1) This document contains a psychiatric assessment form used to evaluate patients.
2) The form includes sections for collecting personal data, history of present illness, past psychiatric and medical history, family history, examination findings, formulation, differential diagnosis, investigations, provisional diagnosis, and management plan.
3) The formulation section involves developing both a descriptive formulation summarizing the patient's main issues, as well as a dynamic formulation exploring predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors for the patient's condition from biological, psychological and social perspectives.
This document provides guidance on psychiatric formulation and management. It discusses conducting a descriptive formulation which provides an integrated summary of the patient's problems, history and examination findings. It also describes creating a dynamic etiological formulation to understand why the patient developed the disorder and potential predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors. Differential diagnoses, investigations and a provisional diagnosis using diagnostic criteria are also outlined. Management recommendations include both short and long-term approaches incorporating medical, psychological and social components. The document concludes with discussing prognostic factors for conditions like schizophrenia.
This document discusses personality disorders and their development. It notes that childhood temperament and attachment styles formed through parenting can influence personality. The environment one grows up in, including levels of deprivation, drugs, or violence, also shapes personality. It outlines different parenting styles and personality traits. Finally, it categorizes personality disorders into three clusters (A, B, and C) based on common characteristics.
This document discusses mood disorders and depression. It covers the classification of mood disorders according to ICD-10 codes, as well as the etiology of mood disorders from biological, psychological, and social perspectives. The etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving genetics, neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, stress, and social support systems. Recurrent depression is associated with neuronal damage over time from repeated episodes.
Clinical features and Management of SchizophreniaDr Kaushik Nandy
This document provides an overview of the clinical features and management of schizophrenia. It discusses the history and evolution of definitions and diagnostic criteria from Emil Kraepelin's original description of dementia praecox to the current DSM-5 and ICD-10 classifications. Key points include Bleuler's 4 As and Schneider's first-rank symptoms, differences between DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria, assessment approaches, treatment options including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, factors influencing medication selection, definitions of treatment response, and evaluating non-response.
Mood disorders are a category of mental illnesses that involve serious changes in mood. There are several types of mood disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. Mood disorders are among the most common mental illnesses and have a lifetime prevalence of 5-20%. Females are twice as likely as males to experience a mood disorder. The highest incidence rates occur between the ages of 20-40 years old. Mood disorders are a major cause of disability and suicide worldwide. Biological, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development of mood disorders.
Diagnostic Criteria:
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious, or sexual violence in one( or more) of the following ways:
1) Directly experiencing the traumatic events.
2) Witnessing in person
3) Learning that the traumatic event occur to close family member or friend.
4) Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events.
This document provides an overview of anxiety disorders, including what anxiety is, common causes, symptoms, impact, classification, and types such as generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. It discusses physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. Treatment options covered include medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and other psychological therapies.
This document discusses depression, anxiety disorders, and related conditions. It provides information on signs and symptoms of depression, misconceptions about depression, and treatment options including medication and psychotherapy. Generalized anxiety disorder is described along with its signs, symptoms, and treatments of cognitive behavioral therapy and medication. Other anxiety-related conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social phobia are briefly outlined.
This document provides guidance on psychiatric formulation and management. It discusses conducting a descriptive formulation which provides an integrated summary of the patient's problems, history and examination findings. It also describes creating a dynamic etiological formulation to understand why the patient developed the disorder and potential predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors. Differential diagnoses, investigations and a provisional diagnosis using diagnostic criteria are also outlined. Management recommendations include both short and long-term approaches incorporating medical, psychological and social components. The document concludes with discussing prognostic factors for conditions like schizophrenia.
This document discusses personality disorders and their development. It notes that childhood temperament and attachment styles formed through parenting can influence personality. The environment one grows up in, including levels of deprivation, drugs, or violence, also shapes personality. It outlines different parenting styles and personality traits. Finally, it categorizes personality disorders into three clusters (A, B, and C) based on common characteristics.
This document discusses mood disorders and depression. It covers the classification of mood disorders according to ICD-10 codes, as well as the etiology of mood disorders from biological, psychological, and social perspectives. The etiology is complex and multifactorial, involving genetics, neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, stress, and social support systems. Recurrent depression is associated with neuronal damage over time from repeated episodes.
Clinical features and Management of SchizophreniaDr Kaushik Nandy
This document provides an overview of the clinical features and management of schizophrenia. It discusses the history and evolution of definitions and diagnostic criteria from Emil Kraepelin's original description of dementia praecox to the current DSM-5 and ICD-10 classifications. Key points include Bleuler's 4 As and Schneider's first-rank symptoms, differences between DSM-5 and ICD-10 criteria, assessment approaches, treatment options including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, factors influencing medication selection, definitions of treatment response, and evaluating non-response.
