1. The document discusses three naturally occurring mineral materials - enargite, stephanite, and bournonite - as potential photoferroic absorber materials for solar cells.
2. Computational results show the materials have suitable optoelectronic properties, including bandgaps in the visible range and effective masses conducive to carrier transport.
3. Spontaneous polarization was also calculated in enargite and stephanite, indicating photoferroic behavior may be possible in these materials.
Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that decay and emit radiation. They are used for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. Some important radioisotopes include carbon-14, hydrogen-3, iodine-125, and iodine-131. Radioimmunoassay is an analytical technique that uses the principles of radioactivity and antibody-antigen reactions to detect substances in biological fluids at very low concentrations. It has applications in measuring hormones, vitamins, and diagnostic markers. While radioisotopes are useful tools, their use also requires safety precautions due to associated radiation hazards.
This document provides an overview of radioisotopes in medicine. It discusses the background and history of radioisotope use from their discovery. Key topics covered include common terminology, types of radiation, units of measurement, and applications of radioisotopes in research, diagnosis and therapy. Specifically, it outlines several diagnostic tests that use radioisotopes like thyroid scans and bone scans. It also discusses therapeutic uses of radioisotopes to treat cancers and examines biological effects and radiation protection.
Radioisotope techniques involve the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei through processes like alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Radioactivity is measured in units like curie and becquerel. There are different types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma, positron, electron capture, and isomeric transition. Radiopharmaceuticals are chemical substances containing radioactive atoms used as tracers in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and therapy. The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical is technetium-99m, which is used in over 80% of nuclear medicine procedures. Other radiopharmaceuticals employ radioisotopes of iodine, indium, fluorine and other elements.
This document discusses radioisotopes, which are unstable nuclides that undergo radioactive decay. It describes the different types of radioisotopes, including primordial, secondary, and cosmogenic isotopes. It outlines several important uses of radioisotopes in fields like nuclear medicine, biochemistry, food preservation, and industry. Examples of common radioisotopes are provided, such as tritium and plutonium-241. Dangers of radioisotope exposure are also discussed, noting they can cause radiation poisoning and increase cancer risks with prolonged exposure. The document concludes by advocating for responsible use of radioisotopes to help people through medical applications and provide clean energy.
Radioisotopes and their biological effectZara Ashi
This document discusses radioisotopes and their biological effects. It defines radioactive isotopes as unstable elements that emit radiation to become stable. Some examples of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes are provided. The document then summarizes the discovery of radioactivity by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and the Curies. It also discusses the nature of radioactive decay and emissions, half-life, and the uses and effects of various radioisotopes in areas like medicine, agriculture, dating techniques. Both the positive applications and potential negative health effects of radioisotope usage are outlined.
1. The document discusses three naturally occurring mineral materials - enargite, stephanite, and bournonite - as potential photoferroic absorber materials for solar cells.
2. Computational results show the materials have suitable optoelectronic properties, including bandgaps in the visible range and effective masses conducive to carrier transport.
3. Spontaneous polarization was also calculated in enargite and stephanite, indicating photoferroic behavior may be possible in these materials.
Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that decay and emit radiation. They are used for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. Some important radioisotopes include carbon-14, hydrogen-3, iodine-125, and iodine-131. Radioimmunoassay is an analytical technique that uses the principles of radioactivity and antibody-antigen reactions to detect substances in biological fluids at very low concentrations. It has applications in measuring hormones, vitamins, and diagnostic markers. While radioisotopes are useful tools, their use also requires safety precautions due to associated radiation hazards.
This document provides an overview of radioisotopes in medicine. It discusses the background and history of radioisotope use from their discovery. Key topics covered include common terminology, types of radiation, units of measurement, and applications of radioisotopes in research, diagnosis and therapy. Specifically, it outlines several diagnostic tests that use radioisotopes like thyroid scans and bone scans. It also discusses therapeutic uses of radioisotopes to treat cancers and examines biological effects and radiation protection.
Radioisotope techniques involve the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei through processes like alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Radioactivity is measured in units like curie and becquerel. There are different types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma, positron, electron capture, and isomeric transition. Radiopharmaceuticals are chemical substances containing radioactive atoms used as tracers in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and therapy. The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical is technetium-99m, which is used in over 80% of nuclear medicine procedures. Other radiopharmaceuticals employ radioisotopes of iodine, indium, fluorine and other elements.
This document discusses radioisotopes, which are unstable nuclides that undergo radioactive decay. It describes the different types of radioisotopes, including primordial, secondary, and cosmogenic isotopes. It outlines several important uses of radioisotopes in fields like nuclear medicine, biochemistry, food preservation, and industry. Examples of common radioisotopes are provided, such as tritium and plutonium-241. Dangers of radioisotope exposure are also discussed, noting they can cause radiation poisoning and increase cancer risks with prolonged exposure. The document concludes by advocating for responsible use of radioisotopes to help people through medical applications and provide clean energy.
Radioisotopes and their biological effectZara Ashi
This document discusses radioisotopes and their biological effects. It defines radioactive isotopes as unstable elements that emit radiation to become stable. Some examples of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes are provided. The document then summarizes the discovery of radioactivity by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and the Curies. It also discusses the nature of radioactive decay and emissions, half-life, and the uses and effects of various radioisotopes in areas like medicine, agriculture, dating techniques. Both the positive applications and potential negative health effects of radioisotope usage are outlined.
