Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...

Comparing The 18th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
In the 18th century physician and botanist Linnaeus instituted a taxonomic system. The Linnaean
system helps interpret evolutionary history; he has done so by placing species into categories that
are in order of hierarchy. The order is as follows– Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus
and Species.
Although with biologists learning to understand the system, another category was added known as
Domain– this was categorized above Kingdom. This is because biologists recognized the differences
between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, which were once part of the five kingdoms alongside plantar,
animalia and fungi. However having them part of the Kingdom category proved to be difficult. Thus
the inclusion of three domains occurred – bacteria, archaea and eukarya. The domain bacteria
consists of commonly known prokaryotes, whereas the domain archaea too contains prokaryotes but
the can inhabit a range of environments. The domain eukarya consists of groups of single–celled
organisms as well as plants, fungi and animals (multicellular organisms).
Prokaryotes have existed from 3.5 billion years ago when they became one of the first organisms to
inhabit Earth. Prokaryotic cells are unicellular cells and are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.
They reproduce through binary fission. Prokaryotic cells have a range of shapes– spherical, rod–
shaped and spiral. Its key feature is the cell wall, which allows strength to protect and prevent the
cell from bursting or shrinking; it's
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Why Do Prokaryotic Cells Cause Infection?
The type of organisms that can cause infection are predominately bacteria, the excessive buildup of
the single, yet simple prokaryotic cells can often lead to a virus. Due to them being so small as well
as being asexual producers, the virus cell finds a place in our body and waits. The cells wait for
when our immune system becomes weaker with an illness, our defense system already backed up
trying to fight off the other bad bacterial cells, before tricking one of your cells into thinking that it's
a virus cell by attaching itself into the regular, healthy cell, intrude into it and release its DNA. The
changed cell will now travel around, tricking other cells and multiplying, leading to a viral infection.
Bacteria cells can flourish and create

Similarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And...
Edouard Chatton (cities in Soyer– Gobillard, 2006) in 1925, was first to divide cells into either
prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are typically larger and include protists, plants, fungi
and animal cells. They are described as 'a type of cell with membrane–enclosed organelles and
membrane–enclosed nucleus' (Cain et al, 2014, p171). A typically smaller prokaryotic cell 'lacks a
membrane–enclosed nucleus and membrane–enclosed organelles'; this term includes the domains of
bacteria and Archaea (Cain et al, 2014, p171).
Prokaryotic cells evolved earlier than Eukaryotic cells this is shown by the fact that Prokaryotic
means 'before nucleus', this earlier evolution resulted in many differences seen between these cell
types (Cain et al, 2014, p172), such as different organisation within the cell. However because all
cells are thought to have evolved from a Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) (Heaphy, S,
2015) similarities between these cells are also seen such as ribosomes, however further difference
can be found within these similarities. Some of these key differences can be seen in the figures
below.
Figure 1: A typical prokaryotic cell. Left is a diagram of typical prokaryotic bacteria with subcellular
structures labelled. Right is an electron microscope of a prokaryotic cell (Taken from Bevington, A,
2015)
Figure 2: A typical eukaryotic cell. A diagram of typical eukaryotic animal cell with subcellular
structures labelled (Taken from Bevington, A, 2015).

Eukaryotic Cells In Childhood
One step at a time, encounter many phases to adulthood The human body is composed of millions of
different microscopic cells that join to shape who they are. Cells are considered the basic building
blocks of living things and have many parts, each with a different function(1). The nucleus within a
cell is where all the genetic information is stored. Within the nucleus, there are twenty–three long
threads of DNA known as chromosomes. Each chromosome contains heredity information to direct
synthesis of proteins. Cells in humans and plants are known as eukaryotic and cells in bacteria are
known as prokaryotic cells. Each cell divides and replicates itself to grow and to replace the cells
that are lost regularly including the cells in your skin. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This cycle is conventionally divided into five discrete phases: gap phase 1(G1), synthesis, gap phase
2 (G2), mitosis and cytokinesis. During G1, the cell grows and prepares itself for division. Cells
often pause in G1 before DNA replication and enter a resting state called the G0 phase; cells may
remain in this phase for days to years before resuming cell division (book). During the synthesis
phase, the cell synthesizes the genome in chromosomes to produce two sister chromatids held
together at the centromere by cohesion. Once the cell has undergone the synthesis phase, it goes to
the G2 phase. In G2, the cell undergoes its second growth face and prepares for the separation of the
newly replicated genome. The G1 and G2 segments of interphase are periods of active growth,
during which proteins are synthesized and cell organelles are produced (book). G1, synthesis, and
G2 together constitute

The Differences Between Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Cells
Organisms are made up of cells which were considered as the basic unit of life. After the invention
of microscope, Robert Hooke first discovered cells by looking at a dead cell from an oak tree. His
finding brought the study of cell biology. According to the cell theory formulated by lots of
scientists, all living organisms are composed of at least one cell which is the basic unit of life, and
all cells come from pre–existing living cells.
Cell is a wide type of substance that have variations between species and species, for example a
plant cell contains a cell wall which is absent in most animal cells. Scientists had been trying to
classify all organisms into different groups. Current classification system is the three domains and
six kingdoms which the three domain divides organisms based on the ribosomal RNA they
contained in the cells. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya which the first two are
made up of prokaryotic cells and Eukarya is made up of eukaryotic cells. This essay will focus on
the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
To start with, the first eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell appeared at different time mainly because to
their requirements for survive. At first the condition of the Earth was not suitable for any organism,
for example lack of organic molecules. After the modification of the Earth environment, the
prokaryotic cells in single–celled organisms were believed to arise 3.5 billion years before. The
oldest fossils of