Mood disorders are a category of mental illnesses that involve serious changes in mood. There are several types of mood disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. Mood disorders are among the most common mental illnesses and have a lifetime prevalence of 5-20%. Females are twice as likely as males to experience a mood disorder. The highest incidence rates occur between the ages of 20-40 years old. Mood disorders are a major cause of disability and suicide worldwide. Biological, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development of mood disorders.
Diagnostic Criteria:
exposure to actual or threatened death, serious, or sexual violence in one( or more) of the following ways:
1) Directly experiencing the traumatic events.
2) Witnessing in person
3) Learning that the traumatic event occur to close family member or friend.
4) Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic events.
This document provides an overview of anxiety disorders, including what anxiety is, common causes, symptoms, impact, classification, and types such as generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. It discusses physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. Treatment options covered include medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and other psychological therapies.
This document discusses depression, anxiety disorders, and related conditions. It provides information on signs and symptoms of depression, misconceptions about depression, and treatment options including medication and psychotherapy. Generalized anxiety disorder is described along with its signs, symptoms, and treatments of cognitive behavioral therapy and medication. Other anxiety-related conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social phobia are briefly outlined.
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings from mania to depression. Mania involves abnormally elevated mood and increased energy, while depression involves abnormally low mood. The causes of bipolar disorder are debated and approaches include psychoanalytic, trait, biological, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and family-focused treatment approaches.
1) Substance abuse and dependence are significant problems, with over 15% of the US population over 18 having a serious substance use disorder, mostly involving alcohol or other drugs.
2) Substance use disorders involve both behavioral and physical dependence, and are considered medical disorders rather than character flaws.
3) The DSM-IV classification system categorizes several substance-induced disorders outside of the main substance use disorders category, including substance-induced persisting dementia and substance-induced psychotic disorders.
Differences between Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive DisorderJacob Stotler
Differences between Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder according to an investigation into the DSM-5 criteria. See attached paper in portfolio - MDD vs. PDD (Stotler, 2020).
Bipolar disorders are characterized by marked variations in mood, from manic episodes to major depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder involves at least one manic episode in addition to major depressive episodes. The document provides diagnostic criteria for manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, and major depressive episodes based on the DSM-5 and ICD-11. It also discusses differential diagnoses between bipolar disorders and other conditions like major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, substance-induced disorders, and ADHD.
This document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dissociative disorders, and conversion disorder. It provides information on the symptoms, etiology, risk factors, and treatment options for these conditions. Key topics covered include the definition of anxiety and its various subtypes, the involvement of the serotonin system in OCD pathogenesis, the 5 stages of acceptance in bereavement, and that conversion disorder is more common in females and young patients.
The document discusses bipolar mood disorder (BMD), which is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression in the same patient at different times. It can begin between ages 20-30 and sometimes in childhood. BMD involves extreme highs and lows, and is classified based on current mood episode. Causes are unknown but genetic and environmental factors may play roles. Symptoms include expansive mood and decreased need for sleep during manic phases, and low mood and lack of interest during depressive phases. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and criteria from the DSM-5. Treatment involves lithium, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. Episodes typically last 3-4 months for man
This document discusses anxiety disorders and provides information on their definition, symptoms, types, epidemiology, course, and treatment. The main types of anxiety disorders covered are generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders including agoraphobia and social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The document also outlines physical and psychological symptoms of anxiety, as well as biological and psychological factors contributing to anxiety disorders. Common treatment approaches discussed include pharmacotherapy using benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and SSRIs, as well as psychotherapy techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
A divorced 39-year-old woman presented with physical symptoms but was found to have dysthymic disorder after being prescribed an SSRI. Dysthymic disorder is a chronic form of depression lasting at least two years characterized by less severe but persistent symptoms. It is important to treat as it can be as debilitating as major depression and increases the risk of developing additional disorders. Prognosis is often chronic without treatment but SSRIs and other therapies can provide relief of symptoms.
Multiple personality disorder (MPD), now called dissociative identity disorder (DID), is a mental illness where a person has two or more distinct personalities or "alters" that control their behavior. It is caused by severe trauma, such as childhood abuse. People with DID experience memory loss, mood swings, and a blurred sense of identity as their various alters emerge. Treatment involves long-term psychotherapy to help the different personalities integrate.
The document discusses substance use disorders and provides information on various substances of abuse including alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It covers terminology, classifications, etiology, effects of acute intoxication and withdrawal, complications, treatments, and diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders involving these classes of drugs.
Mood disorders include depressive disorders like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Major depressive disorder involves one or more major depressive episodes without a history of mania. Bipolar I disorder involves one or more manic or mixed episodes. Etiology may include genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, stress, negative thought patterns, and interpersonal problems. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy as well as medication like SSRIs, tricyclics, lithium, and ECT.
Impulse control disorders are characterized by the inability to resist harmful or destructive acts. People with these disorders seek temporary pleasure through acts like hair pulling, gambling, or arson despite knowing the long term negative consequences. The causes are not fully known but may involve brain injuries, medical conditions, abnormal brain development or chemistry. Treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and stress management. A study found pathological gamblers had decreased brain activity in impulse control regions when viewing gambling videos compared to non-gamblers.
