their selecting a mate.
4
7. METHOD
In this survey, researchers prepared questionnaires. Researchers went around Taylor’s
University Lakeside Campus and minorities were from other places, researchers asked students
from different ages and races to help in answering the questionnaire. Researchers decided to also
do a quantitative research as because the more data were collected, the more interesting and
accurate the results will be. There will be four sub-topics in this method, Design, Participants,
Material, and the Procedure.
(i)Design
In this survey, there are 3 types of variables: Independent variable, dependant variable and
extraneous variable. The independent variable for this survey is the relationship status. The
dependant variable is finding the characteristics of a person and its perspective when choosing
the correct partner. Lastly, for extraneous variable, it is the honesty of the participants.
Researchers made sure that they will watched over them while the participants are doing
questionnaire. Researchers also asked the participants to write their honest answers and explain
to them if they do not understand any of the questions.
(ii) Participants
Participants that were involved in this survey were mostly the teenagers, majorities were
Taylor’s University’s students and minorities were from other places. There were 100
participants participated in this survey.
5
8. (iii) Material
The materials that researchers used in this survey are papers for the questionnaire, some pens and
pencils.
(iv)Procedure
Last but not least, the procedures while conducting this survey. First is the researchers chose a
topic that the group is happy and satisfied with. Then, researchers form a hypothesis for this
survey. Followed by deciding on what type of research is suitable, quantitative or qualitative.
Researchers decide to use quantitative research.Next, researchers created questions for the
questionnaires. After that, researchers did a survey around the University by giving out the
questionnaire. Data were then collected after reaching the amount of 100 participants.
Researchers are then analysis those data by using certain mathematical calculations. Researchers
translated the data into graphs. Researchers finished it by writing a report of the collected data
and discussion about data based on researchers’ opinion and researches.
6
9. RESULT
Figure 1
90
80
70
60
Mode of figure 1: A (84)
50
40
30
20
10
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Figure 1 shows that the top three factors that participants think is important when
selecting a mate. The list below shows what the symbols’ represent.
A: Kindness
B: Intelligent
C: Physical Appearance
D: Highly Educated
E: Healthy
F: Wealthy
G: Religious Orientation
7
10. H: Family Background
Through the figure above, researchers found out that there are 84 responses for factor A
(Kindness). It was the highest amount of responses among all other factors. The second highest
response was factor B (Intelligent) and the amount of response was 56. The factor that receives
the lowest response was factor F (Wealthy) as in the amount of only 10 responses.
Figure 2
Acceptable Age difference
60
50
Mode of figure 2: 1 to 5 (57)
40
30
20
10
0
1 to 5
6 to 10
11 to 15
16 to 20
21 to 25
26 to 30
Non of
Above
Figure 2 shows that what range of the age difference is acceptable for the participants
when choosing a mate.
Through the figure above, researchers found out that most of the participants accept the age
difference range of 1 to 5. There were 57 participants that chosen the 1 to 5 range of the
acceptable age difference. There were 0 participants that were able to accept 11 to 15 range of
the acceptable age difference. So it was the lowest amount of people in the figure above.
8
11. Figure 3
Distance Relationship
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Yes
No
Figure 3 shows that the amount of participants that can accept long distance relationship.
Through the figure above, researchers found out that there were 57% of participants were able to
accept long distance relationship. However, there were 43% of participants who were not able to
accept long distance relationship.
9
12. Figure 4
Different Races
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Agree
Disagree
Figure 4 shows that would participants consider dating someone from a different race than
participants themselves.
Through the figure above, researchers found out that there were 56% of participants would
consider dating someone from a different race when selecting a mate. However, there were also
44% of participants wouldn’t consider dating someone from a different race when selecting a
mate.
10
13. Figure 5
Bad Family Background
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes
No
Figure 5 shows that could participants accept bad family history background such as drug
addiction
Through the figure above, researchers found out that there were 27% of participants could accept
bad family history background when selecting a mate. However, there were 74% of participants
could not accept bad family history background when selecting a mate.
11
15. Figure 7 was related with figure 6, it shows that will the participants who agree online
dating works use this method when selecting a mate.
Through figure 6, researchers found out that there were 21 participants think that online dating
works when selecting a mate. However, there were 79 participants who disagrees that online
dating works when selecting a mate.
According to figure 7, among the 21 participants think that online dating works when selecting a
mate, there were only 9 participants will use this method and there were 12 participants will not
use this method.
13
17. Figure 9 was related with figure 8, it shows that will the participants who agree speed
dating works use this method when selecting a mate.