Prokaryotes And Eukaryotic Cells
All living cells on this planet fall in one of two categories. They are either going to be a Prokaryote
or Eukaryote organism. Prokaryote are simplest and most ancient type of cells. It was the only form
of life on Earth for billions of years before eventually giving rise to Eukaryotic cells. This
composition will distinguish the differences and similarities between these two major type of cells
on Earth. If you examine Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes side by side, you will spot a number of
disparities. To begin with, Prokaryotic cells are a lot smaller than Eukaryotic cells and have a
simpler structure. However, this simple structure is actually an advantage for their lifestyle because
it allows them to reproduce quickly

Prokaryotic Cells Essay
Prokaryotic Cells
All living things are made of cells, and cells are the smallest units that can be alive. Life on Earth is
classified into five kingdoms, and they each have their own characteristic kind of cell. However the
biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryote kingdom (monera, the bacteria) and those of
the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, and do not have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic means 'pre–nucleus' and eukaryotic means 'true nucleus'. The nucleus in eukaryotic cells
contains the DNA in linear chromosomes and is bounded by a nuclear membrane, but since ... Show
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The cell membrane is made of phospholipids and proteins, like eukaryotic membranes, and controls
the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell. The mesosome is a tightly folded region of
the cell membrane containing all the membrane–bound proteins required for respiration and
photosynthesis. The flagellum is a rigid rotating helical–shaped tail used for propulsion. The motor
is embedded in the cell membrane and is driven by a H+ gradient across the membrane. A clockwise
rotation drives the cell forwards, while an anticlockwise rotation causes a chaotic spin. This is an
example of a rotating motor in nature. The prokaryotic flagellum does not have the same the same
structure as eukaryotic flagellum. The cytoplasm contains all the enzymes needed for all metabolic
reactions, since there are no organelles. Nutrients and reserves may be stored in the cytoplasm in the
form of granules of glycogen, lipids, polyphosphate, or in some cases, sulphur or nitrogen. The
ribosomes are for protein synthesis just like eukaryotic ribosomes but they are smaller than
eukaryotic ribosomes. Plasmids are small circles of DNA, which carry additional genes and are used
to exchange DNA between bacterial cells. DNA is always circular, and not associated with any
proteins to form chromatin, it carries the genes for the proteins the cell needs. Prokaryotic cells do
not have membrane bound organelles, like

Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two different types of processes that create energy.
Cellular Respiration is "the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011, p.
1027)." This process occurs in all living organisms. In comparison, Photosynthesis is "the
conversion of sunlight into a chemical form of energy. In the cyanobacteria, the process takes place
in special thylakoid membranes, which contain chlorophyll or chlorophyll–like pigments. Among
eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of such organisms as diatoms, dinoflagellates
and green algae. (Pommerville, 2014, p. 185)".
Both processes have different stages to create energy. Cellular respiration has aerobic and anaerobic
processes. In the aerobic process, enzymes break down glucose in "presence of oxygen to produce
cell energy". The stages in cellular respiration include glycolysis, transition, Krebs cycle and the
electron transport system. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. During this stage, there is a
"conversion of glucose into pyruvate (Pommerville, 2014, p. 171)". In addition, "two ATP molecules
are required and the net yield is 2 pyruvates and 2 ATPs (Pommerville, 2014, p. 173)". The
transitional stage "occurs in the outer mitochondrial membrane." According to Pommerville, "Each
pyruvate is converted into an acetyl CoA as CO2 is liberated and two NADH are formed. Each
acetyl CoA combines with an oxaloacetate to form citrate (p. 174)." Unfortunately, this step did

Similarities Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
Cells were divided into two, which are, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Examples of prokaryotic
cells are Bacteria and Archae, while the examples of eukaryotic cells are Protists, Fungi, plants and
animals. All cells share certain basic features, but the major difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells is their DNA. Thus, these two cells have different features on DNA transcription
and protein synthesis mechanisms. The general processes of transcription may be applied to both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as their basic biochemistry was the same. But, they are differs in
their specific mechanisms and regulation of transcriptions. In all species, the process of
transcriptions begins with the binding of RNA polymerase complex to a special DNA sequence at
the beginning of the gene, which named promoter. The activation of RNA polymerase leads to
initiation of transcription and followed by elongation of transcription. And these two cells were
different in these elements. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast, eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotes as their transcriptions process are
utilize by three different types of RNA polymerase. These polymerases differ in number and type of
subunits they contain and also the class of RNA they subscribe. RNA polymerase I, which located in
the nucleolus, transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA), RNA polymerase II, which located in the
nucleoplasm, transcribe messenger RNA (mRNA) and RNA polymerase III, which also located in
the nucleoplasm, transcribe both ribosomal and transfer RNA (tRNA). All eukaryotic RNA
polymerases are homologous to one another and to prokaryotic RNA

Comparing Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Be sure to address cell structure,
replication (including DNA replication) and gene expression.
The cell structure of prokaryotic organisms is small, only about 1–10 microns in length, and they are
also single celled. Prokaryotes contain circular DNA which is held in the nucleoid because they lack
a nucleus. The specific organisms that have circular DNA are: mitochondrial, bacterial (eubacteria),
and Archaea (Methanobacteria, Halobacteria, and sulfobacteria). Prokaryotes have no membrane–
bound organelles because they have no organelles. Their ribosomal subunits are 50S and 30S which
come to equal 70S, and their plasma membrane does not contain sterols. In prokaryotes, there is one
large vacuole per cell which takes up 50–90% of cell and serves as a reservoir for water; this helps
hold turgor pressure in plants. Prokaryotes also cannot go through endo– or exocytosis, and their
cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. The replication properties of prokaryotes includes Theta Mode
Replication, in which there is only a single origin of replication, but two replication forks. The
Okazaki Frangments are 1000–2000 base pairs in length, and the formation of the cell plate is done
by the phragmosome. Proteins and RNA help the DNA to fold proteins because prokaryotes do not
have histones. Transcription and translation occur simultaneously because prokaryotes have no
plasma membrane, therefore no posttranscriptional modifications

Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes Similarities
It is evidently known that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells are microscopic, membrane–bound
units which contain biomolecules allowing them to carry out functions, sustain life and self–
replicate. Although every living cell comes under one of the 6 kingdoms in the biological taxonomy
of living organisms, the two most distinct types of cells are eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes (pre–nucleus) are single–celled organisms which do not contain a nucleus nor do they
have any membrane–bound organelles within them. Eukaryotes (literally meaning "true nucleus")
were developed many years after prokaryotes and can either be single–celled or multi–cellular
organisms. In addition to an enclosed nucleus, they embody many other ... Show more content on
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Including a singular loop of DNA, prokaryotes (and some eukaryotes) contain smaller, circular and
extrachromosomal double–stranded DNA molecules called 'plasmids'. During cell division, copies
of each plasmid within the cell are made to be passed down to the daughter cells or they can be
exchanged between neighbouring cells through a process known as conjugation. In terms of packing
and arranging the genes, prokaryotes require greatly compact genomes (complete set of DNA) as
opposed to eukaryotes, due to large non–coding regions and repetitive DNA between the genes.
Prokaryotic genes are expressed in groups called operons, which all undergo the process of
transcription on the same strand of RNA; eukaryote genes are transcribed on individual strands of
mRNA. Due the fact that the prokaryotic DNA interacts with the cytoplasm, transcription and
translation are both carried out at the same time. Adversely, in eukaryotes the former takes place in
the nucleus and the latter in the cytoplasm. These factors strongly convey the simplicity of a
prokaryotic cell, which do not require as many genes to operate compared to that of a eukaryotic

Cell Theory Research Paper
Cell structures are a very unique component in life. Cells have the ability to accomplish many tasks.
Theses tasks may include identifying genetic information, the gossamer endoplasmic reticulum
subway system and the fibril laced cytoskeleton. All of these parts are needed in order to have life.
Before all of this occurred, we developed a cell theory. The cell theory was basically used to explain
how every living thing is made out of cells. In the cell theory there were three principals that it
followed. The first principal was that all organisms are composed of one or more cell, and the life
processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells. The second was that cells are the
smallest living things, the basic units of organization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cytoskeleton consist of polymer of identical protein subunits that attracts one another and
assemble in long chains. In the cytoskeleton there are three different kinds of fibers. The three fibers
are actin filament, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Actin filament are composed of two
protein chains loosely twined together like two strands of pearls. Microtubules are the largest
cytoskeletal element and it is formed from nucleation centers near the center of the cell and radiate
toward the periphery. Meanwhile, the intermediate filaments is considered to be the most durable
element of the cytoskeleton. They are a mixed group of cytoskeletal

DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Cells are divided into two categories namely the Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. These two have
varying differences between them. Speaking in simple cell biology words, prokaryotes are primitive,
simple organisms that lack membranous cell organelles. The opposite of this are eukaryotes, which
are advanced and complex organisms having membrane bound cell organelles. Seemingly simple in
structure and markedly different from eukaryote and protist organisms, prokaryotic cells are
believed to have been amongst the first on the Earth and very well may out–survive all other
organisms. Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea and eukaryotes include fungi, animal
and plant cells. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting haploid gametes fuse to give a diploid cell.
Prokaryotes are generally able to carry out their life processes of growth, energy generation and
reproduction independently of other cells which is very different to the cells of eukaryotes which are
unable to live alone in nature and can exist only as part of a multicellular organism. Most eukaryotic
cells are uniquely suited to their own particular environmental niche and rarely grows out of it, but
prokaryotes i.e. bacteria can grow in a multiplicity of environments ranging from hot sulphur
springs (65°C) to deep freezers (–20°C) and also in nutritionally poor environment. A major
difference in chemical composition between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotes have
sterols in their membranes (e.g. cholesterol) whereas the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells does
not contain carbohydrates and generally lacks sterols. In prokaryotic cells the enzymes,
topoisomerases, that control topological changes in DNA architecture are different from their
eukaryotic counterparts (act on linear Chromosomes). The cytoplasm of prokaryotes is densely
packed with ribosomes that are not associated with a membranous structure ie endoplasmic
reticulum whilst in eukaryotic cells the ribosomes can either be free lying or bound to the
endoplasmic reticulum.
Prokaryotes maintain their DNA in a supercoiled state by the combined

Eukaryotic Cells And Its Functions
"Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller
and simpler, e.g. Bacteria" – (AQA 2008)
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane–bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not contain
these.
Although both of these cells contain DNA, only eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. The nucleus is
the largest organelle, surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) containing lots of pores.
The nuclear membrane protects contents of the nucleus and controls the transport of substances in
and out. The nucleus contains linear DNA in chromatin which protects the DNA from damage.
Chromatin is formed of DNA which controls the activities of the cell. The nucleus often contains a
structure called the nucleolus. This structure produces ribosomes which enter the cytoplasm in the
cell through the nuclear pores, as well as transcribing DNA into RNA.
Prokaryotic cells do not contain nuclei. Instead of having a nucleus to carry the DNA, these cells
contain plasmids with circular DNA, as well as having most of the DNA float freely inside the
cytoplasm. The plasmids carry the information necessary to keep the cell alive. For example
including genes that make the bacteria cell resistant to antibiotics.
Both cells transcribe DNA into RNA in order to translate RNA and produce proteins on ribosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum is present in eukaryotic cells. There are two types of ER: Smooth and
rough. "This organelle is formed of a network of

