Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
The slides contain description of weaning foods and artifical feeding given to the baby, important points to be considered while preparing feed for the baby
Notes on nutritional needs of children & infantsBabitha Devu
There are various methods of feeding a child. Like breastfeeding, weaning & artificial feeding.
All the types of feeding which help to fulfill the nutritional need of a child as per the increase in age are elaborated in this presentation.
The slides contain description of weaning foods and artifical feeding given to the baby, important points to be considered while preparing feed for the baby
Mother & Child is a vulnerable group. But many areas concerned with the health of these groups are preventable. This presentation helps you identify preventive aspects in pediatrics.
Basic concept about weaning
about--introduction,meaning,principle,feeding in different age,preparation of food,food in different age,qualities ofvweaning food,weaning practice monitor,delayed weaning
Nutrition assessment in children- dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
Assessment of nutritional status especially in vulnerable population is important for taking prompt action. young children are the most affected proportion of the population in the world.In community settings, rapid methods of assessment are important tools to identify children suffering from both macro and micro deficiencies .This is pictorial presentation showing various methods as well as pictures of deficiencies
This slide contain detail description of basic terminologies, neonatal (head to toe examination) assessment, neonatal reflexes, minor physiological handicaps of newborn
Mother & Child is a vulnerable group. But many areas concerned with the health of these groups are preventable. This presentation helps you identify preventive aspects in pediatrics.
Basic concept about weaning
about--introduction,meaning,principle,feeding in different age,preparation of food,food in different age,qualities ofvweaning food,weaning practice monitor,delayed weaning
Nutrition assessment in children- dr harivansh chopraHarivansh Chopra
Assessment of nutritional status especially in vulnerable population is important for taking prompt action. young children are the most affected proportion of the population in the world.In community settings, rapid methods of assessment are important tools to identify children suffering from both macro and micro deficiencies .This is pictorial presentation showing various methods as well as pictures of deficiencies
This slide contain detail description of basic terminologies, neonatal (head to toe examination) assessment, neonatal reflexes, minor physiological handicaps of newborn
Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition.pptxEfosa Aimien
Severe acute malnutrition is a standard term referred to a condition where a child has severe wasting and/or bilateral pedal edema.
The health, social and economic burden of this condition cannot be overemphasised. It is needful and timely yet again to reiterate and summarily but comprehensively outline the management of this condition. Thus, this presentation is a comprehensive summary of the management of severe acute malnutrition as outlined in standard paediatric textbooks.
A detailed explanation should however be sourced from standard texts and updated journals.
This presentation is cannot be cited or referenced in publications, presentations nor public fora.
The presenters:
Dr Efosa Emmanuel Aimien is a Paediatric Resident on outside posting at the National Hospital Abuja. He had his medical training at the prestigious College of Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello Univeristy, Zaria. Nigeria.
Dr Zarah Fatima Abdu is a Paediatric Senior Resident at the Department of Paediatrics, National Hospital Abuja. Her vastness and clinical acumen in child health especially malnutrition is without question.
We hope this presentation contributes to the ease of gaining medical knowledge especially in Paediatrics.
Thank you.
According to World Health Organization,protein energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to “an imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function.”PEM is the condition of lack of energy due to the deficiency of all the macronutrients and many micronutrients.it can occur suddenly or gradually. It can be graded as mild, moderate or severe.in developing countries, it affects children who are not provided wit calories and proteins.in developed countries, it affects the older generation.Classification PEM may be classified according to the severity, course and the relative contributions of energy or protein deficit. Severity classifications are based on anthropometric measurements, mainly weight and height. Accordingly, several classifications are suggested.
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) results from insufficient energy (kilocalories), fat, protein and/or other nutrients (vitamins and minerals, etc.) to cover individual needs. Childhood obesity is now an epidemic in India. With 14.4 million obese children, India has the second – highest number of obese children in the world, next to china. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is 15%. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems that were once considered adult problems – diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Childhood obesity can also lead to poor self – esteem and depression.
Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long – term lack of a vitamin. when caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a primary deficiency, whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called as secondary deficiency. Lathyrism It is a paralyzing disease of human and animals it also referred to as neurolathyrism as it affects the nervous system. Anorexia nervosa It is an eating disorder characterized by immoderate food restriction, inappropriate eating habits or rituals, obsession with having a thin figure, and an irrational fear of weight gain, as well as a distorted body self- perception.
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging, or consuming a large amount of food in a short amount of time followed by an attempt to rid oneself of the food consumed (purging), typically
by vomiting, taking
a laxative, diuretic, or stimulant, and/or excessive exercise, because of an extensive concern for body weight.
Nutrition disorders are diseases that occur when a person’s dietary intake does not contain the right amount of nutrients for healthy functioning, or when a person cannot correctly absorb nutrients from food. Nutritional deficiency occurs when the body is not getting enough nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. A well balanced diet is required for the normal growth and development of an individual.
