This document lists various effects that neurotransmitters have on bodily functions and mental states. It mentions that some neurotransmitters inhibit the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, causing effects like nausea, vomiting, and anxiety. Other neurotransmitters facilitate the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and have effects on appetite, heart rate, memory, mood, sleep, sociability, and other functions.
Non schizophrenic Psychosis
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder
Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition
Schizoaffective Disorder
Shared Psychotic Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Dr. Mohammad Hussein
الذهان الغير فصامي
د.محمد حسين
استشاري الطب النفسي
This document discusses depression and was authored by Mohammad Hussein, a consultant psychiatrist and director of training administration at Maamoura Psychiatric Hospital. It addresses the epidemiology of depression, noting lifetime rates of 16-20% and that it is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. It discusses myths and theories of depression's causes, including biological and cognitive factors. The document outlines symptoms of depression, the diagnostic process, and treatments including pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its history, diagnosis, epidemiology, and mortality risks. It discusses:
- The early descriptions and classifications of schizophrenia by Kraepelin in 1892 and Bleuler in 1911.
- The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to the DSM-5, including symptoms, duration, severity, and exclusions.
- The epidemiology of schizophrenia, such as prevalence, incidence, risk factors like age, gender, and season of birth.
- The high mortality rate associated with schizophrenia due to factors like suicide, comorbid medical conditions, and increased cardiovascular and infectious disease risks.
Depression is a common and treatable mental health condition that affects 10-20% of people at some point in their lifetime. The core symptoms of depression include persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, and fatigue or low energy lasting at least two weeks. Depression is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. Treatment options include pharmacotherapy with antidepressants like SSRIs and SNRIs, psychotherapy including cognitive behavioral therapy, and electroconvulsive therapy for severe cases. Managing depression requires a comprehensive approach tailored to individual needs.
Patients with schizophrenia have a substantially higher risk of all-cause mortality than the general population, with a risk ratio of 2.4. Comorbidities like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory illness as well as suicide attempts are associated with increased mortality for schizophrenia patients compared to controls. Preventing and managing metabolic disorders, cardiovascular risks, diabetes, smoking, and obesity through treatment guidelines can help lower mortality risk, but these guidelines remain underutilized for schizophrenia patients. It is important for clinicians to regularly assess schizophrenia patients for suicidal thoughts, depression, medication side effects, and risk factors and utilize medications like clozapine that are approved for suicide prevention when indicated.
Perception is the active process by which the cognitive system constructs an internal representation of the outside world based on sensory input. It involves both bottom-up processing of sensory stimuli and top-down influences from expectations and prior knowledge. The mind forms a global whole using Gestalt principles and depth is perceived through binocular and monocular cues. Object recognition involves basic feature detection, grouping, figure-ground segregation, and matching with memory representations to apply meaning. Perception can be distorted by illusions or disrupted by agnosias and other disorders.
This document lists various effects that neurotransmitters have on bodily functions and mental states. It mentions that some neurotransmitters inhibit the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, causing effects like nausea, vomiting, and anxiety. Other neurotransmitters facilitate the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and have effects on appetite, heart rate, memory, mood, sleep, sociability, and other functions.
Non schizophrenic Psychosis
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder
Psychotic Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition
Schizoaffective Disorder
Shared Psychotic Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Dr. Mohammad Hussein
الذهان الغير فصامي
د.محمد حسين
استشاري الطب النفسي
This document discusses depression and was authored by Mohammad Hussein, a consultant psychiatrist and director of training administration at Maamoura Psychiatric Hospital. It addresses the epidemiology of depression, noting lifetime rates of 16-20% and that it is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. It discusses myths and theories of depression's causes, including biological and cognitive factors. The document outlines symptoms of depression, the diagnostic process, and treatments including pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its history, diagnosis, epidemiology, and mortality risks. It discusses:
- The early descriptions and classifications of schizophrenia by Kraepelin in 1892 and Bleuler in 1911.
- The diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to the DSM-5, including symptoms, duration, severity, and exclusions.
- The epidemiology of schizophrenia, such as prevalence, incidence, risk factors like age, gender, and season of birth.
- The high mortality rate associated with schizophrenia due to factors like suicide, comorbid medical conditions, and increased cardiovascular and infectious disease risks.