Compare The Structure Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
Vicki Millard
Unit 10193 – Introduction to Cell Biology
1. Compare the structures of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
There are two different types of cells; prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Both cells have differences,
including the shape and size of the cell. Prokaryote cells are found in bacteria such as E–coli,
Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, whilst eukaryote cells are found in plants, animals and fungi.
Eukaryotic cells have many components which lead to the cell having a much more complex
structure and are larger in size, measuring between 10 and 100 micrometres in diameter. Prokaryotic
cells, on the other hand, are much smaller, measuring between 0.2 and 2 micrometres and having a
much simpler structure. The two cells share similarities such as; containing DNA, ribosomes and
cytoplasms. According to Bassett, "The ribosomes are "told," what kind of protein to make and
when to make it via the direction of the DNA." [Bassett. Dawsonera.com. P. 83. 2005.] DNA in a
prokaryotic cell is described to be a single circular chromosome, whereas the eukaryotic cell has
multiple linear chromosomes. However, the main comparison between the two cells is that the
eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus, whereas the prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus.
Figure 1 – The Eukaryotic Cell (AQA GCSE Biology, P.86 – Woodward, C. Houghton, T. 2010)
Figure 2 – The Prokaryotic Cell (AQA GCSE Biology, P.88 – Woodward, C. Houghton, T. 2010)
2. Relate structure and function in two specialised

The Theory Of The Cell Theory Essay
Introduction
The cell theory is composed of three ideas from three different German scientists. In 1838, scientist
Mattias Schlieden said that all plants were made from cells. One year later in 1839, scientist
Theodor Schwann said that all animals were made from cells. In 1855, scientist Rudolf Virchow said
that all cells come from other cells. These three ideas were put together to form the cell theory. The
cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things, and all cells are produced from other cells (McGinnis, 2011).
Prokaryotic cells are the simplest systems that exhibit all of the signs of life. They reproduce by
binary fission, a process where the DNA is duplicated and the cell splits in two. They are the
smallest types of cell, and have a large array of abilities. Some prokaryotes live in the absence of
oxygen, some in extreme cold or heat, and some at the bottoms of oceans. These extremist
prokaryotes are known as archaebacteria. The most common prokaryotes are eubacteria, and are
found nearly everywhere on Earth (Blamire, 2001).
Prokaryotic cells can vary in their structure depending on where they reside, but all prokaryotic cells
have certain features in common. All prokaryotic cells have a cell wall; a cell wall gives structure
and shape to the cell while providing a place for the flagella to anchor. They have a plasma
membrane, which is just inside the cell and serves as a

Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes Essay
In the replication process of DNA, there are similarities between the process of replication of a
Eukaryote cell and Prokaryote cell. There are also differences in both processes. The most notable
difference would have to start with the cell themselves, which may add to additional differences in
the processes. A prokaryote is a more simplistic cell with less DNA and a Eukaryote cell is much
more complex with vast amounts of DNA.
The replication process in the end has the same goal and that is to copy DNA and pass it along to a
new cell. The processes begin in a similar fashion, which is the DNA is unwound by an enzyme
known as DNA helicase (Boundless, 2016). Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes both employ the
polymerases to synthesis DNA. In both cases the replication begins within the cell wall or cell
membrane. The processes of replicating the DNA into a new cell occurs with the aid of leading
strands and lagging strands (Bank, E., 2016). A leading and lagging strand uses RNA prime that
inserts the first genetic code that is completed by a subsequent lagging strand, Okazaki fragment.
The differences between the two replications are abundant. Although the replication occurs within
the cell wall for the two processes they both occur in different locations. The prokaryote replication
occurs in cytoplasm. It also is destined to occur in that one location ... Show more content on
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The speed at which replication occurs is speedy but the decrease in speed for Eukaryote cells may
go hand and hand with the complexity of the organism. The margin for error to complete multiple
processes with billions of lines of DNA would presumably be higher with increased speed. It may
also be true that having multiple points of origin could be more accurate at inserting code in the
correct position. Lastly, the end of a chromosome and the shortening of the chromosome may help
to relieve the world of people who have experienced everything and know

Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes
Organisms are all over the place. There are two specific types of organisms that are specifically
common on earth.They are the Eukaryotes and prokaryotes cells. Both the prokaryotic and
eukaryotic are found where there is life. They have similarities as well as differences. Both are very
complex and well structured. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic are important because they are literally all
over the place.
Eukaryotic are the earliest organisms on Earth. There are two major kinds of prokaryotic. The two
are bacteria and archaea. Prokaryote cell is a single celled organism that does not have a membrane
bound nucleus or membrane–bound organelle. All Prokaryotic cells contain large quantities of
generic material in the form of DNA is found in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures endowed with with membranes.
Any living organism that isn't my bacteria or archaea Eukaryotic. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists
are eukaryotic. All cells have a nucleus, genetic material, plasma membrane and cytoplasm
including cytoskeleton. Cells have other membrane bound internal structures names organelles.
Organelles include mitochondria, golgi bodies lysosomes, vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum.
Even though prokaryotes or eukaryotes deal with different organisms, they do have some
similarities. They both have a genetic material and they both have the same kind. They both have
DNA as their genetic material. They have similar basic metabolism. Both also have a similarity in
their structure. Both also have ribosomes. So even though these two cells seem completely different
they do have similarities. Just as Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic have similarities they also have
differences. Eukaryotes have a nucleus while prokaryotic don't. Another thing Eukaryotes have that
Prokaryotes don't is a membrane bound organelles. The DNA of Eukaryotes is more extensive and
complex. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell while the DNA of Eukaryotes is held
in the nucleus. They both deal with different types of living

Eukaryotic Cell Vs Prokaryotic Twins
In some cases thing can have similar parts but can be totally different. An example of that are twins.
Twins maybe look and act the same but there is something about them that are different so that you
can tell them apart. I want to think of the eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cells as twin. Why do I say
that? It is because they have some of the same but, have things that they have so you can tell them
apart.
The eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cells are alike in many ways, Some ways they are alike is that
they have DNA as their genetic material , membrane bound, have ribosomes, similar basic
metabolism, and amazingly diverse in forms. This is the twin like feature that they have. The
eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cells differ in way to