Through figure 8, researchers found out that there were 23 participants think that speed dating
works when selecting a mate. However, there were 77 participants who disagrees that speed
dating works when selecting a mate.
According to figure 9, among the 23 participants think that speed dating works when selecting a
mate, there were only 10 participants will use this method and there were 13 participants will not
use this method.
15
19. Figure 10 was related with figure 11, it shows that will the participants who agree blind
dating works use this method when selecting a mate.
Through figure 10, researchers found out that there were 28 participants think that blind dating
works when selecting a mate. However, there were 72 participants who disagrees that blind
dating works when selecting a mate.
According to figure 11, among the 28 participants think that blind dating works when selecting a
mate, there were only 13 participants will use this method and there were 15 participants will not
use this method.
17
20. DISCUSSION
Based on the result, most people prefer their mate which is kind, intelligence and good
physical appearance, which is 28%, 18%, and 16%. Even though most of the people have the
similar opinion when comes to choosing mate, but there a slightly differ between male and
female. For women, a preference for a culturally successful marriage partner is not enough, in
and of itself, to constitute the most successful reproductive strategy for women. Culturally
successful men are often arrogant, self-serving, and better able to pursue their preferred
reproductive interest than are other men. These preferences often involve pursuing multiple
mating partners rather than investing in one women and her child. Characteristics are important
which can provide information on the ability and willingness of the man to be loyal towards the
wife and children. With the exception of age and physical attractiveness women are more
selective compare to men in their choice of mate. Buss (1989) found that women rated
prospective husband who was kind, understanding and intelligent more than a prospective
husband who was none of these but only had the potential to become culturally
successful.Majority of women prefer men with whom they can develop an intimate and
emotionally satisfying relationship. However this type of relationship is more common in
middle-class and upper-middle-middle class, this explains why women are more concern about
personal behavior compares to others traits. Besides, physical attractiveness and good body
health is a part of concert when come the choosing mate. Women prefer for an attractive mate
makes biological sense (Fink&PentionVoak, 2002; Gangestad, 1993; Gangsestad& Buss, 1993).
Women are more likely to choose an attractive mate because handsome husbands more likely to
sire children who are attractive and thus sought out as mating and marriage partners in adulthood,
these men and their children also seen to be physically healthier than other men and their
18
21. children Gengestad, Thornhill, & Yeo, 1994; Grammerþhill, 1994; Singh 1995a;
Thornhill&Gangestad, 1993, 1994). Women find attractive in men are also indicate man’s
physical and genetic health. For men who want a long-term marriage partner majority of them
are prefer intelligent marriage partners and partners with who a compatible and cooperative
relationship can be developed (Buss, 1989; Li et al, 2002). According to the result of the survey,
men rated the intelligence, kindness, healthy and physical appearance of a prospective mate is as
important attributes, and for many men these traits were more important than others traits. Other
than personal behavioral, men also concern physical attributes and fertility. Women and men
prefer sexually attractive partners, but this preference is consistently found to be more important
a necessity and not a luxury for men than for women (Buss, 1989; Feingold, 1990; Hatfield
&Sprecher, 1995; Li et al., 2002; Oda 2001). From evolutionary perspective, men’s ratings of
women’s attractiveness are related to the women’s fertility.
In the other hand, traits such as education level, wealth, religious orientation, and family
background are fewer amounts of people choose as consideration when comes to mate choosing
compare to the personal behavior or other traits.This is because nowadays people are more open
minded, thus they became easier to accept other religious, and different family background. The
economic independence of those people also makes them took wealthy not as serious
consideration, but they focus more on mental and emotional satisfying relationship.
The result shows that range of age difference that most people accept is about 1-5.
According to a classic study of human mating from 1989, David Buss surveyed 37 cultures
across 6 continents and found that in every culture in question, men preferred to marry younger
women (2.66 years younger on average ) and women preferred to marry older men (3.42 years
older on average). The study shows that the ‘ideal age gap’ in mate choosing is in between 1 to 5
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22. and people nowadays also applied the ‘ideal age gap’ when choosing their mate. In fact, this
result also keeping with Parental Investment Theory. For men, they are attracted to women who
advertise signs of fertility – that is, youth. In contrast, women are drawn to older men since they
commonly have greater resources.
According to the result, in term of dating method such as online dating, speed dating, and
blind date there are many people think that it would not work and they also not willing to try.
