Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes
In studying microbiology we have learned that all living organisms have cells and these cells are the
basic units of structure in all organisms. Bacteria are microorganisms that cannot be seen with the
naked eye but they are all around. Bacteria are categorized to distinguish their contributions to the
world of science. Over the years microbiologist and scientist have studied bacteria and cells
functions within our environment. Prokaryote and Eukaryote are bacterial cells they have definite
characteristic, the anatomical difference between them will distinguish the cells functions.
Prokaryote is a single bacterial cell and they are recognized as the earliest form of life. These cells
are not complex cells because they do not have a nucleus,
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Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes
Here are the similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Both organisms are
composed of cells, the basic unit of life, with each cell surrounded by a cell membrane. The biggest
difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotes have a nucleus. They also have
other membrane structures called organelles. Organelles are structures such as the endoplasmic
reticulum and the mitochondria. The DNA in prokaryotes exists in a space called the nucleoid, and it
is circular DNA, while eukaryotes have linear DNA, and it's organized into a higher–order structure.
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have ribosomes. Ribosomes are not a membrane–bound organelle,
but in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, they are used for translation of RNA into proteins.
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes can both perform transport, DNA replication, transcription, translation,
and movement. It is important to note, however, that although they share these similar processes,
many are carried out within organelles in eukaryotes or use different proteins. For example, flagella
and the cytoskeleton may be structured differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but they have the
same functions of movement and providing cell structure, respectively. ... Show more content on
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(For comparison, the thickness of this page is about 100 µm.) Prokaryotes exploit environments not
open to eukaryotes, with their more complex cells. Some prokaryotes, for example, thrive in the
boiling waters of hot

Compare And Contrast Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes
Vivian Ruiz
Dr. Wise
Biology 330 Section 1
January 16th, 2015
Comparing and Contrasting Prokaryotic, Archaean, and Eukaryotic Cells For the longest time, the
only known two domains in the taxonomical hierarchy were referred to as Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes. In recent times, scientists have discovered and added a third domain of life, known as,
Archaea. These three taxons exist together to make up the microbial world that we live in. All three
domains can be found freely all over the earth. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are usually more
common, with Archaea being extremely rare. Although coming from three entirely different
domains, all three possess similar characteristics, but also have some unique features. Prokaryotes
are single–celled organisms. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory of Endosymbiosis originated in the early 1900s by the Russian botanist, Konstantin
Mereschkowski.1 The Endosymbiont theory states that organelles of eukaryotic cells came from
prokaryotic cells that had been swallowed by them and survived by developing a symbiotic
relationship, two different entities working together to benefit each other, by living inside the larger
cell. Scientists have conducted extensive research and believe that mitochondria, chloroplasts,
flagella, and microtubules have all originated from prokaryotes derived from the theory of
Endosymbiosis. Many examples of endosymbiotes can be seen all throughout the world. The most
common can be seen as unique bacteria living inside the digestive system of many different

Climate change will not only accelerate the species extinction rate, but also bring a higher chances
of survival of certain endangered species, which indicates that the impact of climate change on
biodiversity is double–sided (Bellard et al. 2012).
Compared with single cell organisms, nematodes can still survive in deep subsurface at a high
temperature conditions of extreme hypoxia, which can be regarded as an evolution of Eukaryotes
and also implies that the surface of other planets such as Mars in the solar system may exist
organisms (Borgonie et al. 2011).
Since the genetic resemblance of Prokaryotes is much lower than Eukaryotes and the gene isolation
of Prokaryotes may take longer time to complete, the number of Prokaryotes we predicted

Eukaryote Research Paper
The term 'eukaryote' encompasses most of the visible species on the planet. A eukaryotic cell is one
who's genetic material and organelles are bound by membranes, as opposed to a prokaryote who's
nucleoid and organelles are not membrane bound and sit within the cell membrane in the protoplasm
– this grouping is considered the most fundamental classifications of organisms.
Among numerous compartments and structures, most eukaryotic genetic information is held within
the nucleus, in chromosomes. The information itself is a degenerate code, with single units called
nucleotides. The main blueprint structure is called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. The product of
DNA governs almost all processes within every living cell; with so many millions of

Trichomonas Vaginalis: The Environmental Effects Of...
It is true that Protists have specialized organelles that cannot be found in other eukaryotic cells.
According to OpenStax (2015), most protists are unicellular microscopic organisms that can be
found in the soil, freshwater, and marine environments. It is all about the environment for some
eukaryotes. For instance, there is a general concept that eukaryotes have a mitochondrion which
serves as the powerhouse of the cell. However, when the environment in which the eukaryote is
located lack sufficient oxygen, they also lack mitochondria and instead enclose an alternative form
of an organelle called a hydrogenosome (Embley et al., 2003). This organelle is present in
Trichomonas Vaginalis, a primitive protist (Johnson, Lahti & Bradley, 1993).

Mitosis And Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes undergo asexual cellular reproduction to grow in size or replace damaged tissues. The
first process in the cell's life cycle is mitosis. When the chromosomes in the nucleus are duplicated,
it creates two identical sister cells from the one progenitor cell. Mitosis is broken down into four
phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. DNA duplication occurs during a stage
called interphase. Once completing the exact duplication of the cell, it is followed by cytokinesis,
when the cytoplasm of the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. In plant cells, a cell plate
forms between each new cell. When referring to the reproduction of Oryza sativa, the plant
undergoes sexual reproduction in order to produce offsprings. Sexual