Eukaryotic Cells
Cells are the basic components of all living things. Both the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic cell
contain a plasma membrane, a cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes. One of the main differences
between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell is that a prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, (pro means
before and kary means nucleus) and it also lacks membrane–bound organelles. Instead of having a
nucleus, prokaryotes have a single chromosome. This chromosome is often referred to as a
gonophore. Due to prokaryotes being single celled, the inside of a prokaryotic cell is full of open
space, meaning they do not contain any membrane walls. The prokaryotic cell makes up all bacteria
and bacteria–like archaea (germs).
A basic prokaryotic cell is made up of nine parts. On the outside of the prokaryote is the fimbriae
(also known as the pili). Fimbriae are hair like structures that are ... Show more content on
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The plasma membrane is the outermost layer of a eukaryotic cell. It is made up of phospholipids and
proteins. The plasma membrane also functions as the selective boundary of the cell. Unlike a
prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus. The nucleus is responsible for the storage and the
protection of the DNA of the cell. Most eukaryotes possess a endomembrane system. The
endomembrane consists of a endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and vesicles. The
endomembrane makes lipids and membrane proteins and sends them where they need to go in the
cell. Mitochondria are important parts of eukaryotic cells because they transfer the energy needed
for the ATP from food molecules. Lastly, one of the major components of a eukaryotic cell is the
cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is made up of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate
filaments. The cytoskeleton gives the structure of the eukaryotic cell support. It also assists with the
division of the cell and it controls cellular

The Endosymbyotic Theory: Miochondria And Chloroplasts
The Endosymbyotic Theory is a theoretical understanding that the eukaryotic cell came to be from a
prokaryotic cell. This idea was brought by Lynn Margulis, who studied the structures of cells in the
late 1960's. While studying the cells, she realized the close resemblance mitochondria, as well as the
chloroplasts looked compared to bacteria. Scientists became aware of the similarities at hand and
suggested that mitochondria "began from bacteria that lived in permanent symbiosis within the
cells" and that chloroplasts eventually "evolved from symbiotic bacteria." These ideas were the start
of the theory that explained how eukaryotic cells came to be. The mitochondria and chloroplasts
display similar attributes with bacteria that ultimately led to the endosymbiotic theory. The theory
began as an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen–using non–photosynthetic
prokaryote, which became the mitochondria. The engulfed cell eventually began to form a
"relationship" with the host cell, becoming an endosymbiont, meaning a cell living within another
cell. As evolution took its course, they merged into a single organism. Along the way, at least one
organism containing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chloroplast consists of an outermembrane and innermembrane for protection, stomata in order
for the carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit the plants, a dense fluid surrounding the
membranes called the stroma, sacs called thylakoids, and chlorophyll which is the pigment that
gives the leaves their color. Like the mitochondria, the chloroplast contains its own set of DNA,
which gives the idea that they "evolved from symbiotic bacteria, specifically, that they descended
from cyanobacteria" to scientists. In addition, scientist discovered that the chloroplast DNA was, in
fact, "cyanobacterial DNA." This discovery significantly proved the theory and allowed many
scientists to approve of

Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Of Cells
There are two major groups that cells can be grouped into to. These are eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells. All eukaryotic cells contain a plasma membrane, as well as cytoplasm and organelles such as
mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, ribosomes, a
nucleus which is surrounded by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope, and secretory
vesicles. There are some eukaryotic cells which contain more organelles as well as theses. Some
eukaryotic cells, specifically in plants, have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are organelles that contain
stacks of granum known as thylakoid stacks. The granum contains chlorophyll, and the first stage of
photosynthesis occurs here. Some eukaryotic cells contain centrioles, which are strands of protein
involved in the process of mitosis and meiosis. Pant cells have a cell wall made from cellulose. This
prevents the cell from bursting from too much water uptake via osmosis. Fungi do not have
chloroplasts. They do have a cell wall like plant cells, but whereas the cell walls in the plant cells are
made from cellulose, the cell wall in a fungal cell is made from chitin. This is a polymer made from
N–acetylglucosamine. Prokaryote is the name of a kingdom for organisms, and all bacteria fall into
this kingdom. The prokaryote kingdom is enormous, and prokaryotes are found in every known
habitat on the planet. Bacteria are very useful, they can be used in biomedical sciences to help
develop medicines, and

Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic Essay
Prokaryotic are organisms whose DNA is not confined within a membrane–enclosed nucleus.
Prokaryotic organisms are single, but some prokaryotic organisms are multicellular. Eukaryotes are
organisms who cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a
cytoskeleton. (Cundy, 2012) The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus.
Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic. Prokaryotic organisms are typically between 0.1
to 5.0 um in size while Eukaryotic organisms are between 5–10 um. Prokaryotic organisms have
pili, cytosol, ribosomes, capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA, and chromosome also known
as plasmids. (Cundy, 2012) They do not have a nucleus, lysosomes, microtubules, endoplasmic
reticulum, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is what allows prokaryotes to attach to other surfaces. Cytosol is a water like fluid found in the
cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus. The cell wall is made
of polysaccharides just outside the plasma membrane and its made of cellulose. (Cundy, 2012) The
plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell with a layer made of phospholipids. DNA is a
double polymer of nucleotides that store genetic information. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic
Acid with a phosphate group of four nitrogenous bases which are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and
thymine. The largest organelle is the nucleus. The nucleus contains DNA. The mitochondria have a
double membrane and it is known for supplying energy to the cell. Ribosomes produce proteins.
These ribosomes can be found in the cytosol of cells. The nucleolus is what makes ribosomes and
RNA. Lysosomes have digestive enzymes. The endoplasmic reticulum is an inner membrane system
that makes some proteins. (Cundy, 2012) There are two endoplasmic reticulum, one is rough and the
other is smooth. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on it while the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes on them. The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins to
be taken out of the cell. The vacuole is storage for water and other nutrients a call may need and this
is most commonly found in plant cells. The cytoskeleton shapes the cell wall and consists of protein