Depression is a common and treatable mental health condition that affects 10-20% of people at some point in their lifetime. The core symptoms of depression include persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, and fatigue or low energy lasting at least two weeks. Depression is the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide. Treatment options include pharmacotherapy with antidepressants like SSRIs and SNRIs, psychotherapy including cognitive behavioral therapy, and electroconvulsive therapy for severe cases. Managing depression requires a comprehensive approach tailored to individual needs.
Patients with schizophrenia have a substantially higher risk of all-cause mortality than the general population, with a risk ratio of 2.4. Comorbidities like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory illness as well as suicide attempts are associated with increased mortality for schizophrenia patients compared to controls. Preventing and managing metabolic disorders, cardiovascular risks, diabetes, smoking, and obesity through treatment guidelines can help lower mortality risk, but these guidelines remain underutilized for schizophrenia patients. It is important for clinicians to regularly assess schizophrenia patients for suicidal thoughts, depression, medication side effects, and risk factors and utilize medications like clozapine that are approved for suicide prevention when indicated.
Perception is the active process by which the cognitive system constructs an internal representation of the outside world based on sensory input. It involves both bottom-up processing of sensory stimuli and top-down influences from expectations and prior knowledge. The mind forms a global whole using Gestalt principles and depth is perceived through binocular and monocular cues. Object recognition involves basic feature detection, grouping, figure-ground segregation, and matching with memory representations to apply meaning. Perception can be distorted by illusions or disrupted by agnosias and other disorders.
This document discusses dual diagnosis, which is when someone has both a mental illness and substance use disorder. It defines dual diagnosis and provides synonyms. It also gives statistics on the prevalence of dual diagnosis. It discusses the severity of dual diagnosis patients and characteristics like primary substance of abuse. It explores the relationship between mental disorders and substance use disorders. It outlines different types of dual diagnosis patients and discusses assessment and treatment approaches. Treatment involves integrated and coordinated care for both disorders simultaneously.
This document provides information on the management plan for schizophrenia. It discusses the typical professionals involved in treatment which includes psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and social workers. It describes treatment settings as either inpatient or outpatient. It outlines the main modalities used which are pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy. Both short-term and long-term goals are discussed. Short-term goals focus on safety, control of symptoms, and functional recovery. The document also provides details on antipsychotic medications, their side effects and treatment algorithms.
This document discusses the history and outcomes of schizophrenia. It traces the evolution of understanding and naming of the disorder from Morel in 1860 to Bleuler in 1908. Kraepelin originally termed it "dementia praecox" believing it had a deteriorating course, though long-term studies now show varied outcomes. Without treatment, 60-80% will relapse within 2 years and nearly all within 5 years, while with treatment only 20-40% relapse within 2 years and 50% within 5 years. The document also examines causes of non-compliance with medication, including factors related to the drugs' side effects, patients' attitudes and stigma, family influences, and health systems challenges. It defines the concepts of compliance, adherence
This document provides guidance on psychiatric formulation and management. It discusses conducting a descriptive formulation which provides an integrated summary of the patient's problems, history and examination findings. It also describes creating a dynamic etiological formulation to understand why the patient developed the disorder and potential predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors. Differential diagnoses, investigations and a provisional diagnosis using diagnostic criteria are also outlined. Management recommendations include both short and long-term approaches incorporating medical, psychological and social components. The document concludes with discussing prognostic factors for conditions like schizophrenia.
Mohammed Hussein is a psychiatrist consultant discussing depression. Depression is among the most common psychiatric illnesses, affecting 10-20% of people in their lifetime. It can cause persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue, guilt, trouble concentrating, and even suicidal thoughts or actions. Depression is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and can be effectively treated with psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication.
1) This document contains a psychiatric assessment form used to evaluate patients.
2) The form includes sections for collecting personal data, history of present illness, past psychiatric and medical history, family history, examination findings, formulation, differential diagnosis, investigations, provisional diagnosis, and management plan.
3) The formulation section involves developing both a descriptive formulation summarizing the patient's main issues, as well as a dynamic formulation exploring predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors for the patient's condition from biological, psychological and social perspectives.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Symptoms include re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, increased arousal and negative changes in mood and cognition. Risk factors include a history of childhood trauma, lack of social support, and severity of the traumatic event. Effective treatments include trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and medications like SSRIs.
