The document discusses steel making from the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process. It provides an introduction to steel and its widespread use. The BOF process involves blowing oxygen on molten pig iron, scrap, and fluxes in a large refractory-lined vessel to reduce carbon levels and produce steel in 30-40 minutes. Key advantages are its cost efficiency due to autogenous heating and faster mass production compared to older methods. Top global steel producers increasingly use BOF, with over 60% of steel now produced via this process.

1. Steel Making From
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
Presented by:
PRATYUSH SINHA
Regd. no.-1401104076
7th semester
Mechanical Engg.
Guided By:
Dr. Ramesh Chandra Mohapatra
HOD, Mechanical Engg.,
GCE,KJR.

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY OF STEEL MAKING FROM BOF
 RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE PROCESS
 PROCESS/WORKING
 COUNTRYWISE PRODUCTION DATA
 TOP STEEL PRODUCERS OF INDIA
 ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
From your personal vehicle to world’s tallest building
Burj Khalifa everything is made of steel. According to
World Steel Association Data in the year 2016 an
average Indian use 63 kg of steel.
WHAT IS STEEL & WHY IT IS SO USED?
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements like Carbon,
Nickel, Manganese , Chromium etc. Because of its high
tensile strength , toughness, durability and low cost , it is a
components in buildings, tools , automobiles etc. Steel is
manufactured from various furnaces like IF, EAF, BOF etc.

4. History of Steel Making from
Basic Oxygen Furnace(BOF)
 Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS, BOP, BOF, and
OSM), also known as Linz–Donawitz-(LD
process)steelmaking or the oxygen converter
process[ is a method of primary steelmaking in
which carbon-rich molten pig iron is made into
steel.
 The process was developed in 1948 by Robert
Durrer and commercialized in 1952–1953 by
Austrians. But it took many decades to commercial
this process in India.
 The LD converter, named after the Austrian towns
Linz and Donawitz (a district of Leoben) is a
refined version of the Bessemer converter where
blowing of air is replaced with blowing oxygen.

5. RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Hot metal:- It is about 90% which is produced from Blast
Furnace(BF).
 Cold pig-iron:- It is about 2-3 % used to consume excess of pig
iron produced in plant.
 Scrap:-It is about 3-4 % of the charge weight .
 Fluxes:- Basically lime is directly used for fluxing and formation
of slag.
 Oxygen:-Consumption of oxygen per tonne of steel varies with
proportion of scrap and ore added as coolant and also with
design of lance.

6. Processing in BOF
 Molten pig iron (sometimes
referred to as "hot metal")
from a blast furnace is
poured into a large
refractory-lined container
called a ladle.
 The metal in the ladle is
sent directly for basic
oxygen steelmaking or to a
pretreatment stage.

8. Processing in BOF
 Filling the furnace with the ingredients is called charging. The BOS
process is autogenous, i.e. the required thermal energy is produced
during the oxidation process.
 The vessel is then set upright and a water-cooled, copper tipped lance
with 3-7 nozzles is lowered down into it and high purity oxygen is
delivered at supersonic speeds.
 Fluxes (burnt lime or dolomite) are fed into the vessel to form slag, to
maintain basicity above 3 and absorb impurities during the steelmaking
process.
 The BOF vessel is tilted towards the slagging side and the steel is poured
through a tap hole into a steel ladle with basic refractory lining. This
process is called tapping the steel.
 The steel is further refined in the ladle furnace, by adding alloying
materials to give it special properties required by the customer.
 After the steel is poured off from the BOS vessel, the slag is poured into
the slag pots through the BOS vessel mouth and dumped.

9. TOP STEEL PRODUCING
COUNTRIES

10. TOP STEEL PRODUCING COMPANIES
IN INDIA

11. ADVANTAGES
 The Basic Oxygen Furnace(BOF) doesn't burn fuel, so it is
cost efficient.
 BOF uses the inherent heat of molten iron as an energy
source, so no extra energy source required.
 Production cost of steel as compared to other furnaces is
less for large scale production.
 It is a faster process for mass production.
 Extra low phosphorus carbon steel can be produced.

12. DISADVANTAGES
 Initial cost for BOF setup is very high as it needs a Blast
Furnace(BF).
 BOF produces high amount of polluting gases as
compared to other furnaces.
 For treatment of polluting gases separate systems like
air scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and filters are
required.
 Costly for small productions.
 Solid charge can’t be taken for refining.

13. CONCLUSIONS
 It has been seen that modern basic oxygen furnaces will take a
charge of iron of up to 400 tons and convert it into steel in less
than 40 minutes, compared to 10–12 hours in an open hearth
furnace.
 It reduced capital cost of the plants, time of smelting, and
increased labor productivity.
 Between 1920 and 2000, labor requirements in the industry
decreased by a factor of 1,000, from more than 3 man-hours per
metric ton to just 0.003.
 The majority of steel manufactured in the world is produced
using the basic oxygen furnace; in 2000, it accounted for 60% of
global steel output.
 So efficiency of production of steel through BOF process is high.
Therefore it should be implemented over other furnaces.

14. REFERENCES
 An introduction to Modern Steel Making by Dr.R.H.Tupkary and
V.R.Tupkary , Khanna Publication.
 Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practice by Ahindra
Ghosh, Prentice Hall India Learning Private Limited; 1St
Edition edition (2008)
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/basic-oxygen-
process
 https://steeluniversity.org/product/basic-oxygen-furnace/
 http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Steelmaking
 http://www.steelconstruction.info/Recycling_and_reuse

15. THANK YOU