The Between Prokaryotic And Evolution Of Cells And...
Essay topic: Symbioses between Prokaryotic cells that happened approximately 2 billion years ago
are thought to be at the origin of Eukaryotes. But mutually dependent symbioses continue to be
established at the cellular and organism levels. Read the section on the origin of Eukaryotes in the
unit's prescribed textbook and use the reference below to research and describe the importance of
symbioses in the origin and evolution of cells and organisms with novel capabilities.
Student and ID
Symbiosis refers to the close, mutually beneficial association between two or more different
biological species, which enables these species to undergo organismal evolution and variation in an
assortment of ways (Takahiro, Yoshiko, Naruo, Manabu, Nori, Takema 2016). Symbiosis comes in
three main forms of interaction; mutualistic, communalistic and parasitic. (10). The endosymbiont
theory refers to the collection of principles that models the origins of the mitochondrion, which
commenced with the engulfing of a bacterium by an archaeon (2). Such an establishment at cellular
and organism levels is of high importance for environmental, agricultural and human health (3). The
origins of Eukaryotic cells and its evolution, as well as the novel capabilities of certain cells and
organisms as a result of symbiosis is increasingly being recognised as an applied importance and
hence will be the key focus of this essay.
The three main forms of symbiosis
The endosymbiont theory
Chloroplasts belong to

Essay on Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested
some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the
cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops
an envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes
dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic
compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for
cellular activities and becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the
aerobe) that is engulfed.
All eukaryotic cells contain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protein–synthesizing machinery in mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotes. This is
shown through their ribosomal RNA and the structure of the ribosomes. The ribosomes are similar
in size and structure to bacterial ribosomes. fMat is always the first amino acid that is in the
mitochondria and chloroplasts transcripts. The antibiotics that act by blocking protein synthesis in
bacteria also block protein synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. These antibiotics do not
interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes. The inhibitors that effect the
protein synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes do not change the protein synthesis of the bacteria,
mitochondria, or chloroplasts.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is
probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are
most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma
membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+
ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2)
Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells.
The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with a

Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic Cells Essay
A basic understanding of the cell and it's functionality is something that an elementary schooler can
understand. But what about cells that are either single–celled, multicellular, or even both? Do you
know the similarities and differences? It is important to have a basic cognizance of the two main
types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Everyone should have a slight amount of knowledge
about what all living matter, including ourselves, is made of. Although all cells seem similar at first,
here are some noticeable similarities and differences.
To start off with, eukaryotic and prokaryotic are types of cells. Though that is an obvious similarity,
they are both the smallest structure that carry out functions in organisms. In each of these ... Show
The biggest difference would be that eukaryotes have a nucleus where they store their genetic
material. Although prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, they have a general nucleoid region. Also,
prokaryotes are generally smaller than eukaryotes. Meaning, prokaryotic cells are usually ten times
smaller than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane–bound organelles like
eukaryotic cells. Because of the types of organelles eukaryotes have, they can have higher levels of
intracellular division than what prokaryotes can have. The DNA in eukaryotes is much more
complex than the DNA found in prokaryotes. One would find the DNA of a eukaryote in it's
nucleus, and the DNA of a prokaryote floating freely around the cell. Though both types of cells can
have a cell wall, the cell wall of a prokaryote is composed of Peptidoglycan.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similarities just like they have differences. They both are
types of cells, use a cell membrane, contain ribosomes, and store DNA. Furthermore, they differ in
size, where they store their genetic material, what kinds of organelles are found in each, the kind of
DNA they have, and the makeup of their cell walls. All living organisms are important; however,
what they are made from is just as

Similarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And...
The terms 'eukaryote' and 'prokaryote' were introduced Edouard Chatton in 1925 (Chatton, 1925,
cited in Sapp, 2005). Eukaryotes, according to the online Oxford Dictionaries is a cell in which
DNA is arranged in chromosomes that are "contained within a distinct nucleus". The name
prokaryotes is also defined by the Oxford dictionary as an organism that does not contain a 'distinct
nucleus with a membrane'. These two terms highlighted a very important difference between the two
cells; eukaryotic cells had a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane but the prokaryotes did not.
The following essay seeks to compare and contrast typical prokaryotic cells to typical eukaryotic
cells.
Cells can be organised into three domains as stated by Embley and Williams (2015): Bacteria,
Archaea and eukaryotes (Eukarya). This is based on the findings of Carl Woesse, who in 1985,
discovered three domains in which all cellular life on Earth can be sorted using their ribosomal RNA
sequencing. Woesse introduced the domains as Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea as a basis for a more
accurate form of classification as opposed to the five–kingdom taxonomy (Woesse et al. 1990).
From a Last Universal Common Ancestor, the Bacteria and the Eukaryotes were thought to have
evolved separately. From the Eukarya branch, Archaea branches out. We can use this to make the
assumption that all life arose from said LUCA, Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than
they are to Bacteria, although morphologically,

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Cells are the basic building block of life. Cells can be either Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cells.
Organism can only contain either one but not both of them. Prokaryotic cells are usually much
smaller than Eukaryotic and are less complex. Bacteria are made up of one or more prokaryotic
cells. Bacteria are made up of one or more prokaryotic cells. While Eukaryotic cell are found inside
plant and animal life. Eukaryotic are more advanced and larger. Prokaryotic cell were the first to live
on earth they appeared around 3.5 billion year ago and the Eukaryotic appear around 2.1 billion year
after (Campbell Essential Biology, 2012). The eukaryotic structure consists of the following
organelle which includes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The salivary gland in your mouth is rich in ER (Campbell Essential Biology, 2012). The Golgi
apparatus receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical product of the cell Campbell Essential
Biology,2012) . There are many organelles that appear in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The
flagella are variously involved in movement, feeding and sensation. The thylakoid

