This document provides an overview of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder. It discusses the symptoms of DID, including distinct identities or "alters" that take control at different times. Diagnosis can be difficult due to confusion with other disorders, but treatment involves psychotherapy to integrate the alters into a single personality. However, some mental health professionals dispute whether DID is a genuine disorder or a result of suggestion.
Trauma And Post Traumatic Stress For 2009 National ConferenceMedicalWhistleblower
Persons who have experienced life altering trauma often have significant emotional and psychological effects called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. This requires compassionate response from those closest to the survivor and from social service personnel and law enforcement officers.
Srinivasa Murthy-Psiquiatría: situación actual y perspectivas de futuroFundación Ramón Areces
'Psiquiatría: situación actual y perspectivas de futuro'. Este es el título del simposio internacional que organizamos el 20 de junio de 2016 en la Fundación Ramón Areces con las fundaciones Juan José López-Ibor y Lilly en homenaje al doctor Juan José López-Ibor, fallecido en enero de 2015. Durante esta jornada, expertos internacionales abordaron la profunda crisis que atraviesa la psiquiatría como disciplina científica y especialidad médica. Además, se presentó el libro con el mismo título del simposio, también en recuerdo del doctor López-Ibor.
Trauma And Post Traumatic Stress For 2009 National ConferenceMedicalWhistleblower
Persons who have experienced life altering trauma often have significant emotional and psychological effects called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. This requires compassionate response from those closest to the survivor and from social service personnel and law enforcement officers.
Srinivasa Murthy-Psiquiatría: situación actual y perspectivas de futuroFundación Ramón Areces
'Psiquiatría: situación actual y perspectivas de futuro'. Este es el título del simposio internacional que organizamos el 20 de junio de 2016 en la Fundación Ramón Areces con las fundaciones Juan José López-Ibor y Lilly en homenaje al doctor Juan José López-Ibor, fallecido en enero de 2015. Durante esta jornada, expertos internacionales abordaron la profunda crisis que atraviesa la psiquiatría como disciplina científica y especialidad médica. Además, se presentó el libro con el mismo título del simposio, también en recuerdo del doctor López-Ibor.
ACT and Dissociation Acceptance and Commitment work with the consequences of ...GreenWood Mentors Ltd
Learn how to make ACT formulations and treatment plans for the many and puzzling consequences of real and perceived threat including child abuse......amnesia, detachment, PTSD, borderline personality disorder, conversion symptoms, dissociative identity disorder, psychosis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Hall of Honor (2008)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School
Prairie View A&M University - The Texas A&M University System
Impact of Suicide on People Exposed to a FatalityFranklin Cook
"Impact of Suicide on People Exposed to a Fatality" is excerpted and adapted from Responding to Grief, Trauma, and Distress After a Suicide: U.S. National Guidelines (2015), by the Survivors of Suicide Loss Task Force (bit.ly/sosl-taskforce) of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention. The original document is available free for download at bit.ly/respondingsuicide.
This summary report concludes that:
The research delineated above represents the solid and growing body of evidence that, for a significant number of people exposed to the suicide fatality or attempt of another person, there are long-term, harmful mental health consequences. Shneidman’s declaration (1972) that postvention is prevention for the next generation is unquestionably supported by clear and overwhelming evidence that exposure to the suicide of another person, particularly of a close intimate, elevates the risk of suicidal behavior and of death by suicide in the population of people exposed.
The Grief After Suicide blog post related to this essay is http://bit.ly/impactessay.
Self compassion and shame-proneness in five different mental disorders: Compa...Jan Benda
Background and objectives: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness may both be associated with a wide range of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of self-compassion and shame-proneness in samples of patients with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, alcohol-addiction and in healthy controls.
Methods: All five clinical groups and healthy controls were administered scales measuring self-compassion (SCS) and shame-proneness (TOSCA-3S). Differences in self-compassion and shame-proneness were analyzed and effect sizes were calculated.
Results: All five clinical groups were found to have significantly lower self-compassion and significantly higher shame-proneness than healthy controls. The magnitudes of difference in self-compassion and shame-proneness, between all clinical groups and healthy controls, were all large.
Discussion: We hypothesize, that the lack of self-compassion leads to increased shame-proneness, which causes various psychopathological symptoms. The lack of self-compassion may therefore be important underlying factor causing many different mental problems.
