IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Congestion management using facts devices in deregulated power systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The deregulated power system offers more benefits to the customers so that it is quite popular in now days. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. This paper presents a new method to mitigate congestion in a deregulated Power system. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. So Transmission congestion, Voltage instability and power loss problems are arise in the power system. These are very serious problems which cause damage to the power system Congestion is a tough task in Deregulated power system. This paper deals with the best location for TCSC using priority list to have minimum total congestion rent and minimum total generation cost .The Simulation results were successfully tested on modified IEEE 9 bus system using Power world simulator 11.0. Keywords— Deregulated power system, Congestion, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Reactive power loss, Power Transfer capability,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Congestion management using facts devices in deregulated power systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The deregulated power system offers more benefits to the customers so that it is quite popular in now days. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. This paper presents a new method to mitigate congestion in a deregulated Power system. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. So Transmission congestion, Voltage instability and power loss problems are arise in the power system. These are very serious problems which cause damage to the power system Congestion is a tough task in Deregulated power system. This paper deals with the best location for TCSC using priority list to have minimum total congestion rent and minimum total generation cost .The Simulation results were successfully tested on modified IEEE 9 bus system using Power world simulator 11.0. Keywords— Deregulated power system, Congestion, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Reactive power loss, Power Transfer capability,
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
Three major objectives govern power system operation:
• ensure operating reliability,
• favour the economic performance and opening of the electricity market,
• meet contractual commitments towards customers connected to the
transmission network.
System operation must guarantee:
• the maintenance of operating reliability (cf. § 2.2), i.e. controlling the
evolution and reactions of the power system in the face of the different
contingencies to which it is subjected (short-circuits, unexpected load
trends, unscheduled unavailability of generation or transmission
facilities, etc.), by reducing to the greatest extent possible any risk of
incidents that may lead to a widespread power failure cutting off the entire
country or vast areas
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
Three major objectives govern power system operation:
• ensure operating reliability,
• favour the economic performance and opening of the electricity market,
• meet contractual commitments towards customers connected to the
transmission network.
System operation must guarantee:
• the maintenance of operating reliability (cf. § 2.2), i.e. controlling the
evolution and reactions of the power system in the face of the different
contingencies to which it is subjected (short-circuits, unexpected load
trends, unscheduled unavailability of generation or transmission
facilities, etc.), by reducing to the greatest extent possible any risk of
incidents that may lead to a widespread power failure cutting off the entire
country or vast areas;
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
Improving Distribution System Performance in Deregulated Electricity Industry...IOSRJEEE
In many developing countries, domestic electricity consumers having single phase appliances are most times supplied with single phase meters with incoming three phase supply lines. Due to frequent phase faults, these customers often change their supply from one phase to another whenever there is low voltage or no supply in the phase they are currently connected to. This action coupled with the fact that there is uneven distribution of loads on the distribution transformers in residential areas, lead to more transformer overload with consequential loss of power, equipment, man-hours, revenue and in extreme cases, life. When electricity was treated as a welfare commodity or as part of government social responsibility, these consequences where ignored. But with commercialization, privatization and deregulation, cost minimization and profit maximization have become the watchwords. As a means of minimizing this, utilizing the concept of phase-constrained electricity billing scheme in the deregulated Nigerian Power Industry was presented in this work. The phaseconstrained billing model involves re-arranging the service lines and setting up constraint matrices to relate the phase and service lines utilizable by customer to the electricity bill using penalty factors. To test the acceptability of this model, a customer behavior and utilization index based questionnaires were administered in the field. The survey was analyzed using the statistical attitude measurement technique based on the 5-point Likert Scale. The responses obtained showed that introducing a penalty factor in the billing which ensure that those using more phases pay higher will minimize frequent change of phases; and provide a direction for utilities and customers in resolving the power quality and availability problems associated with frequent phase changing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This project proposes a distributed control approach to coordinate multiple energy storage units
(ESUs) to avoid violation of voltage and network load constraints ESU as a buffer can be a promising
solution which can store surplus power during the peak generation periods and use it in peak load
periods.In ESU converters both active and reactive power are used to deal with the power quality
issues in distribution network ESU’s reactive power is proposed to be used for voltage support, while
the active power is to be utilized in managing network loading.