A daily activity in every individual's life - Decision making. This ppt covers the Definition, Elements,Features, Objectives, Bases, Levels of decision making, Process of decision making, Types of decision making, Models of decision making , Problems of decision making, The nurse's role in decision making.
All about the art of working together and getting the things done... coordination and delegation.. Definition, principles, types,elements, errors, skills required for effective coordination and effective delegation .
Sampling - everything you need to know in the basics of sampling!!!!Anju George
This presentation deals with basic terminologies, characteristics, purposes, sampling process, factors influencing, non probability, probability sampling, sample size determination, For more PPTs in nursing research visit https://www.slideshare.net/AnjuJijo
This presentation deals about the primary function of management - planning . Its definition, nature, mission, types, step involved in the planning process. Hope you will find the ppt helpful.
History of pediatric nursing from prehistoric time to modern era. Why a pediatric nurse must know about the history of Pediatrics? Father of Pediatrics.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
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Cold Sores: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention Strategies | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Cold Sores, medically known as herpes labialis, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 is primarily responsible for cold sores, although HSV-2 can also contribute in some cases.
Dr. David Greene R3 stem cell Breakthroughs: Stem Cell Therapy in CardiologyR3 Stem Cell
Dr. David Greene, founder and CEO of R3 Stem Cell, is at the forefront of groundbreaking research in the field of cardiology, focusing on the transformative potential of stem cell therapy. His latest work emphasizes innovative approaches to treating heart disease, aiming to repair damaged heart tissue and improve heart function through the use of advanced stem cell techniques. This research promises not only to enhance the quality of life for patients with chronic heart conditions but also to pave the way for new, more effective treatments. Dr. Greene's work is notable for its focus on safety, efficacy, and the potential to significantly reduce the need for invasive surgeries and long-term medication, positioning stem cell therapy as a key player in the future of cardiac care.
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
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In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Malnutrition- Refers to both under nutrition as well as
over nutrition
Under nutrition- Inadequate consumption, poor absorption
or excessive loss of nutrients.
Over nutrition- Overindulgence or excessive intake of
specific nutrients.
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3. PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
Definition – Acc to WHO it is a range of pathological
conditions arising from coincidental lack in varying
proportions of protein and calories occurring most
frequently in infants and young children and
commonly associated with infection.
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4. CLASSIFICATION
I. Clinical classification
Marasmus: weight for age < 60% expected + without edema
Kwashiorkor: weight for age < 80% + edema
Marasmic kwashiorkor: wt for age <60% + edema
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5. II. Gomez classification
Based on weight for age
Grade I 90-75 % of expected weight
Grade II 75 – 60 % of expected weight
Grade III <60 % of expected weight
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6. III. IAP classification
Based on weight for age
Weight of a child is compared with weight of normal expected
for that age
If the child is having edema letter ‘k’ is placed in front of the
grade
Grade I 80-71 % of expected weight
Grade II 70 – 61 % of expected weight
Grade III 60 - 51 % of expected weight
Grade IV < 50 % of expected weight
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7. IV. Jelliffee’s classification
Similar to IAP classification but normal goes upto 90% and grade IV
is < 60%
If the child is having edema letter ‘k’ is placed in front of the grade
Grade I 80-90 % of expected weight
Grade II 70 – 79 % of expected weight
Grade III 60 - 69 % of expected weight
Grade IV < 60 % of expected weight
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8. V. Wellcome classification
VI. WHO classification
Wt. for age Edema No edema
60-80% Kwashiorkor Underweight
<60% Marasmic –
kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Moderate
malnutrition
Severe
malnutrition
Edema No Yes
Wt for height 70-79% <70%
Height for age 85-89% < 85%
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9. VII. Waterlow classification
Normal Wasted Stunted
Weight for age Normal Less Less
Weight for
height
Normal Less Normal
Height for age Normal Normal Less
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10. MAC Nutritional status
>13.5 cm Green Normal
12.5-13.5 Yellow Mild and moderate
PEM
< 12.5 cm Red Severe PEM
VIII. Arnold’s classification based on Mid arm
circumference
Used for below 5 years of age
<13.5 cm : Malnutrition
Shakir tape is used to measure MAC
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11. ETIOLOGY OF PEM
PEM results from many inter related factors :
1. Sociodemographic factors
2. Environmental factors
3. Nutritional factors
1. Sociodemographic factors
Large family size
Lack of child spacing
Neglect of girl child
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12. 2. Environmental factors
Low socio economic status
Poverty and ignorance
Illiteracy
Poor sanitation and low standard of living
Parental attitudes and rearing practices
Cultural practices
Natural or man made disasters
Chronic diseases
Inadequate medical facilities
3.Nutritional factors
Early weaning from breast or late weaning
Diet during illness-increased intestinal loss, anorexia
Maternal malnutrition
Low birth weight
Recurrent infections and infestations, diarrhea, worm infestations
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13. Marasmus
Also known as athrepsia
Marasmus is a form of severe PEM which occur as result
from energy deficiency that may occur at any age,
particularly in early infancy and is characterized by:
Severe wasting (body weight is less than 60% of the expected), the
body utilizes all fat stores before using muscles.