This document provides information on obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in 4 parts:
1. Introduction - OCPD is characterized by perfectionism and inflexibility. It affects 1-2% of the population.
2. Prevalence - Men are more likely to be affected than women. Those with higher education are also more likely. Comorbidity with mood/anxiety disorders is common.
3. Diagnostic Criteria - To be diagnosed requires 4 of 7 criteria related to perfectionism, orderliness, mental/interpersonal control, rigidity, and reluctance to delegate.
4. Management - Cognitive-behavioral therapy may help reduce perfectionism. Psychodynamic psychotherapy
This document discusses three Cluster C personality disorders: avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Cluster C disorders are characterized by anxious and fearful thinking and include social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, a need to be taken care of by others, and preoccupation with perfectionism and control. The document provides information on prevalence, sex ratios, common comorbidities, family occurrences, typical treatments including psychotherapy and medication, and physician-patient interactions for each disorder.
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders according to the DSM-5. It discusses key features of psychotic disorders including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It then summarizes several psychotic disorders - brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, and psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. For each disorder, it outlines diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches including medications, therapy, and monitoring.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and various psychological disorders. It begins with definitions of abnormal behavior and discusses historical views including supernatural, biological, and psychological theories. Contemporary views see abnormal behavior as having biological, psychological, and social causes. The document outlines the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and discusses various anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, dissociative disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, and more. It provides details on symptoms, causes, and characteristics for each.
This document discusses Bipolar Disorders I and II as defined by the DSM-5. Bipolar I Disorder requires at least one manic episode, along with potential hypomanic or depressive episodes. Diagnostic criteria for manic, hypomanic, and depressive episodes are provided. Bipolar II Disorder involves at least one hypomanic and one depressive episode, without mania. It further defines hypomanic and depressive episode criteria and discusses the development, course, and age of onset for both disorders.
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders. They include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors and involves abnormal activity in brain regions involved in fear and emotion regulation. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like antidepressants and benzodiazepines to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Untreated anxiety can negatively impact quality of life.
Emil Kraepelin, Eugen Bleuler, Kurt Schneider, and Michelle G. Craske et al. 2017 are cited as important figures in the study and understanding of schizophrenia. The document summarizes key points about the epidemiology, etiology, substance abuse issues, predictors of poor outcome, specifiers, symptoms, safety concerns, suicide/homicide risks, diagnostic criteria, and recommended assessments for patients with schizophrenia. Physical exams, laboratory tests, mental status exams, and ongoing monitoring are suggested to evaluate symptoms and side effects of the condition and its treatment.
Non schizophrenic Psychosis
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder
Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition
Schizoaffective Disorder
Shared Psychotic Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Dr. Mohammad Hussein
الذهان الغير فصامي
د.محمد حسين
استشاري الطب النفسي
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings from mania to depression. Mania involves abnormally elevated mood and increased energy, while depression involves abnormally low mood. The causes of bipolar disorder are debated and approaches include psychoanalytic, trait, biological, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and family-focused treatment approaches.
1) Substance abuse and dependence are significant problems, with over 15% of the US population over 18 having a serious substance use disorder, mostly involving alcohol or other drugs.
2) Substance use disorders involve both behavioral and physical dependence, and are considered medical disorders rather than character flaws.
3) The DSM-IV classification system categorizes several substance-induced disorders outside of the main substance use disorders category, including substance-induced persisting dementia and substance-induced psychotic disorders.
Differences between Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive DisorderJacob Stotler
Differences between Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder according to an investigation into the DSM-5 criteria. See attached paper in portfolio - MDD vs. PDD (Stotler, 2020).
Bipolar disorders are characterized by marked variations in mood, from manic episodes to major depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder involves at least one manic episode in addition to major depressive episodes. The document provides diagnostic criteria for manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, and major depressive episodes based on the DSM-5 and ICD-11. It also discusses differential diagnoses between bipolar disorders and other conditions like major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, substance-induced disorders, and ADHD.
This document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dissociative disorders, and conversion disorder. It provides information on the symptoms, etiology, risk factors, and treatment options for these conditions. Key topics covered include the definition of anxiety and its various subtypes, the involvement of the serotonin system in OCD pathogenesis, the 5 stages of acceptance in bereavement, and that conversion disorder is more common in females and young patients.