Reliability Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Trans...Power System Operation
The increasing amounts of customer-owned Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) limit the control and visibility of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) and utility operators. Most of these resources are non-curtailable and subject to several aggregation guidelines for wholesale participation. These units cannot be decoupled from the Transmission-Distribution (T-D) interface and have a direct impact on the economics and reliability of the grid. This paper reports the results of a study that investigated realistic dispatch conditions from a production and power flow co-simulation environment with increased behind-the-meter DER resources. The objectives of this study include: 1) understanding steady-state and transient voltage response of the system at the local T-D interface, 2) analyzing impacts on switching operations, 3) studying the system-wide frequency response of the Western Interconnection, and 4) examining scenarios that provide insight into the type of control strategies that best benefit local ISO and utility operations from a reliability perspective.
Reliability Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Trans...Power System Operation
The increasing amounts of customer-owned Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) limit the control and visibility of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) and utility operators. Most of these resources are non-curtailable and subject to several aggregation guidelines for wholesale participation. These units cannot be decoupled from the Transmission-Distribution (T-D) interface and have a direct impact on the economics and reliability of the grid. This paper reports the results of a study that investigated realistic dispatch conditions from a production and power flow co-simulation environment with increased behind-the-meter DER resources. The objectives of this study include: 1) understanding steady-state and transient voltage response of the system at the local T-D interface, 2) analyzing impacts on switching operations, 3) studying the system-wide frequency response of the Western Interconnection, and 4) examining scenarios that provide insight into the type of control strategies that best benefit local ISO and utility operations from a reliability perspective.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Swing, voltage stability and power transfer capability in transmission system...eSAT Journals
Abstract In modern era, the increasing size of the power system, to maximize the use of existing systems and to provide adequate voltage support is an emphasis on finding solutions. This flexibility is needed electricity. Better placed than the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) to control the flow of electricity, and to provide voltage support can be effective in turn resulting in less damage. The impact of these tools on line flow and bus voltage profile at random algorithm to determine the optimal number of ratings have been studied by keeping them better . The FACTS devices are expensive cause of that FACTS type, number and location of the FACTS devices is very important, for decide the optimal location and parameters of FACTS devices. FACTS are used in the following purposes: Transmission pricing issues by maximizing social welfare with or without consideration of FACTS’ costs; Better utilization of FACT by maximizing FACTS devices total transferred power; Reactive power or voltage control by minimizing transmission losses, or voltage fluctuation. Increase system’s security under emergency by minimizing transmission lines loadability. Power flow control, a current long transmission line, plays an important role within the energy system. The letter swings, long-distance transmission line voltage and power flow control in unified power flow controller (UPFC) based compensation associated series or shunt FACTS devices are employed. Devices such as the proposed transmission line, between the end of the sending and receiving end to the transmission line is used in places as different. Here also deals with determining the optimum placement of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) damping out swings, voltage and improves power transfer devices for a long transmission line. Here the concept of compensation mid-point of facts is presented for optimal placement. Keywords: Stability, first swings, rotor angle, power transfer, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), reactive power
A hybrid approach for ipfc location and parameters optimization for congestio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The deregulated power system operation with competitive electricity market environment has been created many challenging tasks to the system operator. The competition with strategic bidding has been resulted for randomness in generation schedule, load withdrawal and power flows across the network. The economic efficiency of electricity market is mainly dependent on network support. In the event of congestion, it is required to alter the base case market settlement and hence the economic inefficiency in terms of congestion cost can occur. In order to anticipate congestion and its consequences in operation, this paper has been considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).This article proposed a tactical approach for optimal location and then its parameters in Decoupled Power Injection Modeling (DPIM) are optimized using Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The case studies are performed on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results obtained are validating the proposed approach for practical implementations.
Keywords: Deregulated power system, competitive electricity market, congestion management, IPFC, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA)
Three major objectives govern power system operation:
• ensure operating reliability,
• favour the economic performance and opening of the electricity market,
• meet contractual commitments towards customers connected to the
transmission network.
System operation must guarantee:
• the maintenance of operating reliability (cf. § 2.2), i.e. controlling the
evolution and reactions of the power system in the face of the different
contingencies to which it is subjected (short-circuits, unexpected load
trends, unscheduled unavailability of generation or transmission
facilities, etc.), by reducing to the greatest extent possible any risk of
incidents that may lead to a widespread power failure cutting off the entire
country or vast areas
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
Three major objectives govern power system operation:
• ensure operating reliability,
• favour the economic performance and opening of the electricity market,
• meet contractual commitments towards customers connected to the
transmission network.