This result is affect by some factors such as culture, and individual perception. Firstly due to our
research target is mostly local, there is a probability that those dating method are not common in
the country, so people are not familiar with thus they think that it could not work. Besides, in
term of individual perception they are probably though that it is a shame and also they will feel
awkward when dating with strangers which included Social Judgment theory. Moreover, people
are aware of the online criminals who cause them to limit themselves and scare of trying dating
online.
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23. REFERENCES
1. Feingold, A. (1992). Gender differences in mate selection preferences: A test of the
parental investment model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 125-139.
2. Feingold, A. (1992). Gender differences in mate selection preferences: A test of the
parental investment model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 125-139.
3. Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypothesis
tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1-49
4. Gangestad, S. W, & Simpson, J. A. (2000). The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs
and strategic pluralism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 573-644
5. Gangestad, S. W., & Buss, D. M. (1993). Pathogen prevalence and human mate
preferences. Ethology and Sociobiology, 14, 89-96.
6. Gangestad, S. W. (1993). Sexual selection and physical attractiveness. Human Nature, 4,
205-235.
7. Mehta, V (2013). A recent study lends insight into age differences in romantic
relationships [website]. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/headgames/201308/when-it-comes-dating-do-age-differences-matter
8. Cosmides, L; Tooby J (13 January 1997). "Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer". Center
for Evolutionary Psychology. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
9. Buss et al. 1998
10. David C. G, Jacob. V& Jennifer B.C (2003). Evolution of Human Mate Choice. Personal
and behavioral attribution, 31, 23-67.
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24. 11. Larry A. N. Selecting a Mate [website]. Retrieved from
http://www.drnadig.com/selecting.htm
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26. PARTICIPANT INFORMATION LETTER
You have been invited to participate in a research project on mate selection, conducted by
by Nicolas Yap Wei Tyng, Teo Chong Yih, Melvin Lim, Lily and MakMun Chun under the
supervision of Ms. Chia Yee, Pang in the FNBE at Taylors University. This study is being
conducted to fulfill the requirements of Social Psychology course.
The researcher is interested in gathering information from participants to fill up the
questionnaire. The purpose of this study is to examine how human choosing their mate in term
psychology. In an initial meeting (approximately 5 minutes), you will be asked to fill out a
questionnaire about your mood and thoughts, as well as some demographic information about
yourself. Later, you will be asked to fill up a survey form which conducted some questions about
mate selection based on your thoughts. The researcher hopes to understand more about how
people choosing their mate.
Participation in this project will take approximately 15 minutes of your time, and your
participation in the research project will pose no harm. Your participation in this research project
is entirely voluntary. You may stop your participation in the research project at any time, without
penalty or prejudice. All information collected in the course of this project will remain
confidential and anonymous, and you will not be able to be identified from any of your responses.
Only the researchers and Ms. Pang Chia Yee
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27. Yee, Pang (Supervisor) will have access to the data resulting from this research project. All data
resulting from the research project will be retained for a period of five years after the completion
of the project, after which time it will be destroyed. If you have any questions or concerns about
this
research
project,
you
may
consult
with
Ms.
Pang
Chia
Yee,
chiayee.pang@taylors.edu.my.I understand that I can contact Ms. Pang Chia Yee, if I have any
concerns about the ethical conduct of this study.
__________________
(Signature of participant)
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28. The purpose of this survey form is to gather the information and examine on how people choosing their
mate in term of psychology. Your participation in this research project is entirely voluntary. In order, for
the information you provide to be useful, it is important that you answer these questions fully and
candidly. To ensure confidentiality of you responses please return the questionnaire immediately
after completed these questions and please do not include your name on the questionnaire.
1. Are you in a relationship?
Yes
/
No
2. Based on your opinion choose 3 factors that you think is important when selecting a mate. (Please
tick
)
Factors
Kindness
Intelligence
Physical Appearance
Highly Educated
Healthy
Wealthy
Religious Orientation
Family Background
3. What range of age difference is acceptable?
1-5 , 6-10 , 11-15 , 16-20 , 21-25 , 26-30 , None of the above
4. Could you accept long distance relationship?
Yes
/
No
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29. 5. Would you consider dating someone from a different race than yours?
Yes
/
No
6. Could you accept bad family history background such as drug addiction?
Yes
/
No
7. Do you think online dating works?
Yes
/
No
If yes, will you do?
Yes
/
No
8. Do you think speed dating works?
Yes
/
No
If yes, will you do?
Yes
/
No
9. Do you think blind date works?
Yes
/
No
If yes, will you do?
Yes
/
No
END
Thank you for the participation
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