Symbiosis And Eukaryotes
Symbioses have played an important role in the origins and evolution of cells and organisms with
novel properties. One of the most significant outcomes of symbiosis, is the formation of eukaryotes
through either primary or secondary endosymbiosis which allowed for the development of many
unique organelles present today in eukaryotes, notably chloroplasts and mitochondria. Primary
endosymbiosis is the engulfment of a prokaryote by a eukaryote forming a plastid, compared to
secondary endosymbiosis: a eukaryote engulfs another eukaryote to form a plastid (Archibald et al,
2002). Through endosymbiosis, the endosymbionts are able to bring in unique metabolic and
signalling capabilities beneficial to the host (Lake, 2009). However, mutually dependent ... Show
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Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain circular DNA knowns as chloroplast DNA and
mitochondrial DNA respectively, signifying that both organelles have prokaryotic origins. The
presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes allows for ATP synthesis through the electron transport
chain and oxidative phosphorylation (Chinney et al, 2003), thus enabling eukaryotes to satisfy their
high metabolic requirements, particularly in animals. The production of large amounts of ATP
energy allows for the sustenance of life in a wide variety of environmental conditions as they are
able to produce the energy required. The unique double membrane of the mitochondria suggest that
it was formed as a result of primary symbiosis, and are homologous to plastids. Similarly
chloroplasts enable eukaryotes to take advantage of sunlight as a natural resource, which allows the
process of photosynthesis, where the reaction of carbon dioxide and water is converted to glucose
and oxygen gas (Cogdell, 2013), using light energy produced by the sun with the aid of chlorophyll.
This conversion of light energy into chemical energy forms the primary source of all energy
accessible by the animal consumers on land, through the producers – the plants. At the cellular level,
protists are the most simple examples of endosymbiosis. In the amoeba Paulinella chromatophora it
contains two chromatophores, derived from once free living cyanobacteria (Wernegreen,

Eukaryotes Lab Report
Introduction/Background: Transcription in eukaryotes is one of the most vital processes of life that
involves a highly controlled and regulated systematic series of events that is mediated through
various key factors. The process of transcription occurs when the genetic information stored within
DNA becomes activated through the synthesis of complementary mRNA and is thus regulated by
RNA polymerases. There are three types of RNA polymerases that distinctively transcribe a
specified set of genes. RNA polymerase I and III transcribe genes that have terminal products such
as ribosomal subunits, tRNA and small nuclear RNA. For example, RNA polymerase I is located in
the nucleolus of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for transcribing 18S, 5.8S, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
al, other diseases associated with myc abnormalities include diffuse large B–cell lymphoma and B–
cell lymphomas that together form a clinically aggressive phenotypic disease. Research suggests
that there is a spectrum of associated lymphomas that are driven by mutations, rearrangements, and
chromosomal abnormalities, however, when these are joined with BCL2 or BCL6 rearrangements
the outcome is the onset of highly aggressive diseases such as DHL or THL. Data suggests that due
to profiling, there is a particular pattern of expressed genes when myc is amplified in B–cell
lymphoma when compared to other types of lymphomas, which supports that even though myc is
involved in promoting the expression of targeted genes during transcription, these target genes differ
when it comes to other diseases associated with myc. Current treatments are proven to fail when the
disease is driven by myc. Therefore, better targeted treatments are necessary when trying to combat
myc driven

How Do Eukaryotes Evolve Long Ago?
On the planet, Earth, prokaryotic and eukaryotic are the two major types of cells. Prokaryotic cells
are defined as cells with genetic material and cell chemicals all enclosed within a cell wall, and
having no defined organelles or nucleus (except ribosomes). Organisms in this group are small in
size and mainly consist of bacteria. Eukaryotic cells, however, are defined as having a ''true''
nucleus, membrane–bound organelles, and chromosomes. The nucleus of eukaryotic cells houses
the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes. Prokaryotic
cells, however, are much older cells as these cells are quite ancient and were the only form on planet
Earth for billions of years, soon giving birth to eukaryotic cells 1.5 billion years ago. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, how did eukaryotes evolve long ago? Lynn Margulis, an evolutionary theorist, and author
developed the ''Endosymbiosis theory'' which scientifically informs that mitochondria and plastids
in eukaryotic cells were once independent prokaryotic cells. To illustrate this theory, long ago there
were three prokaryotic cells (example): one was capable of respiration; the other was capable of
photosynthesis; and the last was incapable of doing anything significant. The incapable prokaryotic
cell consumed the other cells. It's unknown if this was intentional or accidental, however, when the
incapable cell engulfed the capable cells, it gained the ability to perform the same tasks and abilities
as the capable prokaryotic cells, giving birth to new complex eukaryotic cells passed on from
generation to generation. The name of the theory has been criticized as being misleading but holds
true origin within

Differences Between Eukaryotes And Eukaryotes
All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic building blocks for all units of life and can
be characterised into two distinct types: Eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are the oldest and
most primitive forms of life and can be distinguished from eukaryotes as they lack a distinct
nucleus. Prokaryotes can be further classified into two domains: bacteria and archaea. Together,
bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes make up what is known as 'The three domains of life" which
divides all cellular life on Earth. Even though bacteria and archaea are both classified as
prokaryotes, there has been recent evidence claiming that archaea and eukaryotes are more closely
related to one another than either is to bacteria. This essay will examine and investigate the
differences between eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea and contend that archaea share greater
similarities with eukaryotes than bacteria which implies a stronger evolutionary relationship.
Eukaryotes are multicellular cells which are distinctly larger to prokaryotes, have a true defined
nucleus, linear pieces of DNA and divide by mitosis or meiosis (in sex cells). Eukaryotes also
contain specialised parts with specific functions called 'organelles'. Various distinctive organelles
can be found inside different types of plant and animal cells and each has its own particular role,
such as producing energy or manufacturing proteins. It has been theorised that the mitochondria,
plastid and chloroplast were once

Prelab Biology Lab Answers
Prelab Questions
Analyze prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
1.Similarities : They both have DNA as their hereditary material.They are both layer bound.They
both have ribosomes. They have comparative fundamental digestion system. They are both
amazingly various in structures. Diferences: Eukaryotes have a core, while prokaryotes don't.
.Eukaryotes have layer bound organelles, while prokaryotes don't. The organelles of eukaryotes
permit them to show much more elevated amounts of intracellular division of work than is
conceivable in prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are, all things considered, ten times the extent of
prokaryotic cells. The DNA of eukaryotes is a great deal more intricate and along these lines
substantially more extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have a cell divider made out
of peptidoglycan, a solitary substantial polymer of amino acids and sugar . Numerous sorts of
eukaryotic cells additionally have cell dividers, yet none made of peptidoglycan. The DNA of
prokaryotes buoys uninhibitedly around the cell; the DNA of eukaryotes is held inside of its core
and connected with histones (proteins). Eukaryotes experience mitosis; prokaryotes isolate by paired
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in an eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotes are creatures that are fundamentally single–celled albeit some are multicellular.
Researchers have partitioned them into two gatherings: microbes and archaea. Prokaryotes have no
cell core and no layer encased organelles. Prokaryotic DNA can be found in a wound circle gliding
in the cytoplasm in a district called the nucleoid (importance core like). As it were, the nucleoid is
the range in a prokaryotic cell where DNA is found. Prokaryotes pack their DNA into a little space
through a procedure called supercoiling. Supercoiling DNA permits it to be bundled effectively into
the little cell.
3. Distinguish three structures which give backing and insurance in an eukaryotic