System operation must guarantee:
• the maintenance of operating reliability (cf. § 2.2), i.e. controlling the
evolution and reactions of the power system in the face of the different
contingencies to which it is subjected (short-circuits, unexpected load
trends, unscheduled unavailability of generation or transmission
facilities, etc.), by reducing to the greatest extent possible any risk of
incidents that may lead to a widespread power failure cutting off the entire
country or vast areas;
This paper studies the suitability of a vector based current control which is mostly employed for its faster response in the reactive current applications of static compnesators (STATCOMs). The current control is mostly achieved using proportional-integral (PI) controllers because of the advantage of their good tracking and small variations. However, due to the dependency of PI controllers on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) system dynamics, performance variations arise during steady-state STATCOM non-ideal operations. This paper presents an improved MMC based STATCOM control with a d-q compensation algorithm added to the vector based current control. The algorithm is derived to tackle the effects of the dynamics of the MMC and the STATCOM ideal variations without the use of any additional controller. The control is achieved by providing a power compensation in the d,q-axis which injects currents at the input of the PI controllers in order to improve the steady-state performance of the STATCOM control.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
Improving Distribution System Performance in Deregulated Electricity Industry...IOSRJEEE
In many developing countries, domestic electricity consumers having single phase appliances are most times supplied with single phase meters with incoming three phase supply lines. Due to frequent phase faults, these customers often change their supply from one phase to another whenever there is low voltage or no supply in the phase they are currently connected to. This action coupled with the fact that there is uneven distribution of loads on the distribution transformers in residential areas, lead to more transformer overload with consequential loss of power, equipment, man-hours, revenue and in extreme cases, life. When electricity was treated as a welfare commodity or as part of government social responsibility, these consequences where ignored. But with commercialization, privatization and deregulation, cost minimization and profit maximization have become the watchwords. As a means of minimizing this, utilizing the concept of phase-constrained electricity billing scheme in the deregulated Nigerian Power Industry was presented in this work. The phaseconstrained billing model involves re-arranging the service lines and setting up constraint matrices to relate the phase and service lines utilizable by customer to the electricity bill using penalty factors. To test the acceptability of this model, a customer behavior and utilization index based questionnaires were administered in the field. The survey was analyzed using the statistical attitude measurement technique based on the 5-point Likert Scale. The responses obtained showed that introducing a penalty factor in the billing which ensure that those using more phases pay higher will minimize frequent change of phases; and provide a direction for utilities and customers in resolving the power quality and availability problems associated with frequent phase changing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This project proposes a distributed control approach to coordinate multiple energy storage units
(ESUs) to avoid violation of voltage and network load constraints ESU as a buffer can be a promising
solution which can store surplus power during the peak generation periods and use it in peak load
periods.In ESU converters both active and reactive power are used to deal with the power quality
issues in distribution network ESU’s reactive power is proposed to be used for voltage support, while
the active power is to be utilized in managing network loading.
Reliability Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Trans...Power System Operation
The increasing amounts of customer-owned Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) limit the control and visibility of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) and utility operators. Most of these resources are non-curtailable and subject to several aggregation guidelines for wholesale participation. These units cannot be decoupled from the Transmission-Distribution (T-D) interface and have a direct impact on the economics and reliability of the grid. This paper reports the results of a study that investigated realistic dispatch conditions from a production and power flow co-simulation environment with increased behind-the-meter DER resources. The objectives of this study include: 1) understanding steady-state and transient voltage response of the system at the local T-D interface, 2) analyzing impacts on switching operations, 3) studying the system-wide frequency response of the Western Interconnection, and 4) examining scenarios that provide insight into the type of control strategies that best benefit local ISO and utility operations from a reliability perspective.