Conclusion: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness proved to be TRANSDIAGNOSTIC FACTORS in five different mental disorders. We assume, that clients suffering from all these disorders may benefit from treatments or particular interventions that facilitate the development of self-compassion or shame management.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a natural emotional reaction to a deeply shocking and disturbing experience. It is a normalreaction to an abnormalsituation.
•Any human being has the potential to develop PTSD
•Cause external –Psychiatric Injury not Mental Illness
•Not resulting from the individual’s personality –Victim is not inherently weak or inferior
ACT and Dissociation Acceptance and Commitment work with the consequences of ...GreenWood Mentors Ltd
Learn how to make ACT formulations and treatment plans for the many and puzzling consequences of real and perceived threat including child abuse......amnesia, detachment, PTSD, borderline personality disorder, conversion symptoms, dissociative identity disorder, psychosis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Hall of Honor (2008)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School
Prairie View A&M University - The Texas A&M University System
Impact of Suicide on People Exposed to a FatalityFranklin Cook
"Impact of Suicide on People Exposed to a Fatality" is excerpted and adapted from Responding to Grief, Trauma, and Distress After a Suicide: U.S. National Guidelines (2015), by the Survivors of Suicide Loss Task Force (bit.ly/sosl-taskforce) of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention. The original document is available free for download at bit.ly/respondingsuicide.
This summary report concludes that:
The research delineated above represents the solid and growing body of evidence that, for a significant number of people exposed to the suicide fatality or attempt of another person, there are long-term, harmful mental health consequences. Shneidman’s declaration (1972) that postvention is prevention for the next generation is unquestionably supported by clear and overwhelming evidence that exposure to the suicide of another person, particularly of a close intimate, elevates the risk of suicidal behavior and of death by suicide in the population of people exposed.
The Grief After Suicide blog post related to this essay is http://bit.ly/impactessay.
Self compassion and shame-proneness in five different mental disorders: Compa...Jan Benda
Background and objectives: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness may both be associated with a wide range of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of self-compassion and shame-proneness in samples of patients with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, alcohol-addiction and in healthy controls.
Methods: All five clinical groups and healthy controls were administered scales measuring self-compassion (SCS) and shame-proneness (TOSCA-3S). Differences in self-compassion and shame-proneness were analyzed and effect sizes were calculated.
Results: All five clinical groups were found to have significantly lower self-compassion and significantly higher shame-proneness than healthy controls. The magnitudes of difference in self-compassion and shame-proneness, between all clinical groups and healthy controls, were all large.
Discussion: We hypothesize, that the lack of self-compassion leads to increased shame-proneness, which causes various psychopathological symptoms. The lack of self-compassion may therefore be important underlying factor causing many different mental problems.
Conclusion: The lack of self-compassion and shame-proneness proved to be TRANSDIAGNOSTIC FACTORS in five different mental disorders. We assume, that clients suffering from all these disorders may benefit from treatments or particular interventions that facilitate the development of self-compassion or shame management.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a natural emotional reaction to a deeply shocking and disturbing experience. It is a normalreaction to an abnormalsituation.
•Any human being has the potential to develop PTSD
•Cause external –Psychiatric Injury not Mental Illness
•Not resulting from the individual’s personality –Victim is not inherently weak or inferior
This is a presentation explaining the process of writing reflective essays. It includes structuring the essay using a reflective model and suggestions for introductions and conclusions.
Teen Depression Essay
Major Depressive Disorder Essay
Essay on Depressive Disorders
Psychology and Depression Essay
Essay on Depression
Depression and Mental Health Essay
Abstract On Depression
Depression Research Papers
Essay on Depression
Depression Essay
Essay on Depression
Reflection On Depression
Depression and Anxiety Essay example
Note: This is a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog or its contents, please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER 2
Abstract
This paper is a brief overview of Dissociative Identity Disorder, or DID. It explores what the disorder is,
why it is no longer referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), the symptoms of the disorder, the
role of the ―alters‖ or other individuals present within the host, diagnosis of the disorder, and treatment of
the disorder. It also explores some of the basic reasons why some professionals do not ―believe‖ in this
disorder that is becoming more and more prevalent and researched.
3. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER 3
Dissociative Identity Disorder
What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Dissociative Identity Disorder is, according to an article on Psychology Today, ―a severe
condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately
take control of—an individual.‖ Individuals who have this disorder also have bouts of extreme
forgetfulness and memory loss (Psychology Today). There are many degrees of severity of the disorder.
