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Analysis of the atypical
    PKC isoforms
     from sequence to function
Family of Protein Kinases C

features:
~10 members
- ser/thr kinases
- 80kDa
- 3 subfamilies based on second
messenger requirements:
1. classical (DAG, Ca2+)
2. novel (DAG)
Family of Protein Kinases C
Family of Protein Kinases C



•   the two isoforms show a 72% homology on the amino acid
    level
Family of Protein Kinases C



•   the two isoforms show a 72% homology on the amino acid
    level

•   both share well defined domains with characterized functions

    •   PB1, binding of other PB1 containing proteins (e.g. par-6)

    •   C1, protein-interaction through its zinc-finger motif

    •   kinase, phosphorylation and binding of par-3
There are known knowns. These are things
we know that we know. There are known
unknowns. That is to say, there are things
that we know we don't know. But there are
also unknown unknowns. There are things
we don't know we don't know.
                                    Donald Rumsfeld
Known knows:
•   The aPKCι KO is lethal at embryonic stage 7.5 probably due
    to defects in cell polarity, while the aPKCζ KO shows a
    milder phenotype, reflected in impaired NfκB signaling  (Leitges et al.,
    2001)




•             [...] some functions of aPKC are independent of its
    In drosophila:
    kinase activity [...]
                      (Kim et al., 2009)




•   The aPKCι is required for bronchioval stem cell expansion
    and tumorigenesis (Regala et al., 2009)

•   Expression of P-aPKC-iota, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin
    related to invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular
    carcinoma. (Du et al., 2009)
Known unknowns
biochemical weapons:
Comparison of aPKCι antibodies:
Known unknowns
biochemical weapons:
Comparison of aPKCι antibodies:
   Company                       Antigen
    Abcam                       full length
   Stressgen          full length and partial protein
     B&D                      AA 404 - 587
     Novus                      AA 1-101
     R&D                      AA 446 - 587
   Santa Cruz                 AA 168 - 243
Known unknowns
biochemical weapons:
Comparison of aPKCι antibodies:
   Company                       Antigen
    Abcam                       full length
   Stressgen          full length and partial protein
     B&D                      AA 404 - 587
     Novus                      AA 1-101
     R&D                      AA 446 - 587
   Santa Cruz                 AA 168 - 243

                  specificity of antibodies is uncertain
Unknown unknowns
Strategy
Strategy
Strategy
Strategy
Strategy
Strategy
Strategy
Strategy
Strategy




The deletion of the kinase domain drives aPKCι, but NOT
                 aPKCζ, into the nucleus.
Shuttling of aPKCs

• Both isoforms contain Nuclear Localization
  Sequences (NLS) and a Nuclear Export
  Sequence (NES), implicating the
  involvement of an importin related shuttling
  mechanism.

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Project Overview

  • 1. Analysis of the atypical PKC isoforms from sequence to function
  • 2. Family of Protein Kinases C features: ~10 members - ser/thr kinases - 80kDa - 3 subfamilies based on second messenger requirements: 1. classical (DAG, Ca2+) 2. novel (DAG)
  • 3. Family of Protein Kinases C
  • 4. Family of Protein Kinases C • the two isoforms show a 72% homology on the amino acid level
  • 5. Family of Protein Kinases C • the two isoforms show a 72% homology on the amino acid level • both share well defined domains with characterized functions • PB1, binding of other PB1 containing proteins (e.g. par-6) • C1, protein-interaction through its zinc-finger motif • kinase, phosphorylation and binding of par-3
  • 6. There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we know we don't know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we don't know we don't know. Donald Rumsfeld
  • 7. Known knows: • The aPKCι KO is lethal at embryonic stage 7.5 probably due to defects in cell polarity, while the aPKCζ KO shows a milder phenotype, reflected in impaired NfκB signaling (Leitges et al., 2001) • [...] some functions of aPKC are independent of its In drosophila: kinase activity [...] (Kim et al., 2009) • The aPKCι is required for bronchioval stem cell expansion and tumorigenesis (Regala et al., 2009) • Expression of P-aPKC-iota, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin related to invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. (Du et al., 2009)
  • 9. Known unknowns biochemical weapons: Comparison of aPKCι antibodies: Company Antigen Abcam full length Stressgen full length and partial protein B&D AA 404 - 587 Novus AA 1-101 R&D AA 446 - 587 Santa Cruz AA 168 - 243
  • 10. Known unknowns biochemical weapons: Comparison of aPKCι antibodies: Company Antigen Abcam full length Stressgen full length and partial protein B&D AA 404 - 587 Novus AA 1-101 R&D AA 446 - 587 Santa Cruz AA 168 - 243 specificity of antibodies is uncertain
  • 20. Strategy The deletion of the kinase domain drives aPKCι, but NOT aPKCζ, into the nucleus.
  • 21. Shuttling of aPKCs • Both isoforms contain Nuclear Localization Sequences (NLS) and a Nuclear Export Sequence (NES), implicating the involvement of an importin related shuttling mechanism.