Phenomological differences between Unipolar & Bipolar depressionDr.Mohammad Hussein
The document discusses differences between unipolar and bipolar depression in terms of course, symptoms, and psychosocial factors. Some key differences highlighted include: the age of onset being 6 years younger for bipolar disorder; bipolar disorder involving more depressive episodes; bipolar depressions being shorter in duration and quicker to onset; and greater short-term mood variability seen in bipolar depressed participants. Regarding symptoms, studies show inconsistent findings. Psychosocially, low social support and negative life events are associated more with bipolar depression, while neuroticism increases depressive symptoms in both. Cognition during episodes shows low self-esteem in both, but bipolar linked to negative style; after episodes, bipolar involves higher self
The Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) program is a 5-session program that teaches children ages 8 and older coping skills to deal with the stresses of disasters. Each session focuses on different trauma responses: intrusion, hyperarousal, and avoidance. Sessions include education, skills building through techniques like relaxation, exposure, and social support. The goal is to normalize reactions and give children control over traumatic memories and fears.
This document provides information about Dr. Mohammed Hussein, a psychiatrist in Egypt. It discusses his qualifications and role as technical manager and editor of the website "tabibnafsany.com". The document then provides summaries of sleep architecture and cycles, common sleep disorders, and healthy sleep hygiene practices. It notes that sleep varies between individuals based on factors like age, gender, environment and health conditions. Non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep are summarized. Common causes of poor sleep and their treatment are also outlined.
This document provides information on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including its diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Some key points include:
- ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It has predominantly inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, or combined presentations.
- Genetic and neurological factors are involved in its etiology. Stimulant medications like methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly used treatments.
- ADHD symptoms often emerge by age 3 and persist into adolescence or adulthood in about 50% of cases, though hyperactivity may decrease over time.
Intermittent explosive disorder involves discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assault or property damage. Between episodes, individuals feel remorse and regret. Etiology may involve psychodynamic factors like attempts to manage difficult emotions, psychosocial factors like exposure to violence, or biological factors like abnormalities in brain regions involved in impulse control. Treatment involves psychotherapy and medication to manage impulsivity and aggression.
The limbic system includes structures involved in emotion processing and memory formation. It contains nuclei such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and septal nuclei, as well as connecting tracts. The hippocampus forms memories and is connected to the amygdala and septal nuclei. The amygdala processes emotions and regulates autonomic functions. Stimulation of the septal nuclei produces pleasurable sensations. Together, these structures form circuits like the circuit of Papez that are important for emotional processing and memory.
This document discusses dual diagnosis, which is when someone has both a mental illness and substance use disorder. It defines dual diagnosis and provides synonyms. It also gives statistics on the prevalence of dual diagnosis. It discusses the severity of dual diagnosis patients and characteristics like primary substance of abuse. It explores the relationship between mental disorders and substance use disorders. It outlines different types of dual diagnosis patients and discusses assessment and treatment approaches. Treatment involves integrated and coordinated care for both disorders simultaneously.
This document provides information on the management plan for schizophrenia. It discusses the typical professionals involved in treatment which includes psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and social workers. It describes treatment settings as either inpatient or outpatient. It outlines the main modalities used which are pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy. Both short-term and long-term goals are discussed. Short-term goals focus on safety, control of symptoms, and functional recovery. The document also provides details on antipsychotic medications, their side effects and treatment algorithms.
This document discusses the history and outcomes of schizophrenia. It traces the evolution of understanding and naming of the disorder from Morel in 1860 to Bleuler in 1908. Kraepelin originally termed it "dementia praecox" believing it had a deteriorating course, though long-term studies now show varied outcomes. Without treatment, 60-80% will relapse within 2 years and nearly all within 5 years, while with treatment only 20-40% relapse within 2 years and 50% within 5 years. The document also examines causes of non-compliance with medication, including factors related to the drugs' side effects, patients' attitudes and stigma, family influences, and health systems challenges. It defines the concepts of compliance, adherence
This document provides guidance on psychiatric formulation and management. It discusses conducting a descriptive formulation which provides an integrated summary of the patient's problems, history and examination findings. It also describes creating a dynamic etiological formulation to understand why the patient developed the disorder and potential predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors. Differential diagnoses, investigations and a provisional diagnosis using diagnostic criteria are also outlined. Management recommendations include both short and long-term approaches incorporating medical, psychological and social components. The document concludes with discussing prognostic factors for conditions like schizophrenia.
Mohammed Hussein is a psychiatrist consultant discussing depression. Depression is among the most common psychiatric illnesses, affecting 10-20% of people in their lifetime. It can cause persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue, guilt, trouble concentrating, and even suicidal thoughts or actions. Depression is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and can be effectively treated with psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication.