The document discusses bipolar mood disorder (BMD), which is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression in the same patient at different times. It can begin between ages 20-30 and sometimes in childhood. BMD involves extreme highs and lows, and is classified based on current mood episode. Causes are unknown but genetic and environmental factors may play roles. Symptoms include expansive mood and decreased need for sleep during manic phases, and low mood and lack of interest during depressive phases. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and criteria from the DSM-5. Treatment involves lithium, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. Episodes typically last 3-4 months for man
This document discusses anxiety disorders and provides information on their definition, symptoms, types, epidemiology, course, and treatment. The main types of anxiety disorders covered are generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorders including agoraphobia and social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The document also outlines physical and psychological symptoms of anxiety, as well as biological and psychological factors contributing to anxiety disorders. Common treatment approaches discussed include pharmacotherapy using benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and SSRIs, as well as psychotherapy techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
A divorced 39-year-old woman presented with physical symptoms but was found to have dysthymic disorder after being prescribed an SSRI. Dysthymic disorder is a chronic form of depression lasting at least two years characterized by less severe but persistent symptoms. It is important to treat as it can be as debilitating as major depression and increases the risk of developing additional disorders. Prognosis is often chronic without treatment but SSRIs and other therapies can provide relief of symptoms.
Multiple personality disorder (MPD), now called dissociative identity disorder (DID), is a mental illness where a person has two or more distinct personalities or "alters" that control their behavior. It is caused by severe trauma, such as childhood abuse. People with DID experience memory loss, mood swings, and a blurred sense of identity as their various alters emerge. Treatment involves long-term psychotherapy to help the different personalities integrate.
The document discusses substance use disorders and provides information on various substances of abuse including alcohol, opioids, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It covers terminology, classifications, etiology, effects of acute intoxication and withdrawal, complications, treatments, and diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders involving these classes of drugs.
Mood disorders include depressive disorders like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Major depressive disorder involves one or more major depressive episodes without a history of mania. Bipolar I disorder involves one or more manic or mixed episodes. Etiology may include genetics, neurotransmitter imbalances, stress, negative thought patterns, and interpersonal problems. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy as well as medication like SSRIs, tricyclics, lithium, and ECT.
Impulse control disorders are characterized by the inability to resist harmful or destructive acts. People with these disorders seek temporary pleasure through acts like hair pulling, gambling, or arson despite knowing the long term negative consequences. The causes are not fully known but may involve brain injuries, medical conditions, abnormal brain development or chemistry. Treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and stress management. A study found pathological gamblers had decreased brain activity in impulse control regions when viewing gambling videos compared to non-gamblers.
This document provides information on obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in 4 parts:
1. Introduction - OCPD is characterized by perfectionism and inflexibility. It affects 1-2% of the population.
2. Prevalence - Men are more likely to be affected than women. Those with higher education are also more likely. Comorbidity with mood/anxiety disorders is common.
3. Diagnostic Criteria - To be diagnosed requires 4 of 7 criteria related to perfectionism, orderliness, mental/interpersonal control, rigidity, and reluctance to delegate.
4. Management - Cognitive-behavioral therapy may help reduce perfectionism. Psychodynamic psychotherapy
This document discusses three Cluster C personality disorders: avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Cluster C disorders are characterized by anxious and fearful thinking and include social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, a need to be taken care of by others, and preoccupation with perfectionism and control. The document provides information on prevalence, sex ratios, common comorbidities, family occurrences, typical treatments including psychotherapy and medication, and physician-patient interactions for each disorder.
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders according to the DSM-5. It discusses key features of psychotic disorders including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It then summarizes several psychotic disorders - brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, and psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. For each disorder, it outlines diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches including medications, therapy, and monitoring.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and various psychological disorders. It begins with definitions of abnormal behavior and discusses historical views including supernatural, biological, and psychological theories. Contemporary views see abnormal behavior as having biological, psychological, and social causes. The document outlines the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and discusses various anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, dissociative disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, and more. It provides details on symptoms, causes, and characteristics for each.
This document discusses Bipolar Disorders I and II as defined by the DSM-5. Bipolar I Disorder requires at least one manic episode, along with potential hypomanic or depressive episodes. Diagnostic criteria for manic, hypomanic, and depressive episodes are provided. Bipolar II Disorder involves at least one hypomanic and one depressive episode, without mania. It further defines hypomanic and depressive episode criteria and discusses the development, course, and age of onset for both disorders.
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders. They include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors and involves abnormal activity in brain regions involved in fear and emotion regulation. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like antidepressants and benzodiazepines to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Untreated anxiety can negatively impact quality of life.
Emil Kraepelin, Eugen Bleuler, Kurt Schneider, and Michelle G. Craske et al. 2017 are cited as important figures in the study and understanding of schizophrenia. The document summarizes key points about the epidemiology, etiology, substance abuse issues, predictors of poor outcome, specifiers, symptoms, safety concerns, suicide/homicide risks, diagnostic criteria, and recommended assessments for patients with schizophrenia. Physical exams, laboratory tests, mental status exams, and ongoing monitoring are suggested to evaluate symptoms and side effects of the condition and its treatment.