Loss of subcutaneous fat.
Gross muscle wasting.
Absence of edema.
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14. Causes
Inadequate diet
Faulty eating habits
Anomalies such as cleft lip and cleft palate which prevents
intake of food
Conditions such as anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea
Allergy to certain foods
Disturbed mother and child relationships
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15. Kwashiorkor
Insufficient protein consumption.
The word kwashiorkor describes the malnourished
child, the result of the ill-health which develops
when an infant is weaned from breast-feeding when
a sibling is born and monopolizes breast feeding.
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16. Causes
Social and Economic
Poverty
Ignorance
Inadequate weaning practices
Child abuse
Cultural and social practices
Vegetarian diet
Low fat diet
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17. Clinical Features
Kwashiorkor – meaning red haired boy
Classical features – Lethargy, Edema, Growth failure
The main clinical features are
Skin changes, hair changes, facies, associated vitamin deficiency,
anemia
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18. I. Skin changes
1. Dry scaly skin: mosaic pattern appearing on trunk and limbs
2. Thin, shiny, stretched over edematous limbs.
3. Skin changes more commonly seen in extremities.
4. Starts with erythematous rashes –> hyper pigmentation ->
desquamate -> hyper pigmented patches.
5. This alternative hypo/hyper pigmented patches gives an
appearance of flaky paint dermatosis
6. On the pressure sites, jet black patches appear which then
exfoliate leaving the sub adjacent zone leading to crazy
pavement dermatosis
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20. 7. Deep fissures are seen on elbows, knees ,groin and behind the
ears
8. Multiple punctuate pinkish areas develop over extremities due to
perifollicular hemorrhage
9. Angular stomatitis due to potassium and riboflavin deficiency
10. Gangrenous dermatitis
11. Scabies and pyoderma
12. Skin lesions
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21. II. Hair changes
1. Thin, scanty, easily pluckable, lusterless, commonly
brownish/less black
2. Dyschromotrichia – light color of hair
3. Flag sign – Alternate band of hyper pigmented and hypo
pigmented hair
4. Hair loss can also affect eyelashes and eyebrows
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22. III. Facies
1. Cheeks look full due to hydration of cells of buccal fat and
surrounding tissues
2. Moon face appearance
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23. IV. Associated Vitamin deficiency
1. Angular stomatitis due to riboflavin deficiency
2. Rickets (Vitamin D)
3. Scurvy (Vitamin C)
V. Anemia
1. Normochromic normocytic anemia
2. Can be hypochromic macrocytic anemia due to iron
deficiency
3. Hepatosplenomegaly
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24. Marasmus –
The characteristic feature is loss of subcutaneous fat
Grade I – loss of fat in axilla and groin
Grade II – loss of fat in axilla, groin, abdomen and gluteal region
Grade III – loss of fat in axilla, groin, abdomen, gluteal region,
chest and spine
Grade IV – loss of fat in axilla, groin, abdomen, gluteal region,
chest, spine, buccal pads.
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25. Old man appearance
Cheeks and temples are hollow
Skin is loose and wrinkled, loss of elasticity
Marasmic purpura in terminal cases
Distended abdomen, scaphoid with visible peristalsis
Later when infection sets in
Apathetic and less active
Constipation
Severe electrolyte imbalance convulsions and various
neurological signs
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27. EVALUATION OF CHILD WITH PEM
Assessment should include:-
Socioeconomic status and sociocultural factors
Severity
Classify malnutrition
Associated mineral and vitamin deficiency
Complication
Assess etiology
Check development
Ensure immunization
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28. Lab investigations such as :-
Hb and peripheral smear
Sr. protein and albumin
Blood sugar and electrolytes
Other investigations to check evidence for infections – blood
counts, blood culture and sensitivity, urine and stool
examination, chest x-ray, mantoux test.