1) This document contains a psychiatric assessment form used to evaluate patients.
2) The form includes sections for collecting personal data, history of present illness, past psychiatric and medical history, family history, examination findings, formulation, differential diagnosis, investigations, provisional diagnosis, and management plan.
3) The formulation section involves developing both a descriptive formulation summarizing the patient's main issues, as well as a dynamic formulation exploring predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors for the patient's condition from biological, psychological and social perspectives.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Symptoms include re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, increased arousal and negative changes in mood and cognition. Risk factors include a history of childhood trauma, lack of social support, and severity of the traumatic event. Effective treatments include trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and medications like SSRIs.
Phenomological differences between Unipolar & Bipolar depressionDr.Mohammad Hussein
The document discusses differences between unipolar and bipolar depression in terms of course, symptoms, and psychosocial factors. Some key differences highlighted include: the age of onset being 6 years younger for bipolar disorder; bipolar disorder involving more depressive episodes; bipolar depressions being shorter in duration and quicker to onset; and greater short-term mood variability seen in bipolar depressed participants. Regarding symptoms, studies show inconsistent findings. Psychosocially, low social support and negative life events are associated more with bipolar depression, while neuroticism increases depressive symptoms in both. Cognition during episodes shows low self-esteem in both, but bipolar linked to negative style; after episodes, bipolar involves higher self
The Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) program is a 5-session program that teaches children ages 8 and older coping skills to deal with the stresses of disasters. Each session focuses on different trauma responses: intrusion, hyperarousal, and avoidance. Sessions include education, skills building through techniques like relaxation, exposure, and social support. The goal is to normalize reactions and give children control over traumatic memories and fears.
This document provides information about Dr. Mohammed Hussein, a psychiatrist in Egypt. It discusses his qualifications and role as technical manager and editor of the website "tabibnafsany.com". The document then provides summaries of sleep architecture and cycles, common sleep disorders, and healthy sleep hygiene practices. It notes that sleep varies between individuals based on factors like age, gender, environment and health conditions. Non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep are summarized. Common causes of poor sleep and their treatment are also outlined.
This document provides information on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including its diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Some key points include:
- ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It has predominantly inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, or combined presentations.
- Genetic and neurological factors are involved in its etiology. Stimulant medications like methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly used treatments.
- ADHD symptoms often emerge by age 3 and persist into adolescence or adulthood in about 50% of cases, though hyperactivity may decrease over time.
Intermittent explosive disorder involves discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in serious assault or property damage. Between episodes, individuals feel remorse and regret. Etiology may involve psychodynamic factors like attempts to manage difficult emotions, psychosocial factors like exposure to violence, or biological factors like abnormalities in brain regions involved in impulse control. Treatment involves psychotherapy and medication to manage impulsivity and aggression.
The limbic system includes structures involved in emotion processing and memory formation. It contains nuclei such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and septal nuclei, as well as connecting tracts. The hippocampus forms memories and is connected to the amygdala and septal nuclei. The amygdala processes emotions and regulates autonomic functions. Stimulation of the septal nuclei produces pleasurable sensations. Together, these structures form circuits like the circuit of Papez that are important for emotional processing and memory.
3. "Criteria for substance use dependence in ICD-10
Three or more of the following must have been experienced or
exhibited at some time during the previous year:
1.A strong desire or sense of compulsion to take the substance;
2.Difficulties in controlling substance-taking behaviour in terms of its
onset, termination, or levels of use;
3.A physiological withdrawal state when substance use has ceased or
been reduced, as evidenced by: the characteristic withdrawal
syndrome for the substance; or use of the same (or a closely related)
substance with the intention of relieving or avoiding withdrawal
symptoms;
4.Evidence of tolerance, such that increased doses of the
psychoactive substance are required in order to achieve effects
originally produced by lower doses;
5.Progressive neglect of alternative pleasures or interests because of
psychoactive substance use, increased amount of time necessary to
obtain or take the substance or to recover from its effects ;
6.Persisting with substance use despite clear evidence of overtly
harmful consequences, such as harm to the liver through excessive
drinking, depressive mood states consequent to heavy substance
use, or substance-related impairment of cognitive functioning. Efforts
should be made to determine that the user was actually, or could be
expected to be, aware of the nature and extent of the harm.