Non schizophrenic Psychosis
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder
Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition
Schizoaffective Disorder
Shared Psychotic Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Dr. Mohammad Hussein
الذهان الغير فصامي
د.محمد حسين
استشاري الطب النفسي
This document provides an overview of brief psychotic disorder according to diagnostic criteria in the DSM-V. It describes the disorder as a short duration severe mental disorder involving impaired thoughts and emotions where contact with reality is lost. The document outlines the diagnostic criteria including presence of delusions, hallucinations or other specified psychotic symptoms for at least one day but less than one month, followed by a full return to normal functioning. It also discusses associated features, risk factors, differential diagnoses, cultural considerations and prevalence.
chronic health issues are common, they are also a substantial risk factor for poor mental health and reduced quality of life.
poor mental health can increase the risk of disability, poor treatment compliance, and mortality.
The document provides information about mood disorders including statistics, types of mood disorders, diagnostic criteria, and features of specific disorders. Some key points:
- 15% of those diagnosed with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder commit suicide, making it a leading cause of death.
- Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are characterized by episodes of depression and for bipolar disorder, episodes of mania or hypomania.
- Dysthymic disorder involves chronic depressed mood for most of the day for at least two years.
- Bipolar I disorder includes manic episodes that cause severe symptoms and impairment in functioning. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 1% and often involves other conditions as well
The document discusses depression, including its definition as a mood disorder characterized by severe sadness, inability to feel pleasure, and debilitating symptoms. It notes depression is often comorbid with other conditions and a primary cause of self-harm and suicide. Causes are believed to be biological, genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors interacting. Symptoms include behavioral, cognitive, communication, mood, and physical changes. The document provides details on various symptoms and assessments used to evaluate suicide risk. It also discusses pharmacological treatments for depression including tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, and SSRIs.
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia including:
- Defining schizophrenia as a mental disorder characterized by impaired perception of reality, disorganized thinking, and social/occupational dysfunction.
- Describing types as having positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations or negative symptoms like blunted affect and lack of motivation.
- Listing common signs and symptoms, causes, management through pharmacological and psychological therapies, and factors impacting prognosis.
The document discusses schizophrenia, defining it as a mental disorder characterized by impaired perception of reality, disorganized thinking, and social/occupational dysfunction. It notes the types (positive and negative symptoms), causes (genetic and environmental factors), signs/symptoms, management (pharmacological and psychotherapy), and prognosis. Good prognostic factors include later onset, acute presentation, shorter duration/fewer symptoms, and better social support and functioning.
This document provides an overview of mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. It discusses the classification, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, presentation, differential diagnoses, screening tests, and management of mood disorders. The learning objectives are to describe mood and affect, classify mood disorders, identify the sources of mood disorders, determine the diagnostic criteria for depression, and describe proper management of depressive disorders.
A lecture by Dr Imran Waheed, Consultant Psychiatrist, outlining the approach towards the diagnosis and management of schizophrenia, with particular reference to primary care. Delivered in March 2013 in Birmingham, UK.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, subtypes, causes, affected brain areas, treatment options, and epidemiology. It discusses how schizophrenia is diagnosed according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV, outlining the key diagnostic criteria. It also summarizes the suspected genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors associated with schizophrenia development.
This document provides an overview of psychosis and psychotic disorders, their symptoms, and treatment including psychotropic medications. It discusses key psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders. It also outlines several psychiatric disorders that involve psychosis such as brief reactive psychosis, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder. The document reviews treatment approaches for psychosis including supportive psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and the use of psychotropic medications like antipsychotics.
Somatic symptom disorder, previously known as hypochondriasis, is characterized by at least six months of preoccupation with fears of having a serious illness based on misinterpreted bodily symptoms. This preoccupation causes significant distress and impairment. While prevalence is 4-6% in medical clinics and up to 15%, diagnosis is more common in blacks than whites and transient in medical students. Etiology may involve focusing on and misinterpreting bodily sensations due to faulty cognitive schemas or using illness as an "escape" from problems. Treatment involves psychotherapy and reassurance through medical exams, while avoiding unnecessary tests or treatments. Prognosis is better with social support, treatment of related disorders, and absence of personality disorders.
Somatic symptom disorder is a mental illness that causes distressing physical symptoms without a clear medical cause. Treatment focuses on improving daily functioning rather than just symptoms, and may include therapy, stress reduction, and addressing any underlying mental health conditions. Hypochondriasis involves a persistent fear of having a serious illness despite reassurance. Illness anxiety disorder involves excessive worry about personal health without clear physical symptoms. These somatic symptom disorders can be chronic and difficult to treat, often requiring therapy and management of anxiety.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, course, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, treatment and prognosis. Schizophrenia is diagnosed based on the presence of certain symptoms for at least six months, and is characterized by positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. It has a lifetime prevalence of 0.5-1% and typically onset in late teens to twenties. Potential causes include genetic and environmental factors impacting brain structure and dopamine neurotransmission. Treatment involves medication and hospitalization if needed for safety or symptom stabilization. Prognosis depends on factors like treatment adherence, though with proper long term management many people with schizophrenia can lead productive
The document summarizes research on depression among medical students. Some key findings:
- Depression rates are similar entering medical school but increase disproportionately over the course of study, peaking as students prepare for clinical work. Long hours, stress, and insecurity about examinations contribute.
