By Dr.Lalit Sharma Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

1. SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
BY
Dr. LALIT SHARMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
&
SPORTS SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

2. Psychology has moved away from SOUL- MIND- CONSCIOUSNESS and
established itself as scientific discipline which deals with process underlying human
experience and behaviour.
• Definition
• Study of soul : Mysterious and philosophical concept
• Greek word “ Psyche” (soul) logos (rational course of study)
• Study of Mind :
• Study of consciousness : William james in his book principles of Psychology (1890)
• Defined psychology as “The Description and explanation of state of consciousness as
such ”.
• William Wundt (1832-1920) established first psychology laboratory in Leipzig (Germany)
& his discipline Edward Bradford defined psychology as the science of consciousness and
the method used by him was “introspection”.

3. Definition
• Study Of behaviour19th Century onwards William McDougall a British Psychologist was first to
define psychology as the science of behaviour.
• In his book An outline of Psychology gave following definition:-
“Psychology is a science which aims to give us better understanding and control of the behavior of
the organism as a whole”.
A discipline is defined both in terms of
- What it Studies ?
&
- How it Studies ? (Method Used)
Psychology is defined formally as a
“ Science which studies Mental Processes experiences and Behaviour in different contents”.

4. Cont..
When we say experiences are internal to the experiencing person, then we refer to states of
consciousness or awareness or mental processes.
Mental activities and Moral activities are mutually overlapping processes.
Mind emerges and evolves as our intersections and experiences
Experiences
1. Are subjective in nature.
2. Experiences are influenced by internal and the external condition of the experiencer.
Behavior
1. Are responses or reactions we make or activities we engage in.
2. Behaviour as an association between stimulus (S) and Response (R)

5. BRANCHES
Pure Psychology Applied Psychology
a) General Psychology a) Educational Psy.
b) Abnormal Psychology b) Clinical Psychology
c) Social Psychology c) Industrial Psychology
d) Experimental Psychology d) Legal Psychology
e) Physiological Psychology e) Military Psychology
f) Para-psychology f) Political Psychology
g) Geo Psychology g) Sport Psychology
h) Development Psychology

6. Themes of Research and Application
Theme 1 :- Psychology like other sciences attempts to develop principles of behaviour and mental
processes.
Theme 2 :- Human Behaviour is a function of the attributes of person and environment.
Kurt Lewin proposed first the famous equation :-
B= F(P,E)
[B=behaviour, f= product, P= person, E= Environment]
Theme 3:- Human Behaviour is caused
Theme 4:- Understanding of Human behaviour is culturally constructed.

7. Methods of Enquiry
Psychological enquiry has following goals:-
- Description
- Predication
- Explanation
- Control
- Application of Knowledge
Explanation:- To know the casual factors or determinants of behaviour.
- Identifying the determinants or antecedent conditions (i.e., conditions that led to the particular
behaviour)
Control:- If you are able to explain why a particular behaviour occurs you can control that behaviour
by making in its antecedent conditions.
Application:- Final goals of the scientific enquiry is to bring out positive changes in the lives of
people.

8. Steps in conducting scientific research
1. Conceptualizing a problem
2. Collecting Data
a. Participants in the study
b. Methods of data collection
c. Tools to be used in research
d. Procedure for data collection
3. Drawing Conclusion
4. Revising Research Conclusion

9. Methods of Research
1) Observation – Scientific observation includes
a. Selection
b. Recording
c. Analysis
Types of Observation
a. Naturalistic observation
b. Controlled
c. Participant
d. Non Participant
2) Experimental Methods- Are conducted to establish cause effect relationship.
3) Correlational Research
4) Survey Research
5) Interviews- Structured and Unstructured
6) Case Study

10. Schools of psychology
• STRUCTURALISM
William Wundt (1832 – 1920) a German psychologist focused his experiments on
a) conscious experience involving
b) One’s thoughts, feelings, sensation, perceptions and ideas.
c) Focused his attention on the analysis of the components of the consciousness
(structure of mind).
d) Consciousness or experience can be broken or analyzed into three basic elements:-
1) Physical sensation
2) Feeling and images such as memories
3) Dreams.
CRITICISM
1. Structuralism enables to ci=over all the aspects of human behavior
2. Introspection is neither objective or valid

11. Functionalism
• William James (1842 – 1910) is the father of functional school of psychology.
• He cleared the consciousness or experience can not be broken into elements.
• There is no way to separate, ideas, thought, sensation or perception.
• Composition or structure of the mind is not as important as understanding its activities.
William James advocated theory of Mental life and behaviour
When we repeat an activity a number of times our nervous system are altered.

12. Behaviorism
• John B. Watson :- (1878-1950)
• He concluded that whole idea of consciousness is absurd and not scientific.
• If we make psychology as science.
• We should concentrate as observable and Measurable behaviour.
• Behaviorist is not interested in feeling of fear (because it is not measurable) but, pays attention to
changes in BP, Heart rate.
• Behaviorism advocated reinforcement and removals.
• Behaviorism highlighted the role of motivation and definition of the aims and purpose in learning
and shaping of behaviour.

13. Gestalt Psychology
• Max Wertheimer (1880 -1943) and Kurt Lewin (1890 – 1947).
• Gestalt is a German word – English word is Configuration or an organized whole in Contact to a
collection of part.
• According to it:-
“ An individual perceives the thing as a whole and not as a mere
collection of its constituents or elements”.
• A perception always involves a pattern of organization.
• Gestalt Psychology summarized behavioral process as consisting of following three steps:
1) Perception of the situation as a whole.
2) Seeing and judging the relationship between various factors involved in the
situation.
3) Taking an immediate decision and behave accordingly.

14. Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939)
• Structure of the psyche
conscious, Sub conscious and Unconscious
- Psycho - Sexual development and giving sex its rightful place in the realm of
human behaviour.
later role of sex was playing down and Self Assertion OR Power seeking motive
Id – Ego - Superego

15. Contemporary School
Humanist Psychology:
Carl Rogers :- Humanist Psychology give more value to human being by not considering him merely
a victim of conflict between Id – Ego – Super ego.
• It consider him as a purposeful being capable of adapting himself to his environment and choosing
his own course of action in order to achieve the goals which he has selected for himself.
• Goals may be as simple as satisfaction of personal needs and as as Self- Realization on personal
fulfillment.
• Humanist psychology emphasizes on such distinctively human aspects of personality as the
existence of free will and freedom of choice.

16. THANK YOU