Reliability Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Trans...Power System Operation
The increasing amounts of customer-owned Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) limit the control and visibility of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) and utility operators. Most of these resources are non-curtailable and subject to several aggregation guidelines for wholesale participation. These units cannot be decoupled from the Transmission-Distribution (T-D) interface and have a direct impact on the economics and reliability of the grid. This paper reports the results of a study that investigated realistic dispatch conditions from a production and power flow co-simulation environment with increased behind-the-meter DER resources. The objectives of this study include: 1) understanding steady-state and transient voltage response of the system at the local T-D interface, 2) analyzing impacts on switching operations, 3) studying the system-wide frequency response of the Western Interconnection, and 4) examining scenarios that provide insight into the type of control strategies that best benefit local ISO and utility operations from a reliability perspective.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Swing, voltage stability and power transfer capability in transmission system...eSAT Journals
Abstract In modern era, the increasing size of the power system, to maximize the use of existing systems and to provide adequate voltage support is an emphasis on finding solutions. This flexibility is needed electricity. Better placed than the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) to control the flow of electricity, and to provide voltage support can be effective in turn resulting in less damage. The impact of these tools on line flow and bus voltage profile at random algorithm to determine the optimal number of ratings have been studied by keeping them better . The FACTS devices are expensive cause of that FACTS type, number and location of the FACTS devices is very important, for decide the optimal location and parameters of FACTS devices. FACTS are used in the following purposes: Transmission pricing issues by maximizing social welfare with or without consideration of FACTS’ costs; Better utilization of FACT by maximizing FACTS devices total transferred power; Reactive power or voltage control by minimizing transmission losses, or voltage fluctuation. Increase system’s security under emergency by minimizing transmission lines loadability. Power flow control, a current long transmission line, plays an important role within the energy system. The letter swings, long-distance transmission line voltage and power flow control in unified power flow controller (UPFC) based compensation associated series or shunt FACTS devices are employed. Devices such as the proposed transmission line, between the end of the sending and receiving end to the transmission line is used in places as different. Here also deals with determining the optimum placement of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) damping out swings, voltage and improves power transfer devices for a long transmission line. Here the concept of compensation mid-point of facts is presented for optimal placement. Keywords: Stability, first swings, rotor angle, power transfer, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), reactive power
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
PSRDU3.ppt
1. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
ACHARIYA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE and affiliated to Pondicherry University)
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution
Achariyapuram, Villianur, Puducherry – 605 110.
“UNIT –III CONGESTION MANAGEMENT & ANCILLARY
SERVICES”
INSTRUCTOR
Ms.T.ABINAYA SARASWATHY M.TECH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
CONGESTION
Whenever the physical or operational constraints in a
transmission network become active, the system is said to be
in a state of congestion. The possible limits that may be hit in
case of congestion are: line thermal limits, transformer
emergency ratings, bus voltage limits, transient or oscillatory
stability, etc.
These limits constrain the amount of electric power that can be
transmitted between two locations through a transmission
network. Flows should not be allowed to increase to levels
where a contingency would cause the network to collapse
because of voltage instability, etc
3. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
Congestion management in a multi-buyer/ multi-seller system
is one of the most involved tasks if it has to have a market
based solution with economic efficiency. In a vertically
integrated utility structure, activities such as generation,
transmission and distribution are within direct control of a
central agency or a single utility.
Generation is dispatched in order to achieve the system least
cost operation. Along with this, the optimal dispatch solution
using security constrained economic dispatch eliminates the
possible occurrence of congestion. This effectively means that
generations are dispatched such that the power flow limits on
the transmission lines are not exceeded.
4. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
One should not expect things to be as simple in a deregulated
power environment. In a deregulated environment, every buyer
wants to buy power from the cheapest generator available,
irrespective of relative geographical location of buyer and
seller. As a consequence of the this, the transmission corridors
evacuating the power of cheaper generators would get
overloaded if all such transactions are approved.
Congestion is then said to have occurred when system operator
finds that all the transactions can not be allowed on account of
overload on the transmission network. Congestion
management is a mechanism to prioritize the transactions and
commit to such a schedule which would not overload the
network. Despite these measures, congestion can still occur in
real time following a forced outage of transmission line. The
system operator then handles this situation by means of real
time congestion management
5. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
SCOPE OF CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
The scope of transmission congestion management in the
deregulated environment involves defining a set of rules to
ensure control over generators and loads in order to maintain
acceptable level of system security and reliability.
The rules should ensure market efficiency maximization with
short term as well as long term horizons. The robustness of
rule set is important as under open market structure a set of
players will always be looking for loopholes in the mechanism
to exploit it
6. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
LIMITATIONS OF TRANSFER CAPABILITY
Thermal Limits: Thermal limits establish the maximum amount of
electrical current that a transmission line or electrical facility can conduct
over a specified time period before it sustains permanent damage by
overheating.
Voltage Limits: System voltages and changes in voltages must be
maintained within the range of acceptable minimum and maximum limits.
The lower voltage limits determine the maximum amount of electric power
that can be transferred.
Stability Limits: The transmission network must be capable of surviving
disturbances through the transient and dynamic time periods Immediately
following a system disturbance, generators begin to oscillate relative to
each other, causing fluctuations in system frequency, line loadings, and
system voltages. For the system to be stable, the oscillations must diminish
as the electric system attains a new stable operating point. The line loadings
prior to the disturbance should be at such a level that its tripping does not
cause system-wide dynamic instability.
7. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
IMPORTANCE OF CONGESTION
MANAGEMENT
If the network power carrying capacity is infinite and if there
are ample resources to keep the system variables within limits,
the most efficient generation dispatch will correspond to the
least cost operation. Kirchoff’s laws combined with the
magnitude and location of the generations and loads, the line
impedances and the network topology determine the flows in
each line.
In real life, however, the power carrying capacity of a line is
limited by various limits as explained earlier. These power
system security constraints may therefore necessitate a change
in the generator schedules away from the most efficient
dispatch. in order to keep line flows within limits
8. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
However, the financial implications of such re-dispatch does not
surface because the monopolist can easily socialize these costs
amongst the various participants, which in turn, are under his direct
control. From planning perspective also, a definite approach can be
adopted for network augmentation.
However, in deregulated structures, with generating companies
competing in an open transmission access environment, the generation
/ flow patterns can change drastically over small time periods with the
market forces. In such situations, it becomes necessary to have a
congestion management scheme in place to ensure that the system
stays secure
However, being a competitive environment, the re-dispatch will have
direct financial implications affecting most of the market players,
creating a set of winners and losers. Moreover, the congestion
bottlenecks would encourage some strategic players to exploit the
situation. The effects that congestion is likely to cause are discussed
next.
9. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
EFFECTS OF CONGESTION
Market Inefficiency: Market efficiency, in the short term,
refers to a market outcome that maximizes the sum of the
producer surplus and consumer surplus, which is generally
known as social welfare.
With respect to generation, market efficiency will result when
the most cost-effective generation resources are used to serve
the load. The difference in social welfare between a perfect
market and a real market is a measure of the efficiency of the
real market. The effect of transmission congestion is to create
market inefficiency.
10. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
Market Power: If the generator can successfully increase its
profits by strategic bidding or by any means other than
lowering its costs, it is said to have market power. Imagine a
two area system with cheaper generation in area 1 and
relatively costlier generation in area 2.
Buyers in both the areas would prefer the generation in area 1
and eventually the tie-lines between the two areas would start
operating at full capacity such that no further power transfer
from area 1 to 2 is possible.
The sellers in area 2 are then said to possess market power. By
exercising market power, these sellers can charge higher price
to buyers if the loads are inelastic. Thus, congestion may lead
to market power which ultimately results in market
inefficiency.
11. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
FEATURES OF CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
SCHEMES
Economic Efficiency: Congestion management should minimize its
intervention into a competitive market. In other words, it should achieve
system security, forgoing as little social welfare as possible. The scheme
should lead to both, short term and long term efficiency. The short term
efficiency is associated with generator dispatch, while long term efficiency
pertains to investments in new transmission and generation facilities
Non discriminative: Each market participant should be treated equally. For
this, the network operator should be independent of market parties and he
should not derive any kind of benefit from occurrence of congestion.
Otherwise it provides perverse signals for network expansion.
Be transparent: The implementation should be well defined and
transparent for all participants.
Be robust: Congestion management scheme should be robust with respect
to strategic manipulation by the market entities. This again refers back to
principle of economic efficiency
12. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
LOCATIONAL MARGINAL PRICING
Locational marginal pricing is a centralized process of market
clearing, where it is the responsibility of the Independent
System Operator (ISO) to determine the power dispatch
schedules as well as the energy prices. Unlike system uniform
pricing (i.e., unconstrained bidding) approach, network limits
have to be considered while scheduling generators, loads and
bilateral transactions.
Since network constraints are considered in the market
clearing process, it is not possible to determine the market
equilibrium simply by the intersection of a cumulative supply
curve and a cumulative demand curve. Instead, the power
dispatch schedules and energy prices are calculated through an
optimization approach consisting of network and power flow
related constraints.
13. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
ANCILLARY SERVICES
The independent system operator has to arrange and procure
certain services required for maintaining the quality , security
and reliability of the supply. these services are required for
maintaining acceptable voltage level and frequency in the
system, power balancing , handling emergency situations are
called Ancillary Services.
The term ancillary services generally refers to power system
services other than provision of energy.