- Over 50% of medical students seek help for depression or other mental health issues. Females are more likely to experience depression than males.
- Depression can be effectively treated with antidepressants and psychotherapy. Untreated, it can lead to disability, absenteeism, suicide and economic costs.
- A study of Gulf Medical University students found depression in 25% of students. Rates varied by gender, nationality,
The document discusses psychotic disorders and provides guidance on responding to someone experiencing psychosis. It defines psychosis and lists common symptoms involving changes in emotion, thinking, perception and behavior. Early intervention is important to reduce negative long-term impacts. The main steps outlined are to assess safety risks, listen without judgment, provide reassurance and encourage seeking professional help. Self-help strategies and local support services are also recommended.
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting nearly 17% of the population. It is characterized by depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure for at least two weeks, along with other symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep, energy levels, concentration, feelings of worthlessness and thoughts of death or suicide. Biological factors like abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, hormones, and sleep patterns are implicated in its etiology. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy.
This document lists various effects that neurotransmitters have on bodily functions and mental states. It mentions that some neurotransmitters inhibit the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, causing effects like nausea, vomiting, and anxiety. Other neurotransmitters facilitate the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and have effects on appetite, heart rate, memory, mood, sleep, sociability, and other functions.
This document discusses depression and was authored by Mohammad Hussein, a consultant psychiatrist and director of training administration at Maamoura Psychiatric Hospital. It addresses the epidemiology of depression, noting lifetime rates of 16-20% and that it is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. It discusses myths and theories of depression's causes, including biological and cognitive factors. The document outlines symptoms of depression, the diagnostic process, and treatments including pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its history, diagnosis, epidemiology, and mortality risks. It discusses:
- The early descriptions and classifications of schizophrenia by Kraepelin in 1892 and Bleuler in 1911.
- The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to the DSM-5, including symptoms, duration, severity, and exclusions.
- The epidemiology of schizophrenia, such as prevalence, incidence, risk factors like age, gender, and season of birth.
- The high mortality rate associated with schizophrenia due to factors like suicide, comorbid medical conditions, and increased cardiovascular and infectious disease risks.
Depression is a common and treatable mental health condition that affects 10-20% of people at some point in their lifetime. The core symptoms of depression include persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, and fatigue or low energy lasting at least two weeks. Depression is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. Treatment options include pharmacotherapy with antidepressants like SSRIs and SNRIs, psychotherapy including cognitive behavioral therapy, and electroconvulsive therapy for severe cases. Managing depression requires a comprehensive approach tailored to individual needs.
Patients with schizophrenia have a substantially higher risk of all-cause mortality than the general population, with a risk ratio of 2.4. Comorbidities like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory illness as well as suicide attempts are associated with increased mortality for schizophrenia patients compared to controls. Preventing and managing metabolic disorders, cardiovascular risks, diabetes, smoking, and obesity through treatment guidelines can help lower mortality risk, but these guidelines remain underutilized for schizophrenia patients. It is important for clinicians to regularly assess schizophrenia patients for suicidal thoughts, depression, medication side effects, and risk factors and utilize medications like clozapine that are approved for suicide prevention when indicated.
Perception is the active process by which the cognitive system constructs an internal representation of the outside world based on sensory input. It involves both bottom-up processing of sensory stimuli and top-down influences from expectations and prior knowledge. The mind forms a global whole using Gestalt principles and depth is perceived through binocular and monocular cues. Object recognition involves basic feature detection, grouping, figure-ground segregation, and matching with memory representations to apply meaning. Perception can be distorted by illusions or disrupted by agnosias and other disorders.
This document discusses dual diagnosis, which is when someone has both a mental illness and substance use disorder. It defines dual diagnosis and provides synonyms. It also gives statistics on the prevalence of dual diagnosis. It discusses the severity of dual diagnosis patients and characteristics like primary substance of abuse. It explores the relationship between mental disorders and substance use disorders. It outlines different types of dual diagnosis patients and discusses assessment and treatment approaches. Treatment involves integrated and coordinated care for both disorders simultaneously.
This document provides information on the management plan for schizophrenia. It discusses the typical professionals involved in treatment which includes psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and social workers. It describes treatment settings as either inpatient or outpatient. It outlines the main modalities used which are pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy. Both short-term and long-term goals are discussed. Short-term goals focus on safety, control of symptoms, and functional recovery. The document also provides details on antipsychotic medications, their side effects and treatment algorithms.