Cell : The Life Cycle Of The Cell And Prokaryotic Cell
The cell cycle is the lifespan of the cell from the time it is formed until it divides into two daughter
cells. Cell division is the continuity of life based upon the reproduction of the cell. The genetic
information that a cell contains is called the cell's genome. Prokaryotic cells consist of only one
genetic molecule. While eukaryotic cells consist of many genetic molecules, or DNA. Chromosomes
are the structures that DNA is packed into, this makes replication and distribution of so much DNA
easy to occur. All in all, the overall complex of DNA and the proteins that are the building blocks of
the chromosomes is most often referred to as chromatin. Somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes, or
23 sets of two because one set is inherited from one parent, while the other set comes from the other
parent. Somatic cells are also all the cells inside the body excluding the reproductive cells.
Reproductive cells, or gametes, have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells, or one set of 23
chromosomes in humans. Sister chromatids are within duplicated chromosomes, by definition they
are joined copies of the original chromosome. Each sister chromatid has a centromere, or a region
containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister.
Mitosis is the division of genetic material within the nucleus. Mitosis is almost always followed by
cytokinesis, or the division of cytoplasm.
Within the cell cycle, mitosis is just one phase. Mitotic phase consists of both mitosis and
cytokinesis and is characterized by being the shortest phase. Interphase, is a much longer phases and
is often divided into subphases: G1 phases, S phase, and the G2 phase. Within all 3 phases, the cell
eventually divides because of the production of proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. Mitosis is
broken down into 5 phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Centrosomes, or the subcellular region that contains material that functions throughout the cell cycle
in order to appropriately organize cellular microtubules. An aster is a radial array of short
microtubules that extend from the centromere. Each sister chromatid consists of a kinetochore, or a
structure made up of proteins that have

Escherichia Cell Biology
the name "karyo" means denoting the nucleus of a cell. the components of the cell membrane are
phospholipids, glycolipids, proteins, and cholesterol. the fluid mosaic model represents how some
parts of the membrane can move freely, if they are not attached to other parts of the cell. some
examples of living organisms that have prokaryotic cells. escherichia cell bacterium, streptococcus
bacterium (this prokaryote is responsible for strep throat) is an infection of the back of the throat
which includes the tonsils. symptoms include, fever, red tonsils, sore throat and enlarged lymph
notes in the neck. streptomyces soil bacteria, over 500 of this type of bacteria have been described.
they are mostly found in soil and decaying vegetation, with most producing spores. Archaea, they're
able to survive in very harsh environments. they can be found in geothermally actve areas and live
in extremely acidic mud pots. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
eukaryotic cells cell type is usually multicellular while prokaryotic cell is usually unicellular,
eukaryotic cell true membrane bound nucleus is present, prokaryotic cell's true bound nucleus is
absent. examples of a eukaryotic cell are plants and animals. prokaryotic cells's examples are
bacteria and archaea. eukaryotic cells genetic recombination is meiosis & fusion of gametes,
prokaryotic cells genetic recombination is partial, undirectional transfers DNA, eukaryotic cells
lysosomes and peroxisomes are present while prokaryotic cell lysosomes and peroxisomes are
absent, eukaryotic cells microtubules are present, prokaryotic cells microtubules are absent,
eukaryotic cell endoplasmic reticulum is present, prokaryotic cell endoplasmic reticulum is absent
and eukaryotic cells cytoskeleton is present while prokaryotic cells cytoskeleton may be

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Prokaryotes
All living organisms on Earth are classified within three domains – Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Bacteria and Archaea encompass a generalised classification known as the prokaryotes. This
definition follows the extensive similarities between the two domains, such as their manner of gene
expression, their fundamental metabolic pathways, as well as their lack of membrane bound
organelles, and compartmentalisation. Due to the cellular compartmentalisation that eukaryotes
exhibit, as well as more complex modes of metabolism and replication, prokaryotes are generally
considered to be the precursors to eukaryotic cells. One of the other defining characteristics of
eukaryotic cells that allow for multicellularity to occur is the presence of a complex ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is therefore suggested that MreB and actin originated from a common ancestor, as so, further
suggests that actin was a result of MreB divergence in eukaryotes. Bacterial MreB functions in
maintaining the shape of the bacterial cell, whereby MreB assembles into filaments which display
an extensive structural resemblance to actin. The divergence of MreB in eukaryotic cells is seen to
be similar to the divergence of FtsZ to tubulin, where MreB acquired new functions as eukaryotes
evolved. These new functions included the ability to perform cell division specific to eukaryotic
cells, cell movement through pseudopodia, and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is postulated to have
been a central step in the success of eukaryotic evolution, as the ability to engulf other organisms
such as bacteria and archaea led to eukaryotes becoming predators. The ability to perform predation
contributed heavily to the survival of the eukaryotic line, as it reduced competition. Phagocytosis
also allowed for the engulfment of cyanobacteria and other bacteria which contributed to
endosymbiosis, further increasing the complexity of eukaryotic cells. In order to perform
phagocytosis, eukaryotic cells would have had to remove their inflexible cell wall, a remnant of
their prokaryotic ancestors. The remaining plasma membrane would have allowed for increased
flexibility and the ability to project towards the prey,

The Function Of Prokaryotic Cells
The above diagram shows a prokaryotic cell. These cells have a simple cell structure and are thought
to have been the first cells to have appeared on earth (Clark, 1998). Most prokaryotic cells are
single–celled and none are found in living animals, it is mainly bacteria or algae that it is found in.
The chemicals and enzymes are contained in the cytoplasm and are used for the cells growth. The
cytoplasm is a jellylike mixture that is packaged into the membrane that forms the cell boundary.
This cell does not contain a nucleus. The DNA is also attached to the plasma membrane. As you can
see from the diagram above the eukaryotes cells are much larger than the prokaryotic cells, are more
evolved and have a much more complicated structure. They are what makeup living things such as
animals and plants. Unlike the prokaryotic cells, they contain a nucleus surrounded by nucleoplasm
within its own membrane. Surrounding the membrane is cytoplasm. The eukaryotic cells are able to
perform functions by the action of internal structures called organelles, which coordinate the cell
chemistry, creating and exporting the products created by the cell. The organelles also have the
ability to contain the cell components enabling the cells reactions to be more efficient. They also
have the ability to remove hazardous chemicals preventing them from destroying the cell from
within. Looking at the above diagram of a palisade cell you can see that it contains a unique
structure. The cell wall is