Importance Of Intracellular Bound Nucleus And Organelles...
Describe, using named examples and annotated diagrams where appropriate, membrane–bound
nucleus and organelles within eukaryotes cells; explain evolutionary advantages of intracellular
compartmentalization.
Living cells are the functional biological building blocks of animals. They come together to form
complex organic tissues, organs, and whole bodies, as well as some of these organisms themselves
existing in a unicellular form. Cells vary in size and dimension, with Eukaryotes ranging from
1x10–3m to 1x10–4m in length, whilst the smaller and less structurally complex Prokaryotes exist
between measurements of 1x10–4m to 1x10–7m in length. This size is contained by the cell
membrane; providing surface area, whilst the three–dimensional formations offer volume to the cell,
which comes from the structural sum of all constituents present in the cytoplasm.
Cells have evolved; they are small in order to benefit from a large surface area to volume ratio. An
increased surface area is very advantageous as it allows more sites for protein carriers to transport
nutrients into the cell, as well as encouraging more biochemical reactions on the surface, and across
the membrane. With both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes having ability to transport multiple nutrients
and molecules into the cell, a range of reactions can take place within these cells. All the vital
catalysts, reactants and reagents required to make use of these transported substances are in the
cytoplasm of both types of

Types Of Cells And Prokaryote And Eukaryote
M1
There are two types of cells; Prokaryote and Eukaryote. They have many differences including their
structures and functions. The main difference being that a Eukaryote cell has an organised nucleus
with a nuclear envelope, whereas a prokaryote cell does not have a nucleus at all.
Eukaryotes are much more complex than a prokaryote cell. They have multiple organelles with
many different functions. Eukaryotic cells are bigger in size than Prokaryotic cells. Some examples
of eukaryotic cells are: animals, plants, fungi etc. Most eukaryotic cells are multi–cellular. All
eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, genetic material, a plasma membrane, ribosomes and a cytoplasm.
They also have membrane–bound structures called organelles.
Eukaryotic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cytoplasm This is a gel–like substance that contains mostly water as well as nutrients, enzymes,
wastes and gases. They carry out functions for growth, metabolism and replication. Contains cell
structures e.g. ribosomes.
Nucleus This is where the genetic information is contained in the form of chromatin. It controls the
cell's growth and reproduction making it the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus is
enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. The membrane has pores to allow
substances into and out of the nucleus.
Nucleolus This is a dense region of the nucleus where RNA is made as well as Ribosomes. It has no
membrane, it sits in the nucleus. The primary function is to assemble ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum that differ in both structure
and function; Rough and Smooth. Both endoplasmic reticulum consist of flattened membrane bound
sacs called cisternae. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes and Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes. The Rough ER has the job of transporting proteins that
were made on the attached ribosomes. Whereas the Smooth ER is where lipid synthesis takes place.
(Kennedy, 2008)
Golgi apparatus It has a structure of flattened membranous sacs. The proteins made at ribosomes are
modified and packaged into vesicles. It modifies proteins. It then takes the molecules and

Summary Of Prokaryote And Eukaryote
Summary of "Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep sea" (Yamaguchi et
al, 2012)
In the article "Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep sea" (Yamaguchi et
al, 2012) the discovery of a new, single celled organism is described, that shows prokaryotic and
eukaryotic features, which could provide further evidence of the hypothesis, that eukaryotes descend
from prokaryotes.
The hypothesis for eukaryote origin states that a large, anaerobic prokaryote engulfed an aerobic
bacterium, which hasn't been digested but stabilized as an endosymbiont instead, became integrated
into host cells as mitochondria (Yamaguchi et al, 2012). Up until now there has not been many
organisms that show features of a transition

Organisms are all over the place. There are two specific types of organisms that are specifically
common on earth.They are the Eukaryotes and prokaryotes cells. Both the prokaryotic and
eukaryotic are found where there is life. They have similarities as well as differences. Both are very
complex and well structured. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic are important because they are literally all
over the place.
Eukaryotic are the earliest organisms on Earth. There are two major kinds of prokaryotic. The two
are bacteria and archaea. Prokaryote cell is a single celled organism that does not have a membrane
bound nucleus or membrane–bound organelle. All Prokaryotic cells contain large quantities of
generic material in the form of DNA is found in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures endowed with with membranes.
Any living organism that isn't my bacteria or archaea Eukaryotic. Animals, plants, fungi, and
protists are eukaryotic. All cells have a nucleus, genetic material, plasma membrane and cytoplasm
including cytoskeleton. Cells have other membrane bound internal structures names organelles.
Organelles include mitochondria, golgi bodies lysosomes, vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum.
Even though prokaryotes or eukaryotes deal with different organisms, they do have some
similarities. They both have a genetic material and they both have the same kind. They both have
DNA as their genetic material. They have similar basic metabolism. Both also have a similarity in
their structure. Both also have ribosomes. So even though these two cells seem completely different
they do have similarities. Just as Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic have similarities they also have
differences. Eukaryotes have a nucleus while prokaryotic don't. Another thing Eukaryotes have that
Prokaryotes don't is a membrane bound organelles. The DNA of Eukaryotes is more extensive and
complex. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell while the DNA of Eukaryotes is held
in the nucleus. They both deal with different types of living

Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes
Cells, a unique characteristic of life and the start of humanity at its finest. Discovered in 1653, by a
man named of Robert Hooke, coined the term Cells and was credited with it as well. The scientist
said it reminded him of the cells of a monastery. These building blocks of life could be broken down
into several different parts but the main two parts are prokaryote and eukaryote. Prokaryotes are one
celled organisms such as bacteria. Prokaryotes are able to thrive in very harsh conditions including
hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and even the guts of humans and animals,
called extremophiles. Prokaryotes contain a set amount of organelles in which are a cell wall, DNA,
and cytoplasm. They do not reside a nucleus, but contains ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The mitochondria takes glucose the chloroplast has produced and turns into Adenosine Triphosphate
better known as ATP. The energy source for this plant gives it the ability to regulate a limited
amount of power throughout the cell to perform its usual duties to help the cell reproduce and
maintain its general stability. Along the line another special organelle the helps the cell regulates the
waste products, which is known as the Lysosomes. Lysosomes contain special enzymes called
hydrolytic enzymes that digests the worn out organelles, macromolecules, and breaks down viruses
as well. The Lysosomes comes from the endoplasmic reticulum through transport vesicles and goes
to the Golgi body and that there the Lysosomes then transfers off of the membrane bound organelle
and then awaits the arrival of an intruder through phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is the process by
which a cell–often a phagocyte or a protist–engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle
known as a phagosome. This here breaks down the invader and dissolves it to heal the cell. This
masculine like structure also breaks down dead organelles and puts it back into the cell recycling its
nutrients for it to use

The cell is the basic unit of life. Two groups are formed between living organisms, and those two
groups are the eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Even though all organisms have the same characteristics
of life, there are differences and similarities that are seen at the cellular level between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes came into play around 3.5 billion years ago and then the eukaryotes
evolved around 1.5 billion years ago.
Prokaryotic cells only really refer to bacteria, while eukaryotic cells include animals, plants,
protists, and fungi. The prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or any membrane–covered organelles, but
eukaryotes do. Instead, the prokaryotes have a nucleoid because they have a smaller, circular DNA
genome, whereas eukaryotic

Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes Similarities
Within prokaryotes and eukaryotes there are various similarities, but also differences. First,
prokaryotes are cells without a true nucleus. Instead they have a nucleoid that houses their DNA.
Eukaryotes on the other hand are cells with a nucleus and a nuclear membrane. Along with the
nuclear membrane, eukaryotes also have membrane bound organelles. These organelles allow for
complex compartmentalization. Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles, which causes
them to be simplistic and lack internal compartmentalization. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have
a cell wall that determines their shape and protects the cell. However, the cell walls differ in
structure. Eukaryotes do not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall, whereas some prokaryotes ...
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Beginning with the outside of the cell, their cell walls are different. Bacteria have peptidoglycan in
their cell wall, while some archaea have pseudopeptidoglycan in their cell walls or don't have a cell
wall at all. Attached to their cell wall are flagella. Their flagella are still similar in that they aid in
movement, but they differ in location and number. Archaea have a bundle of flagella on one end,
whereas bacteria has single flagella all over. Bacteria also have another type of flagella that archaea
don't. Bacteria have axial filaments. These bundles of endoplagella spiral around the cell. They
cause the cell to move in a corkscrew motion. Moving past the cell wall and flagella, we encounter
differences in the cell membrane. The cell membrane of archaea is a unique phospholipid
membrane. Archaea's membrane has unique lipids that bacteria cells do not have. These lipids assist
in stability and allow archaea to survive in extreme environments. Inside the cell we discover
differences in proteins. Archaea have histone proteins, but bacteria do not. These proteins help to
package proteins of DNA. They are typically found in eukaryotes, but have been found in archaea as
well. Not only do they differ in these type of proteins, but also in attachment proteins. Bacteria have
fimbriae which are filaments of pilin protein and archaea have hami which are a hooked protein
filament. These proteins allow the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Prokaryotes
All living organisms on Earth are classified within three domains – Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Bacteria and Archaea encompass a generalised classification known as the prokaryotes. This
definition follows the extensive similarities between the two domains, such as their manner of gene
expression, their fundamental metabolic pathways, as well as their lack of membrane bound
organelles, and compartmentalisation. Due to the cellular compartmentalisation that eukaryotes
exhibit, as well as more complex modes of metabolism and replication, prokaryotes are generally
considered to be the precursors to eukaryotic cells. One of the other defining characteristics of
eukaryotic cells that allow for multicellularity to occur is the presence of a complex ... Show more
It is therefore suggested that MreB and actin originated from a common ancestor, as so, further
suggests that actin was a result of MreB divergence in eukaryotes. Bacterial MreB functions in
maintaining the shape of the bacterial cell, whereby MreB assembles into filaments which display
an extensive structural resemblance to actin. The divergence of MreB in eukaryotic cells is seen to
be similar to the divergence of FtsZ to tubulin, where MreB acquired new functions as eukaryotes
evolved. These new functions included the ability to perform cell division specific to eukaryotic
cells, cell movement through pseudopodia, and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is postulated to have
been a central step in the success of eukaryotic evolution, as the ability to engulf other organisms
such as bacteria and archaea led to eukaryotes becoming predators. The ability to perform predation
contributed heavily to the survival of the eukaryotic line, as it reduced competition. Phagocytosis
also allowed for the engulfment of cyanobacteria and other bacteria which contributed to
endosymbiosis, further increasing the complexity of eukaryotic cells. In order to perform
phagocytosis, eukaryotic cells would have had to remove their inflexible cell wall, a remnant of
their prokaryotic ancestors. The remaining plasma membrane would have allowed for increased
flexibility and the ability to project towards the prey,

Describe The Relationship Between Organelles And Eukaryotes
a.
Firstly, the cytoskeleton is one of the many membrane bound organelles which is only found in
eukaryotic cells and not prokaryotic counterparts. The cytoskeleton is a series of proteins within the
cell which provides the cell with shape and support. The cytoskeleton also mediates some aspects of
movement by helping the cell move in its environment and by controlling the movement of other
cell components. A second organelle which eukaryotes possess and prokaryotes do not possess
includes the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus initiates Golgi bodies towards modifying, sorting,
and packaging macromolecules for cell secretion (also known as exocytosis). The Golgi bodies also
modify and regulate proteins which are provided by the ER. In ... Show more content on
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Some the evidence for this theory include the mitochondria and plastids which can be identified in a
eukaryot; however, prokaryotes originally also have the same functional capabilities as the
mitochondria, as well as plastids. Perhaps the mitochondria's development is simply a result of
condensing the process of energy creation into a single organelle and the development of plastids
was a result of prokaryotes also being capable of completing a similar task; however, felt the need
for condensing this task into a single