This document discusses the history and outcomes of schizophrenia. It traces the evolution of understanding and naming of the disorder from Morel in 1860 to Bleuler in 1908. Kraepelin originally termed it "dementia praecox" believing it had a deteriorating course, though long-term studies now show varied outcomes. Without treatment, 60-80% will relapse within 2 years and nearly all within 5 years, while with treatment only 20-40% relapse within 2 years and 50% within 5 years. The document also examines causes of non-compliance with medication, including factors related to the drugs' side effects, patients' attitudes and stigma, family influences, and health systems challenges. It defines the concepts of compliance, adherence
Mohammed Hussein is a psychiatrist consultant discussing depression. Depression is among the most common psychiatric illnesses, affecting 10-20% of people in their lifetime. It can cause persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue, guilt, trouble concentrating, and even suicidal thoughts or actions. Depression is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and can be effectively treated with psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Symptoms include re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, increased arousal and negative changes in mood and cognition. Risk factors include a history of childhood trauma, lack of social support, and severity of the traumatic event. Effective treatments include trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and medications like SSRIs.
Phenomological differences between Unipolar & Bipolar depressionDr.Mohammad Hussein
The document discusses differences between unipolar and bipolar depression in terms of course, symptoms, and psychosocial factors. Some key differences highlighted include: the age of onset being 6 years younger for bipolar disorder; bipolar disorder involving more depressive episodes; bipolar depressions being shorter in duration and quicker to onset; and greater short-term mood variability seen in bipolar depressed participants. Regarding symptoms, studies show inconsistent findings. Psychosocially, low social support and negative life events are associated more with bipolar depression, while neuroticism increases depressive symptoms in both. Cognition during episodes shows low self-esteem in both, but bipolar linked to negative style; after episodes, bipolar involves higher self
The Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) program is a 5-session program that teaches children ages 8 and older coping skills to deal with the stresses of disasters. Each session focuses on different trauma responses: intrusion, hyperarousal, and avoidance. Sessions include education, skills building through techniques like relaxation, exposure, and social support. The goal is to normalize reactions and give children control over traumatic memories and fears.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
6. History
Personal Data
Source & Reasons
Of Referral
Complain
History Of Present
Illness
Past History
Family History
Personal History
Premorbid
Personality
Examination
Physical
Examination
Neurological
Examination
Mental State
Examination
Formulation
&management
Descriptive
formulation
Dynamic
“etiological”
formulation
Prognosis
Psychiatric sheet
Differential
diagnosis
Investigation
Provisional
diagnosis
Management
د
.
خطاب
أحمد
د
.
حسين
محمد
د
.
البسيوني
محمد
د
.
الشعشاعي
أحمد
7. • Name; األقل على ثالثي اإلسم
• Age;
• Sex:
• Address;
• Education
• Occupation;
• Marital Status
History
Personal Data
Rapport
Sociocultural level
Religion
Family atmosphere
Disorders
Prognosis
Drugs and doses
9. Patient complaint:
His own words
بالعربي
Most distressing to him
Informant complaint:
Reliable
If unavailable >>>>> comment
History
Complain
12. Previous Psychiatric history:
Previous or ongoing psychiatric diagnoses.
Dates and duration of previous mental illness episodes.
Details of previous treatments, including medication,
psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy and hospitalization.
Details of previous contact with psychiatric services.
Details of previous assessment or treatment under mental health
legislation.
Previous neurological or medical illness history:
Epilepsy, thyroid
Surgical operations, accidents
Medication taking regular
History
Past History
17. History
Personal Data
Source & Reasons
Of Referral
Complain
History Of Present
Illness
Past History
Family History
Personal History
Premorbid
Personality
Examination
Physical
Examination
Neurological
Examination
Mental State
Examination
Formulation
&management
Descriptive
formulation
Dynamic
“etiological”
formulation
Prognosis
Psychiatric sheet
Differential
diagnosis
Investigation
Provisional
diagnosis
Management
د
.
حسين
محمد
Formulation
&management
د
.
حسينمحمد
18. • integrated summary and understanding of a particular
patient’s problems.
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Descriptive
formulation
Dynamic
“etiological”
formulation
Prognosis
Differential
diagnosis
Investigation
Provisional
diagnosis
Management
19. Descriptive formulation
• Personal Data
• Main features of the presenting complaint.
• Relevant background details
(e.g. past psychiatric history, positive family history).
• Positive findings in the mental state examination and
physical examination.
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Descriptive
formulation
20. Dynamic “etiological” formulation
Why has this patient
developed this disorder
at this point in their life?
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Dynamic
“etiological”
formulation
21. Dynamic “etiological” formulation
Commonly identified etiological factors:
Recent stressful life events
Non-compliance with medications
Non-engagement with services
Lack of insight
Substance misuse
Co-morbid physical illnesses
Social isolation
Poor financial support, lack of employment, housing
Poor premorbid adjustments
Previous history of mental illness
Family history of mental illness
Recent bereavement (elderly)
Sensory deprivation (elderly).