Many people might actually experience disassociation without realizing it. In an article on
PsychCentral.com, there are many ―dissociative experiences common to most people, such as
daydreaming, highway hypnosis, or ‗getting lost‘ in a book or movie, all of which involve ‗losing touch‘
with conscious awareness of one's immediate surroundings.‖ However, these are mild. On the other end
of the spectrum is chronic disassociation which may not allow people to function normally
(PsychCentral.com) DID usually manifests itself due to some traumatic experience in the individual‘s
past.According to the author who writes under the pseudonym ―Quiet Storm‖ whose work is published in
the textbook by Sattler (1998), ―MPD [Multiple Personality Disorder] is not a disease. It is not a sickness.
It is a highly developed coping mechanism that allows the young mind to compartmentalize, or dissociate,
repeated and traumatic abuse‖ (p. 41). The author adds that for her, ―being able to create Alter
personalities to cope with the abuse is the only thing that allowed us to survive our childhood alive. MPD
was never a disease – it was a gift, the gift of life we gave to ourselves‖ (p. 41).
“Dissociative Identity Disorder” vs. “Multiple Personality Disorder”
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is often referred to as ―Multiple Personality Disorder.‖
However, ―Multiple Personality Disorder‖ is no longer the official name of the disorder. It was changed
in 1994 when the disorder became more common and was more widely studied (Psychology Today).Most
often, people diagnosed with DID do not feel like they are overcome by different personalities. The
―personalities‖ that possess them are more like alternate people or different parts of a person. According
to an article on PsychCentral.com (2010), ―A person diagnosed with DID feels as if she has within her
two or more entities, or personality states, each with its own independent way of relating, perceiving,
4. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER 4
thinking, and remembering about herself and her life.‖ PsychCentral.com also advises that although these
identities or ―alternate states‖ are all very different, they are all ―manifestations of a single person.‖
According to an article on Psychology Today, DID is not made up of different personalities, but instead it
―is characterized by a fragmentation, or splintering, of identity rather than by a proliferation, or growth, of
separate identities.‖ According to Psychology Today, ―the various identities may deny knowledge of one
another, be critical of one another or appear to be in open conflict.‖ It makes a little more sense for
different fractions of an individual, or different identities, to be in conflict with one another rather than
just personalities.
Symptoms
The most prominent symptom is what gives the disorder its name: having other identities. There
must be at least two identities or ―alters‖ that periodically take over a person and his or her behavior and
actions. Psychology Today states that ―half of the reported cases include individuals with 10 or fewer‖
identities. Another major symptom of DID is memory loss. Those suffering from DID have an ―Inability
to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness‖
(PsychCentral.com). The ―alters‖ of a person suffering from DID may appear when the individual is
stressed or in an uncomfortable situation.Certain alters may appear when particular stressors appear
(Psychology Today). Other symptoms include depression, guilt, and anxiety. There may be behavioral
problems in childhood, and as a student the individual may be unable to focus. Self-destructive or
aggressive behavior may appear along with audio or visual hallucinations (Psychology Today). Because
DID is usually brought about by severe trauma, people may experience ―post-traumatic symptoms
(nightmares, flashbacks, and startle responses) or Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder‖ (Psychology Today).
The Alters
The ―alters‖ are the different ―personalities‖ or identities of the person who experiences DID. A
person can have over a hundred alters, but generally a person has ten or fewer (Psychology Today). All of
the individual‘s alters have distinct personalities and identities, and ―Each may exhibit its own distinct
history, self-image, behaviors, and, physical characteristics, as well as possess a separate name‖
5. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER 5
(Psychology Today).J.L. Ringrose (2011) uses the ―analogy of the body representing a house and the
alters representing the rooms. Some may have the door open, where there is communication, and some
may have the door firmly closed, where there is no communication oronly muttering can be heard. This
can be extended to include how some alters can reach each other, through interconnecting doors, whilst
others cannot‖ (p. 298). Different alters appear at different times, usually due to stressors the individual is
experiencing. Different alters may show up to take control of different situations depending on which one
might handle the present situation the best. Psychology Today says that ―Alternative identities are
experienced as taking control in sequence, one at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of
one another, be critical of one another or appear to be in open conflict.‖ Alters can remember different
things that the individual may have forgotten or blocked. Pieces of information the individual cannot
remember may be stored in the memory of a different alter. According to an article on Psychology Today,
―passive identities tend to have more limited memories whereas hostile, controlling or protective
identities have more complete memories.‖ Quiet Storm from Sattler‘s textbook explains that ―Many of
our Alter personalities were born of abuse. Some came because they were needed, others came to protect‖
(p. 41). A person can develop alters with each new trauma, or they can develop to protect, defend,
comfort, or heal the host after the trauma has already occurred.