Why We Study the Cell and Its Components.
Why We Study the Cell and Its Components
The cell is the most basic form of life essentially. Anything that is living fundamentally is composed
of cells. We study the cell because it is the simplest unit of all living organisms and to begin
understanding life, we must realize the cell's structure, whether it is about the different types of cells
or how the cell functions. Biology is the study of life and for the human species; the cell is the most
basic principle of life, which is why it is so important to understand the complexities of cells.
There are two basic categories of that all cells fall under. They are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic
cells. Prokaryotic cells are single–celled organisms that include bacteria and archaea. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without understanding the composition of the cell, how would we know where to look or start to
combat the viruses and bacteria that kills the life of the human species? That is why it is so critical
to our population to further our knowledge of cellular biology. The future of the human species, as
well as, every living species known is depending on the research of cells. The better we can
understand what makes up the cell

Comparing Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
An prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell are different in many ways.A prokaryotic cell means a
microscopic single celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane,and
mitochondria,or an membrane bound organelle.The prokaryotic cell is like an apartment, it supports
the person with living space, but is small and simple at the same time.An eukaryotic cell is any
organism whoose cell contains an nucleus, and other membrane bond and organells.An example of
an eukaryotic cell is an mansion.An masion has a lot of rooms, they have differnt structures
meaning, and functions to them. Prokaryote and eukaryote is different from each other,although
their the same in some ways.
In the project I created an eukaryotic cell.There are disadvantages,and also advantages ... Show
Another advantage of being an eukaryotic cell is how it has an distinc place for a place for DNA,
instead of having free floating DNA like an prokaryotic cell.An eukaryotic cell is both an
disadvantage and advantage to many things.
For the project we had to pick a plant cell or an animal cell.Their structures has similarities, but also
many differences. An difference between an animal and plant cell is that an plant cell has a cell wall
for the outermost layer. Another difference is is an plant cell has an chloroplast, but an animal cell
does not. One thing an animal cell has instead of a plant cell has small vacuoles. Another example is
animals cells don't really have an structure that keeps them from moving, but in a plant cell the
structure is there from the cell wall. Plant and animal

Unit 1 Virtual Microscopy Answers
Unit 1 Virtual Lab 1: Virtual Microscopy
Points: 30p
Name: Brent Hoskins
Purpose (3p)
Using the microscope provided to analyze the different size of the different cells and organisms
Lab Summary (5p)
With some of the cells being visible to the untrained eye, others are smaller and are not as easily
seen, unless you have the Microscope. Different cells use various organelles to get around however,
others do not.
Lab Answers (10p)
A. Estimate the size of:
1. An E. Coli cell. _____1.8um___________
2 A mitochondrion. _____3.2um__________
3. A Red Blood cell. ____8um_________
4. A hepatitus virus. _____.045um__________
5. A water molecule. _____.275um__________
B. Observe the various Cell types and learn to distinguish between Bacterial

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Essay
Introduction
In this lab, we observed different prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and then we observed a termite
gut to see the different unicellular microorganisms that it contained. The purpose of this lab is to
observe living and prepared bacterial cells, then describe their morphology, observe and describe the
primary features of the eukaryotic cell, and to investigate and observe the organisms involved in a
symbiotic relationship. By observing these things, we are hoping to find out what we should expect
to see in yogurt bacteria. In order to predict this, we must first know the differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are organisms that do not have a cell nucleus, or
any other membrane–bound ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and plastids that are not present in the animal cell.
In this experiment, yogurt bacteria will be observed. Yogurt is a fermented milk product. The milk is
heated to concentrate the sugars, cooled, and then injected with two different species of bacteria. By
first observing bacterial smears, should be able to describe the species of bacteria in the yogurt. It is
predicted that all three morphological types of bacterial cells in the yogurt will be seen. Different
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells will also be examined. By examining these two different types of
cells one will also be able to describe the contents of a termite gut. It is predicted that the termite gut
will be made up of prokaryotic bacterial cells.
Materials and Methods
Part 1: Prokaryotic Cells
Materials needed for this part of the lab include: a prepared slide of a bacterial smear from the TA, a
microscope slide, a grease pencil, tap water, yogurt, a toothpick, methylene blue, electric slide
warmer, a beaker of distilled water, a cover slip, and a microscope.
First, take the prepared slide of bacterial smear and examined it under the microscope in order to
become familiar with the morphological types of bacteria. Once familiarized, initialed a microscope
slide with a grease pencil. Then, place a drop of tap water on the center of the slide. Next, pick up a
very small amount of

A Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Essay
A Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as
Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each
of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell
holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. The chromosomes which are found in prokaryotes are
usually spread in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells the chromosomes remain together inside the
nucleus and there is a clear nuclear membrane that is surrounding the nucleus.
Another difference between the two cells is that, in prokaryotic cells ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A nucleus is a membrane which can be found in most eukaryotic cells.
The main functions of a nucleus cell are:
Being involved in cell division
All the functions of other cells are done under the instruction of the nucleus
DNA is the building blocks of life which are found within the nucleus.
The main function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is to produce, store and transport proteins and
lipid to most of the cell organelles. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a large organelle that looks like
sheets of folded membranes.
There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum the Smooth ER and the Rough ER. you can
distinguish that both of the ER's are different to each other, this is shown in the diagram above that
one is smooth ER and the other is rough ER the rough ER has ribsomes attracted to it while the
smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached to it. The two ER's have different function to each
other.
Structure of Endoplasmic reticulum: – Sheets of membrane with ribosomes outside (for rough ER).
– Forms a tubular network throughout the cell. Function of Endoplasmic reticulum: – Transports
chemicals, proteins, and lipids between cells and within cells – The endoplasmic reticulum provides
a large surface area for the organization of chemical reactions to take place and synthesis.
In size Ribsomes are about 25 un is diameter. They are arranged in to

Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...

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