Comparing Animal Cells Of Prokaryotes And Eukaryote
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. If something is not made of cells, it
is not alive. There are different types of cells. The two major groupings of cells prokaryotes and
eukaryote. The two main types of eukaryotes are plant and animal cells. Plant and animal cells have
many similarities but a few important differences. Animal cells all share certain characteristics but
vary from there. Plant cells all share certain characteristics but vary from there. Cells are the
smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of
cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic means too small to see with only
your eyes. Microscopic organisms typically consist of

Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are the smallest form
of life of which all forms of life are composed of one or more cells. All cells come from pre–
existing cells. Two different of cells exist: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. They are structurally and
functionally different, but they share some properties. Some similarities are: methods of
reproduction, cell division by binary fission, mitosis or meiosis. The presence of DNA and RNA for
protein synthesis, plasma is the cell membrane and changes in temperature make these cells alike.
These two types of cells are different in other important ways. Eukaryotes have a nucleus
surrounded by a cell membrane. Prokaryotes have a nuclear region not surrounded ... Show more
Prokaryotes are some of the smallest of all organisms. Due to its size, prokaryotes can get nutrients
quickly throughout the cell. Bacteria come in three shapes: rods, spirals or spheres. Some bacteria
are coccobacilli. These are short rods shaped between a cocci and bacilli. A comma shaped
bacterium is called a vibrio. A rigid wavy shaped rod is called spirilium. Spirochete is a corkscrew
shaped rod.
Many bacteria have a distinct arrangement in grouping of cells. Such groups form when cells divide
without separating. Cocci can divide in one or more plane or random. Division in one plane is called
diplo or division in pairs. Chains of cocci are called strepto. Two planes of division is called tetrads.
Random division produces grape like clusters called staphylo. Bacilli divide only in one plane, but
they can be side by side or end to end.
Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and is located external to the cell
membrane. Helps in cell maintenance and contributes to acidic polysaccharides such as teichoic acid
and lipoteichoic acid. Gram negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan. More complex
layer that provides cover that is anchored to the lipoprotein molecules of the peptidoglycan layer.
This membrane contains porin, which allows penetration of only small molecules. This serves as a
defense mechanism of large molecules such as

Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes Essay
All living cells on this planet are categorized into prokaryote or eukaryote organism. Prokaryotes are
the simplest and most ancient type of cells. They were the only form of life on Earth for billions of
years before eventually giving rise to eukaryotic cells, which are more complex in structure. This
composition distinguishes the differences and similarities between these two major type of cells on
Earth. Comparing prokaryotes and eukaryotes, a number of disparities will be identified. To begin
with, prokaryotic cells are a lot smaller and have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells. This
simple structure is an advantage for their lifestyle because it allows the organism to reproduce
quickly and effectively. Even though prokaryotes are less complicated, they can still execute the
same task as eukaryotes. For example, DNA function occurs in the nucleoid area of the cytoplasm of
prokaryotes; whereas this process is carried out on ribosomes in eukaryotes. Chemical processes
that involves proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates are also identical. On examination of
the prokaryotic cell, the internal structure is simple. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. In fact, the
name of the cell give a clue about the structure. In Greek term prokaryote, "pro" means before and
"kary" is nucleus; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles. However, they do have small structures
called ribosomes that moves freely throughout the cytoplasm. The prokaryotic cell's DNA is located
in the region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid region. The nucleoid region differs from Nucleus
because it's not enclosed by a membrane. Prokaryote also have a cell wall that surrounds the plasma
membrane. The composition of the cell wall depends on whether the cell is an archaea or bacteria.
Prokaryotes also often possess one or more flagellum which are used for

Identification Of Unknown Organisms And Two Eukaryotes
Identification of Unknown Organisms
Benjamin Nibarger
Professor Hoffman
Monday 11:15 AM
Group Members – Jamie Jerome, Natalie Perez, Ruth Pinzon
September 27, 2014
Introduction
The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have
been assigned randomly to six–research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was
provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following
classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of
three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
The Domain Bacteria
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic, which are mostly single–celled incomplex microorganisms.
Both Bacteria and Archaea have a variety of prokaryotes classified in multiple kingdoms (Reece, et
al., Campbell Biology, 2014). There are a number of scientists who believe that Archaea cells may
be the precursor to Eukaryotic cells and that they have more in common with Eukaryotes than
Prokaryotes (Madigan, Martinko, & Dunlap, 2009).
Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing
symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may
have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic,
commonly called blue–green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most
commonly associated in the general

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Gene expression in eukaryotes can be broken down into three stages. These stages include
Transcription, RNA processing, and Translation. These steps are similar to gene expression in
prokaryotes but RNA processing is specific to gene expression in eukaryotes.
Transcription
Transcription happens in the cell nucleus. This is where DNA can be found. For example you can
use DNA as instructions to make certain things such as proteins, but, these instructions are in a
different language and you do not understand them, so the workers that will eventually assemble
them cannot work with them. This is where mRNA will come into play. The mRNA will provide the
workers or cells with new instructions that will be used to build the protiens. In transcription DNA is
unzipped and the enzyme RNA polymerase RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region. This
starts the unwinding of the DNA strands, and the polymerase starts RNA synthesis which runs along
the template strand of the DNA. In eukaryotic cells proteins called transcription factors bind to
promoters that include a TATA box, 25 nucleotides upstream from the start of transcription. After,
more transcription factors will bind to the DNA, together with RNA polymerase II, forming the
transcription initiation complex.
The second step of transcription is the process of elongation. This is where the polymerase moves
downstream while it unwinds the DNA and elongates the RNA from 5' to 3'. As the RNA synthesis
continues downstream the new

Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes
The significant difference between the eukaryotes and the prokaryotes, after size, is the fact that
eukaryotes have a nucleus. All the genetic material is found in the nucleus of the more complex
structure that is of a eukaryotic cell. This is often referred to as the "true" nucleus, which is bound
by a double–membrane. Eukaryotic cells tend to be in compartments, as they tend to be larger and
more complex, so their functions take place in specific parts of the cell. These compartments are
made up of membrane–bound organelles. Having the DNA related functions in a compartment
increases efficiency of the functions. The DNA, which is found in eukaryotes, is made up of very
organised proteins called chromosomes. The eukaryotic DNA is linear.