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Dynamic
“etiological”
formulation
22. Dynamic “etiological” formulation
Predisposing factors
Precipitating factors
Perpetuating factors
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Dynamic
“etiological”
formulation
biological psychological
social
27. blood
• • Full blood count (FBC)
• • B 12 and folate levels
• • Liver function tests (LFTs)
• • Urea and electrolytes (U&Es)
• • Creatinine
• • Thyroid function tests (TFT)
• • Blood sugar.
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Investigation
Physical / medical
urine
Urine drug screen
Infection in elederly
imaging
Chest x ray
elderly patients and only where examination and
history suggests morbid respiratory and cardiovascular
conditions .
ECG for specific cases (elderly patients and for
pjlients on high-dose antipsychotics, special
populations with cardiac problems)
(EEC) - requires justification on the grounds of
Agnostic need
(CT) - requires justification on the grounds of
diagnostic need
Magnetic resonance imaging (MR!) - only for
specific cases
Other investigations as dictated by findings on
physical examination.
28. Investigation
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Investigation
psychological
Psychometric testing/neuropsychological assessment if
you suspect dementia, cognitive impairment, organic
psychiatric illness or learning disability
Rating scales to establish baselines (mood rating scales,
anxiety and depression rating scales)
Personality assessment (only for specific cases)
The following types of self-monitoring can be requested if
appropriate:
• Mood diary
• Eating or drinking diary
• Activities diary.
31. diagnosis
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Provisional
diagnosis
ICD 10 Diagnosis for Schizophrenia
A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3):
1) Delusions.
2) Hallucinations.
3) Disorganized speech (eg, frequent derailment or incoherence).
4) Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
5) Negative symptoms (ie, diminished emotional expression or avolition).
B. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning in one or more major areas, such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, is markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset (or when
the onset is in childhood or adolescence, there is failure to achieve expected level of interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning).
C. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This six-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A (ie, active-phase symptoms) and may include
periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or by two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A present in an
attenuated form (eg, odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences).
D. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either 1) no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2) if mood
episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the direct physiological effects of a substance (eg, a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition.
F. If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other required symptoms
of schizophrenia, are also present for at least one month (or less if successfully treated).
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
32. Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Provisional
diagnosis
ICD 10 Diagnosis for Schizophrenia
G1. Either at least one of the syndromes, symptoms, and signs listed under (1) below, or at least two of the symptoms and signs
listed under (2) should be present for most of the time during an episode of psychotic illness lasting for at least 1 month (or at
some time during most of the days).
1.At least one of the following must be present:
1. thought echo, thought insertion or withdrawal, or thought broadcasting;
2. delusions of control, influence, or passivity, clearly referred to body or limb movements or specific thoughts, actions,
or sensations; delusional perception;
3. hallucinatory voices giving a running commentary on the patient’s behavior, or discussing the patient among
themselves, or other types of hallucinatory voices coming from some part of the body;
4. persistent delusions of other kinds that are culturally inappropriate and completely impossible (e.g., being able to
control the weather, or being in communication with aliens from another world).
2.Or at least two of the following:
1. persistent hallucinations in any modality, when occurring every day for at least 1 month, when accompanied by
delusions (which may be fleeting or half-formed) without clear affective content, or when accompanied by persistent
overvalued ideas;
2. neologisms, breaks, or interpolations in the train of thought, resulting in incoherence or irrelevant speech;
3. catatonic behavior, such as excitement, posturing or waxy flexibility, negativism, mutism, and stupor;
4. “negative―
symptoms, such as marked apathy, paucity of speech, and blunting or incongruity of emotional
responses (it must be clear that these are not due to depression or to neuroleptic medication).
G2. Most commonly used exclusion clauses
1.If the patient also meets criteria for manic episode or depressive episode, the criteria listed under G1(1) and GI(2) above must
have been met before the disturbance of mood developed.
2.The disorder is not attributable to organic brain disease or to alcohol- or drug-related intoxication, dependence, or withdrawal.
33. diagnosis
Formulatio
n
&managemen
t
Provisional
diagnosis
DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period (or less if successfully treated).
At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3):
1) Delusions. 2) Hallucinations. 3) Disorganized speech (eg, frequent derailment or incoherence).
4) Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. 5) Negative symptoms (ie, diminished emotionalexpression or avolition).
B. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning in one or more major areas, such as work,
interpersonal relations, or self-care, is markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset (or when the onset is in childhood or
adolescence, there is failure to achieve expected level of interpersonal, academic, or occupational functioning).
C. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This six-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or
less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A (ie, active-phase symptoms) and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms.
During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or by two or more
symptoms listed in Criterion A present in an attenuated form (eg, odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences).
D. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either 1) no major
depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2) if mood episodes have occurred during
active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the direct physiological effects of a substance (eg, a drug of abuse, a medication) or another
medical condition.
F. If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of
schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other required symptoms of schizophrenia, are also
present for at least one month (or less if successfully treated).