Diagnosis
DID is rather rare, but as more research is being done on the disorder it is becoming more easily
diagnosed. As Spring (2011) explains in an article, ―DID is a well-researched, valid and cross-
cultural diagnosis which despite widespread opinion is not rare: research indicates that it affects between
one and three per cent of the general population.‖DID is oftentimes confused or misdiagnosed as
schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, and sufferers of the disorder often spend many years in
therapy before they are properly diagnosed (Spring). According to Psychology Today, ―the average time
that elapses from the first symptom to diagnosis is six to seven years.‖ It is sometimes hard to diagnose
children because of their vivid imaginations. PsychCentral.com states that ―In children, the symptoms are
not attributable to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play.‖ Despite all the references and research
6. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER 6
available on the disorder, ―perhaps the majority of people with DID will fail to receive a
correct diagnosis as some mental health professionals, despite the extensive literature, refuse to believe
that it 'exists‘‖ (Spring.)
Treatment
Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice for most professionals who have clients experiencing
DID (PsychCentral.com).The goal of this long-term psychotherapy isto deconstruct ―the different
personalities and [unite] them into one‖ (Psychology Today). Quiet Storm shares that her ―therapist tells
us that when we have remembered everything and worked through the pain associated with these
memories, we will no longer need Alter personalities to protect us, and then and only then we can begin
the process of integration into a single, cohesive personality‖ (p. 43). In her journal published in 2011,
J.L. Ringrose describes psychotherapy with a DID patient as resembling ― family therapy where all the
family need to be heard and considered‖ because ―the host and each alter may have different beliefs,
feelings and actions to the same event. Where the host and one or more alters believe it is safe to talk
about ‗x‘, other alters may disagree‖ (p. 297). Medication is usually not recommended for people who
suffer from DID. If medication is used, it must be monitored extremely closely (PsychCentral.com).Some
acceptable medications that may help with DID include ―antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs or
tranquilizers [that] may be prescribed to help control the mental health symptoms associated with [DID]‖
(Psychology Today). In recent years, many people who experience DID have formed or joined self-help
groups. According to PsychCentral.com, ―There is no overt reason why a support group for this disorder
would not be beneficial to individuals.‖ Hypnosis is another option for treatment of the disorder. In his
journal article published in 2012, R. P.Kluft explains that ―Hypnosis was used in the first successful
treatment of DID/DDNOS and has been associated with most successful treatments to date‖ (p. 146).
Dispute
There are many people who do not believe that DID is an actual disorder. They believe that the
individual is simply role-playing or looking for attention.In a study by A. Reinders (2012) and others, the
authors state that ―despite its inclusion in the Diagnostic Manual for Mental Disorders, the genuineness
7. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER 7
ofdissociative identity disorder (DID) continues to be disputed‖ (p. 1). Those who do not view the
disorder, or ―The non-trauma-related position, also referred to as the sociocognitive model of DID, holds
that DID is a simulation caused by high suggestibility and/or fantasy proneness, suggestive psychotherapy
and other suggestive sociocultural influences (e.g., the media and/or the church)‖ (p.1). Those who hold
this position simply believe that the individual simply adopts different ways of speaking and acting, and
he or she claims memory loss all due to his or her proneness to high fantasy suggestions or actions.
8. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER 8
References
Kluft, R. P. (2012). Hypnosis in the treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder and Allied States: an
overview and case study. South African Journal Of Psychology, 4(2), 146-155.
PsychCentral.com. 26 August 2010. What is Disassociation?. Retrieved from
http://psychcentral.com/library/dissociation_intro.htm
Psychology Today. Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder). Retrieved from
http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-
disorder
Reinders, A., Willemsen, A. M., Vos, H.J., Boer, J., & Nijenhuis, E.S. (2012). Fact or Factitious? A
Psychobiological Study of Authentic and Simulated Dissociative Identity States. Plos ONE, 7(6),
1-17). Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039279
Ringrose, J.L. (2011). Meeting the needs of clients with dissociative identity disorder: considerations for
psychotherapy. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 39(4), 293-305).
Doi:10.1080/03069885.2011.564606
Sattler, D. N., Shabatay, V., Kramer, G. P. (1998). Abnormal Psychology in Context: Voices and
Perspectives. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Spring, C. (2011). A guide to … working with dissociative identity disorder. Healthcare Counselling &
Psychotherapy Journal, 11(4), 44-46.