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes Essay
With the rapid advance of the science and technology，the exploration of organisms has been
gradually deepened. In biology, an organism is any individual existence that shows the properties of
life.( Miller, Kenneth. R, Levine, Joseph. S, 2010)[1] Every thing in the world is made by million of
organism. All the organisms have functions such as reproduction, growth, development and
maintenance, meaning an organism can live independently on this planet which is every living thing
living in. Organisms can be classified into two groups which are the multicellular such as animals,
plants, and fungi and unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria, and archaea. These are also
known as prokaryote and eukaryote. A prokaryote is a unicellular organism ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Archaea were originally classified as bacteria and were named archaebacteria since most of the
archaea are not isolated in the lab, and also archaea and bacteria are roughly the same size and
shape. With the great progress of science, scientists can through analysis of nucleic acids in order to
determine the cell is archaea or not. Different from prokaryote, eukaryotes are any kind of cell that
has cell nuclei and other organelles in the membrane. There are many different types of eukaryotic
cells, animals, plants and fungi. According to a biological article in Science magazine, human
beings are not really individuals, they are communities of organisms. ( McFall–Ngai, Margaret
.J,1991 )[2] All animals consist of millions of eukaryotic cells. There are many different parts of the
cell such as nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
cytosol, cytoskeleton, and cell membrane. It contains many different types of special organelles that
can perform all functions. Looking more closely at an animal cell and a plant cell, the animal cell
does not have cell walls and chloroplasts and has smaller

Eukaryotes And Prokaryotes
Discussion Forum Unit 5 – Introduction to Biology
University of the People
Author: Murray Ball – Wednesday, December, 14th, 2016
Similarities and Differences in DNA Replication between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
In your assigned readings, you learned DNA is used as a template to synthesize new DNA. This
process is referred to as replication. Discuss the similarities and differences in DNA replication
between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Are the changes in eukaryotes adaptations? Explain.
Comprisingly, there are many differences and similarities to the synthesis of new DNA and its
replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Investigative cellular analysis shows a eukaryote is
defined as an organism whose cellular makeup contains a nucleus

Outline The Functions Of The Main Cells Essay
P1: Outline the function of the main cells of the body.
Cells are the main structure of the body as they all come together to form one cell. They are very
important because without them, we wouldn't be able to live. The cells carry out numerous of
chemical reaction that we wouldn't have heard of or even felt and it is simply done it on its own.
Cells make up all the organs in the body. Without the cells there will be no life. A cell is the the
building block of the body. There 2 different types of cells there are animal cell and plants cells.
Eukaryote is any cell that has a cell membrane bound. It also contains organelles. Eukaryotes
include all living animal organisms other than the eubacteria and archaea. The eukaryote has a
nucleus membrane that surrounds the nucleus in which the way they defined the ... Show more
The fluid surrounding the cells called tissue fluid are bother watery environment. Also, it's the
outside of any large cell. The function is to protect the cells from the surroundings. It also allows
things to enter in and out of the cell this will maintain the support of cell and shape.
Nucleus The function of a nucleus is that it controls nearly all the activities that is taken place in the
body. The function of the nucleus is to help control all the activities inside the cell. Also the nucleus
controls the cells growth and reproduction. Chromosomes Chromosomes are long threads of DNA
and protein seen in a dividing cell. They contain the genetic material or genes. The function of these
and the responsibility is for transmitting inherited characteristics during reproduction and growth of
the cell. The function of a chromosomes is that they copy the DNA are they scattered them where
they need to go. We have 23 pairs of chromosomes in our body but they are together as pair but
really we have 46

Eukaryotes Research Paper
Electron transport chain in the eukaryotes start in the intermembrane(cristae)of the mitochondria.
Multiple copies are present in this inner membrane of mitochondria. This is also where oxidative
phosphorylation occurs as the electron transport chain establishes a proton gradient by moving
electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen. The four protein complexes labeled I
through IV along with associated electron carriers move electrons from one component to the next
quickly until the end of this cycle. The beginning of this cycle starts when two electrons on NADH
are carried to the complex I. The hydrogen ion gradient is established by Complex I pumping four
hydrogen ions across the membrane from the matrix into the cristae where the two ... Show more
As soon as it's reduced to QH2,the electrons are delivered to the third complex cytochrome
oxidoreductase. The cytochrome proteins have a heme group that only carries electrons, not oxygen.
Complex III pumps protons through the membrane and passes its electrons to cytochrome c for
transport to complex IV. Complex IV reduces oxygen due to cytochrome protein. These special
proteins hold an oxygen molecule very tight between. the iron and copper ions until it is completely
reduced. Then reduced oxygen picks up hydrogen ions from the surrounding environment to make
water. Also the hydrogen ions being removed from this electrochemical gradient gives to the ion
acclivity used to move ions across a selectively permeable membrane. The energy actually released
by electrons in the electron transport chain is what transports protons from the inner mitochondrial
membrane traveling from inner matrix to intermembrane space. This produces a strong hydrogen
concentration gradient . The difference in proton concentration generates both a electrical potential
and a store of energy in form of a ph gradient across the membranes. The protein enzyme called ATP
synthase taps this potential energy in this gradient to make ATP from