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29. Diagnosis
Nutritional assessment – wt, ht, MAC, Head
circumference and chest circumference
Skinfold thickness
Biochemical measurements
Serum albumin :<3g/100ml in kwashiorkor : normal or
slightly decreased in marasmus
Hydroxyprolene/creatinine ratio is ess
Plasma/amino acid ratio is low
Elevated growth hormone and plasma cortisol levels
Insulin levels are reduced
Elevated TSH
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30. S = Sugar deficiency (Hypoglycemia)
H = Hypothermia
I = Infections
D = Deficiency of micronutrients
E
ELectrolyte abnormality
L
D
Dehydration
E
COMPLICATIONS
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31. MANAGEMENT
Falls under 3 phases and is a ten step process
1. Acute/initial phase (1-7 days)
It includes
Assessment
Management of life threatening complications step 1-5
Nutritional management step 6-8
2.Recovery/Rehabilitation phase (2-6 weeks)
o It includes
Nutritional management step 6-8
Physical and emotional stimulation step 9
Family education step 10
3. Follow up phase (6 weeks- 6 months)
o It includes
Nutritional rehabilitation and continual care at home step 10
Monitoring and home visits step 10
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32. A. General Principles of Routine Care
STEPS PHASE
Stabilization Rehabilitation
Days 1-2 Days 3-7 Weeks 2 – 6
1 Treat / Prevent Hypoglycemia
2 Treat / Prevent Hypothermia
3 Treat / Prevent Dehydration
4 Correct Electrolyte Imbalance
5 Treat / Prevent Infection
6 Correct micro-nutrient deficiencies
Iron supplementation
7 Start Cautious Feeding
8 Achieve Catch-up Growth
9 Provide Sensory Stimulation
and Emotional Support
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33. 1.Prevent & correct hypoglycaemia
Hypoglycemia - Is due to reduced glycogen stores
and increased utilization.
Blood glucose < 54 mg/dl
Child is able to take oral feeds – 50ml bolus of 10%
glucose solution orally.
Child is unable to take oral feeds –treat with IV 2ml/kg of
25% D or 5 ml/kg of 10% D followed by 50 ml of 10%D as
IV infusion.
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34. 2.Prevent and correct hypothermia
Hypothermia – is due to decreased heat
production, decreased BMR and increased heat loss
due to large surface area and loss of subcutaneous
fat.
Axillary temperature < 35°C
Clothe the child including extremities and head especially at
night
Place a heater/ lamp nearby (avoid hot water bags )
Provide woollen clothing
Encourage kangaroo mother care
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35. 3. Treat / prevent dehydration
As these children are more prone to fluid overload,
sodium restriction and fluid restriction to be done while
rehydrating.
ReSoMal (Rehydrating Solution for Malnutrition) is given
70-100 ml/kg over 8-12 hrs.
5ml/kg every 30mts for first 2 hrs then 5-10ml/kg/hr for next 4-10 hrs.
If there is diarrhoea, 50-100ml of ReSoMal for each
stool
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36. 4. Correct electrolyte imbalance
Hypokalemia is a problem in both marasmus and
kwashiorkor which leads to respiratory muscle paralysis.
If potassium <2 – administer 40meq/l of K⁺
If potassium is between 2-2.5 – administer 30meq/l of K ⁺
Hypomagnesaemia is another problem that can lead to
muscle weakness. The treatment is 50% MgSO4 at a dose of
0.3ml/kg x 7 days
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38. 6. Correct micronutrient deficiencies
Provide multivitamin supplements
Administer vitamin A single dose, orally if its not given in the last month
(dosage :- if age>1 year 2lac IU, 6- 12 months 1 lac IU, 0-5 months 50,000
IU)
Folic acid - 1mg/day
Zinc - 2mg/kg/day
Copper - 0.3 mg/kg/day
Iron - 3mg/kg/day
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39. 7. Start cautious feeding
Initiate feeding as soon as possible as frequent small feeds (upto
12 meals/day)
If unable to take orally- NG feeds
The goal is to provide 80-100 kcal/kg/day
Total fluid recommended is 130ml/kg/d, reduce to 100ml/kg/d if
there is severe, generalized edema
Continue breast feeding
Start with F-75 starter feeds every 2 hrly
F-75 contains 75kCal/100ml with 1g protein/100ml
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40. 8. Achieve catch up growth
Once appetite returns in 2-3 days, encourage higher feeds
Increase volume offered in each feed and decrease the
frequency of feeds to 6 feeds/day
Continue breast feeding on demand
Make a gradual transition from F-75 to F-100 diet
F-100 contains 100kCal/100ml with 2.5-3g protein/100ml
Increase calories to 150-200 kCal/kg/d and proteins to 4-
6g/kg/d
Add complementary foods as soon as possible to prepare
the child for home foods at discharge
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41. 9. Tender loving care & sensory stimulation
A cheerful, stimulating environment
Age appropriate structured play therapy for at least 15-
30 mins/day
Age appropriate physical activity as soon as the child is
well enough
Tender loving care
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42. 10. Prepare for follow up after recovery
Total duration for recovery 6-8 wks
Criteria for recovery- weight for length 90%
Weekly follow ups for the first 2 months
Once a month for the next two months
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