Specifically, ancillary services are those functions performed
by the equipment and people that generate ,control , transmit
and distribute electricity to support the basic task of
transmission
14. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
REQUIREMENTS
Maintaining generation and load balance (frequency control)
Maintaining voltage and Reactive Power Support
Maintaining Generation and transmission Reserves
Emergency Preparedness (System Restart, Stability Control)
15. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
Most of the issues and corresponding debates in deregulated
power industry pertain to the socio- economical aspects of the
system and the welfare of the society at large. However, the
power system infrastructure and the physical laws that govern
its utilization continue to be the same, be it vertically integrated
utility or the restructured industry.
Similarly, the activities of the system operator pertaining to
operation and control of the system existed during vertically
integrated era and continue to exist in the restructured era.
These activities basically stem from the responsibility of the
system operator to keep the system in synchronism and operate
it reliably. In the restructured environment, these activities are
typically known as ancillary services
16. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
Ancillary services are defined as all those activities on the
interconnected grid that are necessary to support the
transmission of power while maintaining reliable operation
and ensuring the required degree of quality and safety.
It becomes clear that the ancillary services may include
scheduling and dispatch, frequency regulation, voltage control,
generation reserves, etc.
It is the matter of debate and market design about how to
procure these ancillary services. There are some services
which can be provided competitively and some services which
come under the direct control of the system operator
17. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
Regulation: The use of generation or load to maintain minute-to-minute
generation-load balance within the control area.
Load Following: This service refers to load-generationbalance towards end
of a scheduling period.
Energy Imbalance: The use of generation to meet the hour-to-hour and
daily variations in load.
Operating Reserve (Spinning): The provision of unloaded generating
capacity that is synchronized to the grid and can immediately respond to
correct for generation-load imbalances, caused by generation and /or
transmission outages and that is fully available for several minutes.
Operating Reserve (Supplemental): The provision ofgenerating capacity
and curtailable load to correct for generation-load imbalances, caused by
generation and /or transmission outages, and that is fully available for
several minutes. However, unlike spinning reserves, supplemental reserve
is not required to respond immediately
18. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
Backup Supply: This service consists of supply guarantee contracted by
generators with other generators or with electrical systems, to ensure they
are able to supply their consumers in case of scheduled or unscheduled
unavailability.
System Control: This activity can be compared with the functions of the
brain in the human body. System control is all about control area operator
functions that schedule generation and transactions and control generation
in real time to maintain generation load balance.
Dynamic Scheduling: It includes real-time metering, tele-metering along
with computer software and hardware to virtually transfer some or all of
generator’s output or a customer’s load from one control area to another.
Reactive Power and Voltage Control Support: The injection or absorption
of reactive power from generators or capacitors to maintain system voltages
within required ranges.
Real Power Transmission Losses: This service is necessary to compensate
for the difference existing between energy supplied to the network by the
generator and the energy taken from the network by the consumer.
19. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
Network Stability Services from Generation Sources:
Maintenance and use of special equipment (e.g., PSS, dynamic
braking resistances) to maintain secure transmission system.
System Black Start Capability: The ability of generating unit
to proceed from a shutdown condition to an operating
condition without assistance from the grid and then to energize
the grid to help other units start after a blackout occurs
It should be noted that identification and definition of a
particular ancillary service is system dependent. There is no
global definition of a particular ancillary service that is
applicable in all systems. There can be many other possible
definitions or combinations
20. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
SERVICES REQUIRED FOR ROUTINE
OPERATION
These are the services which the system operator requires quite
frequently. Some of these may be required to provide
corrective action on minute-to-minute basis. Following
services can be grouped under this category:
System control
Reactive power support
Regulation
Load following
Energy imbalance
Real power loss displacement
21. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
SERVICES REQUIRED TO PREVENT AN
OUTAGE FROM BECOMING A
CATASTROPHE
These services prevent the system from going out of step even
if a major event occurs. These do not come into picture on
daily basis, or rather; no proactive measures are required to be
taken either by the system operator or the service provider on
daily basis. Their effectiveness is sensed only under contingent
situation. Following services fall under this category:
(a) Spinning reserve
(b)Supplemental reserve
(c)Network stability services
22. EE E16 Ms.T.Abinaya saraswathy [AP/EEE] ACET/EEE/2020-2021
SERVICES NEEDED TO RESTORE A SYSTEM
AFTER BLACKOUT
Re-energizing the system after complete blackout requires
support from certain generating stations, which can pickup
generation even in the absence of external electricity support.
Such generating units provide the system black start capability.
These services are very rarely used.
A closer look at the list of ancillary services reveals that they
are either related to:
Generation-load balancing issues or
The network security related issues.