Unicellular Eukaryotes Observation Essay
In the labs preformed, objective is to understand the way the Unicellular Eukaryotes look, act, move
around, survive, and so on. Through out the lab, different organisms will be observed, such as
Euglena, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Paramecium, Vorticella, and Amoeba. Each organism will be
observed under the microscope to give a better understanding of the major structures of each
organism as well as the movement associated with each eukaryote.
Procedure and Observation
Euglena
Using a plastic dropper, a small drop containing the organism was placed on a microscope slide and
a cover slip was placed on top. The slide with the Euglena was observed under medium and high
power. The organisms were fast at random. A drop of methylcellulose was added to slow the motion
of the specimen. Observed: Cytoplasm, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The organism was observed under high power once being located under low power.
Choanoflagellates
Scientists are being led to believe that modern sponges and choanoflagellates are closely related.
Due to the recent study of RNA and the way they are assembled, scientists believe that it represents
a sister group. A single flagella surrounded by a column of microvilli is yet another similarity that is
allowing the scientists to study the resemblance between the two organisms.
9. Matching
Kinetoplastid – Unicellular parasite with one large mitochondrion (G)
Amoeba – Unicellular heterotroph that moves using pseudopodia (C)
Euglenoid – Flagella arise fro anterior pocket (F)
Ciliate – Unicellular heterotroph with two types of nuclei (B)
Dinoflagellate – Flagella arise from grooves in cellulose plates (E)
Choanoflagellate – Sessile protist with single flagellum surrounded by collar (A)
Apicomplexan – Non–motile parasite with penetrating apical region (D)
10.

Eukaryotic Cells
Cells are the basic components of all living things. Both the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic cell
contain a plasma membrane, a cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes. One of the main differences
between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell is that a prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, (pro means
before and kary means nucleus) and it also lacks membrane–bound organelles. Instead of having a
nucleus, prokaryotes have a single chromosome. This chromosome is often referred to as a
gonophore. Due to prokaryotes being single celled, the inside of a prokaryotic cell is full of open
space, meaning they do not contain any membrane walls. The prokaryotic cell makes up all bacteria
and bacteria–like archaea (germs).
A basic prokaryotic cell is made up of nine parts. On the outside of the prokaryote is the fimbriae
(also known as the pili). Fimbriae are hair like structures that are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The plasma membrane is the outermost layer of a eukaryotic cell. It is made up of phospholipids and
proteins. The plasma membrane also functions as the selective boundary of the cell. Unlike a
prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus. The nucleus is responsible for the storage and the
protection of the DNA of the cell. Most eukaryotes possess a endomembrane system. The
endomembrane consists of a endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and vesicles. The
endomembrane makes lipids and membrane proteins and sends them where they need to go in the
cell. Mitochondria are important parts of eukaryotic cells because they transfer the energy needed
for the ATP from food molecules. Lastly, one of the major components of a eukaryotic cell is the
cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is made up of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate
filaments. The cytoskeleton gives the structure of the eukaryotic cell support. It also assists with the
division of the cell and it controls cellular

The similarities in DNA replication between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
There are several similarities and differences in DNA replication between eukaryotes and
prokaryotes which we will be discussing. However, for an effective understanding of this
discussion, it is, then, important to know that when a double–stranded DNA molecule is copied to
produce two identical DNA molecules; the process is what is referred to as DNA replication
(OpenStax College, & Rice University, 2013). In a similar aspect, when using one of the parent
DNA strand as a template to make an exact copy of DNA, that is known as a DNA replication
(Nature Education, 2014).
That said, an apparent similarity in DNA replication between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that
DNA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While eukaryotic DNA molecules have a large number of molecules where replication does not
occur simultaneously on all replicons, the prokaryotic chromosome has just a single replicon.
Similarly, in prokaryotes, one replication bubble is formed during the replication process while in
the case of eukaryotes; many replication bubbles are formed in one replicating DNA molecule all
through the replication process. In prokaryotic organisms, the DNA replication process is initiated
by the protein DnaA and DnaB while the initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotes is done by a
multi sub–unit protein. In the aspect of the Okazaki fragments, they are quite short in eukaryotic
organisms but in prokaryotes, the Okazaki fragments are about 1000–2000 nucleotides long. One
more difference in DNA replication between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that in prokaryotes, the
primers are way longer compare to the primers in eukaryotes (OpenStax College, & Rice University,
2013). These are some of the fundamental differences in DNA replication between eukaryotes and

Eukaryotes Vs Animal Cells Essay
Although animal cells and plant cells are both eukaryotes, they possess many differences in shape,
size, and structure. In this lab, our group investigated the question: Do plant cells always tend to be
larger in size compared to animal cells? We did this lab in order to learn more about the differences
between plant and animal cells by observing their physical properties. It was hypothesized that if we
compare human blood cells to onion root cells, then we will observe that the plant cells are larger
because plant cells have cell walls and larger vacuoles that cause them to be greater in size. We
tested this by observing human blood cells and onion root cells under a microscope and noting their
physical properties like size, then comparing the results of the two ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The blood cells that we observed were pre–prepared in their slide and pre–dyed before we observed
them. These cells were notably small in size, so much that we were unable to find them on scanning
and low power of the microscope. Although, our group was still able to see their cell membranes
and nuclei as well as their random organization. The onion root cells were also pre–prepared and
pre–dyed with methylene blue in their slide. We observed their physical properties and saw that the
cells were closely organized together, had thick cell walls, and larger nuclei compared to that of the
blood cells. It was very evident that the root cells were larger than the blood cells. These
observations, as well as background knowledge the previous lab, brought us to the conclusion that
plant cells will always tend to be larger than animal cells. We believe this because plant cells have
cell walls and larger vacuoles that contribute to their greater size, as we had learned from previous
lessons. Also, two labs have proven that plant cells, like onion cells and onion root cells, are bigger
than animal cells, like human cheek cells and human blood

It is evidently known that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells are microscopic, membrane–bound
units which contain biomolecules allowing them to carry out functions, sustain life and self–
replicate. Although every living cell comes under one of the 6 kingdoms in the biological taxonomy
of living organisms, the two most distinct types of cells are eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes (pre–nucleus) are single–celled organisms which do not contain a nucleus nor do they
have any membrane–bound organelles within them. Eukaryotes (literally meaning "true nucleus")
were developed many years after prokaryotes and can either be single–celled or multi–cellular
organisms. In addition to an enclosed nucleus, they embody many other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Including a singular loop of DNA, prokaryotes (and some eukaryotes) contain smaller, circular and
extrachromosomal double–stranded DNA molecules called 'plasmids'. During cell division, copies
of each plasmid within the cell are made to be passed down to the daughter cells or they can be
exchanged between neighbouring cells through a process known as conjugation. In terms of packing
and arranging the genes, prokaryotes require greatly compact genomes (complete set of DNA) as
opposed to eukaryotes, due to large non–coding regions and repetitive DNA between the genes.
Prokaryotic genes are expressed in groups called operons, which all undergo the process of
transcription on the same strand of RNA; eukaryote genes are transcribed on individual strands of
mRNA. Due the fact that the prokaryotic DNA interacts with the cytoplasm, transcription and
translation are both carried out at the same time. Adversely, in eukaryotes the former takes place in
the nucleus and the latter in the cytoplasm. These factors strongly convey the simplicity of a
prokaryotic cell, which do not require as many genes to operate compared to that of a eukaryotic

Compare And Contrast Prokaryotes And Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have structural advantages over Prokaryotic cells, due to the presence of specific
internal organelles, such as a nucleus; where DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and genetic codes are
found, as well as the presence of other organelles which are bigger in eukaryotes, such as
mitochondria. Also, eukaryotes can be considered structurally advanced as its organelles are
enclosed by a membrane, making it larger in size and stronger compared to a prokaryote. Both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes have the ability of movement, but the eukaryotes is more complex.
Although, the eukaryotic cell is more structurally advanced to that of a prokaryotic cell, prokaryotes
are simple in nature but are capable of performing the same processes to that of ... Show more
Internal organelles such as the nucleus; a membrane enclosed organelle that houses the genetic
material, the endoplasmic reticulum; where proteins and carbohydrates are produced, and
mitochondria, which provides fuel for the cell; assist in creating a specialized environment, which
"along with the ability to concentrate the right ingredients in a single place, give eukaryotes a big
structural advantage." This becomes significant as it functional groups becomes more complex and
increases its size and general strength, supporting the notion that eukaryotic cells are in fact more
structurally advanced to prokaryotes. The presence of a nucleus in a eukaryotic cell makes the cell
more specialised, as the DNA that is responsible for creating new cells becomes more efficient. It
must also be noted that "DNA in eukaryotes is neatly organized and packaged into chromosomes,
also increasing efficiency". This system of organised chromosomes, which is not found prokaryotes,
is intended to make eukaryotes efficient in its functional groups, and as a result making all
eukaryotic cells structurally

Eukaryotic And Of Eukaryotic Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes accord to the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining affection that sets eukaryotic
beef afar from prokaryotic beef is that they accept membrane–bound organelles, abnormally the
nucleus, which contains the abiogenetic material, and is amid by the nuclear envelope. The
attendance of a basis gives eukaryotes their designation, which emanates from the Greek εὖ and
κάρυον . Eukaryotic beef along accommodate added membrane–bound organelles such as
mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. In additament, plants and algae accommodate chloroplasts.
Eukaryotic bacilli may be unicellular, or multicellular. Alone eukaryotes accept abounding kinds of
tissue composed of altered corpuscle types.
Eukaryotes can carbon both by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, due to their abundant added astronomically immense size, eukaryotes ' aggregate all–
comprehensive biomass is estimated at about commensurable to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes
aboriginal developed about 1.6–2.1 billion years ago.
Eukaryotic beef are about abundant added badly colossal than those of prokaryotes. They accept a
array of centralized membrane–bound structures, alleged organelles, and a cytoskeleton composed
of microtubules, microfilaments, and average filaments, which play a ascendant role in defining the
cell 's alignment and shape. Eukaryotic DNA is disconnected into several beeline bundles alleged
chromosomes, which are dissevered by a microtubular arbor during nuclear division.
Eukaryote beef cover a array of membrane–bound structures, collectively referred to as the
endomembrane system. Simple compartments, alleged vesicles or vacuoles, can compose by
beginning off added membranes. Abounding beef blot victuals and added abstracts through a action
of endocytosis, breadth the alien film invaginates and again pinches off to compose a vesicle. It is
apparent that a lot of added membrane–bound organelles are ultimately acquired from such vesicles.
Alternatively some articles engendered by the corpuscle can leave in a abscess through exocytosis.
The basis is baffled by a bifold film , with pores that sanction actual to move in and out. Assorted
tube– and sheet–like extensions of the nuclear film anatomy what is alleged the

Prokaryotes And Archaea Similarities
INTRODUCTION
Definitions for Archaea vary, but what is commonly agreed upon is that these are some sort of
micro–organisms.
Some argue them to be their own distinct domain, whereas others think they are merely part of the
prokaryotic domain. However many see them as a evolutionary step in between, as prokaryotic
relatives to eukaryotes. (x) Since their evolutionary history remains very unclear, it is hard to
classify them belonging to a group of their own or belonging to either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
In 1977, Woese suggested dividing cells into three new domains; archaea, eukaryotes and
prokaryotes. (x)
Before this cells were divided into two main groups: prokaryotic cells, and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their structural similarities are the reasoning behind why one might say that they belong to the
prokaryotic domain, being structurally very similar, especially on the first glance. The unique
properties will be discussed further later in this essay.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EUKARYOTES AND ARCHAEA
Though structurally, prokaryotic cells seem more similar to archaea than eukaryotic cells, yet when
one inspects their DNA, similarities between DNA replication, transcription and translation appear.
The DNA polymerase in archaea and eukaryotes are not related to any prokaryotic DNA
polymerase, suggesting that these two are of common origin. Other components used in DNA
replication are similarly only shared between eukaryotes and archaea (y). For example, the promoter
(the part of the DNA that initiates transcription), in archaebacteria has similar sequence and position
to its eukaryotic counterpart (x).
These characteristics were thought to be unique to eukaryotes, yet were found in archaea as well.
When so little is known about the evolutionary history of these organisms that constitute for the
basis of life on earth, categorising them becomes immensely hard.
UNIQUE

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes

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