Plenary lecture of the XIII SBPMat (Brazilian MRS) meeting, given on September 30th, 2014, in João Pessoa (Brazil) by Sir Colin Humphreys, Professor at University of Cambridge (U.K.).
This document discusses radioactivity and radioactive decay. It defines key terms like isotopes, half-life, and units of radioactivity. It describes different types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma emission and electron capture. Detection methods like autoradiography, gas detectors, and scintillation counting are summarized. Applications of radioisotopes in areas like tracing metabolic pathways, enzyme assays, and diagnostic tests are briefly mentioned. Some therapeutic uses and health hazards of radiation are also noted.
This document discusses radioisotopes, their formation and applications. It provides examples of common radioisotopes like hydrogen-3, americium-241 and gold-198 and their half-lives. It also describes different types of radiation like alpha particles and beta rays. Applications of radioisotopes discussed include medical uses like cancer treatment and seed irradiation to kill harmful microorganisms. The document also briefly touches on cyclotrons used to produce medical radioisotopes and how radiation is used to change the color of gemstones.
Performance Characteristics of the MIT Epithermal Neutron Irradiation Facilitykent.riley
This document summarizes the performance characteristics of the first fission converter-based epithermal neutron beam (FCB) designed for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Key findings include:
1) The FCB provides an epithermal neutron flux of 4.6 × 109 n cm-2 s-1, making it the most intense BNCT source in the world. It achieves low specific photon and fast neutron absorbed doses.
2) Measurements confirm the beam achieves a therapeutic dose rate of 1.7 RBE Gy min-1 at a depth of 97 mm using boronated phenylalanine, with an average therapeutic ratio of
1. The document discusses various nanoparticles (NPs) and their applications in medical imaging techniques such as X-ray CT, PET, and MRI. Gold NPs and iron oxide NPs are highlighted.
2. For MRI, iron oxide NPs can act as contrast agents by enhancing the relaxation of water protons. Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs consisting of a magnetite or maghemite core coated with dextran or polymers are promising MRI contrast agents.
3. The formation methods of various NPs are described, including controlling size and coating to influence properties like plasma half-life. Cationic liposome coated magnetite NPs have also been investigated for their cell membrane interaction and uptake.
The document summarizes research on photoferroic materials for solar cell applications. It discusses computational studies of the electronic and optical properties of three candidate photoferroic minerals: enargite, stephanite, and bournonite. The studies show they have suitable bandgaps and absorption properties. Rashba splitting was also found in bournonite. The document then discusses how defects could be tolerated in these materials through shallow defect levels related to their electronic structure. Finally, methods for further computational investigation of defects and spontaneous polarization are presented.
The document summarizes recent theoretical developments in optical, excitonic, and photonic properties of 2D heterostructures. It discusses 1) optical excitation in complex structures like intra/inter-layer excitons in twisted materials and scattering with defects, 2) effects of the environment like quantum electrostatic models and phonon coupling, 3) excitations dynamics such as coupling of excitons and phonons and real-time dynamics, and 4) applications of machine learning for predicting new 2D materials and analyzing experiments.
This document provides information on radioactivity and radioactive isotopes used in clinical medicine. It discusses the properties of natural and artificial radioactivity and types of radioactive decay. Common medical radioisotopes used for therapy and diagnosis like radium-226, cesium-137, cobalt-60, iridium-192, gold-198, and iodine-125 are described in terms of their production, half-lives, emissions, and clinical applications and source forms. The ideal properties of radioisotopes for use in teletherapy and brachytherapy are also summarized.
The document discusses PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission), an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of materials. It begins with the basic principle of using charged particles like protons to induce X-ray emission from samples. It then provides a brief history of the development of the technique from early experiments in the 1910s to its establishment as a powerful multi-element analytical method by the 1970s. The rest of the document covers the instrumentation, analytical process, applications, and new developments of PIXE.
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to diagnose and treat diseases. These radioactive substances, known as radiopharmaceuticals, are detected by specialized imaging equipment that utilizes the radiation emitted. Common nuclear medicine procedures include PET scans, SPECT scans, and bone scans which provide functional information about organs and tissues. Radiopharmaceuticals are administered to patients and their distribution throughout the body is tracked using gamma cameras or PET scanners. Nuclear medicine plays an important role in diagnosing and monitoring many diseases.
Production of radio nuclides + Production of Short-Lived RadionuclideAhmad Hassan
This document discusses the production of radio nuclides used in nuclear medicine. It describes three main methods: reactor produced, accelerator/cyclotron produced, and fission produced. Reactor produced nuclides are made by neutron capture in reactors. Cyclotron produced nuclides are made by bombarding stable nuclides with protons, deuterons, helium-3, or helium-4 particles. Fission produced nuclides come from fission of heavier elements like uranium. The document also discusses radio nuclide generators, which allow production of short-lived daughters from long-lived parents to overcome transportation issues for short-lived isotopes.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnosis and treatment that contain a radionuclide attached to a pharmaceutical agent and have a short effective half-life. Common radionuclides used are technetium-99m and iodine-131 which decay by isomeric transition or electron capture emitting gamma rays ideal for detection. The rate of radioactive decay follows an exponential curve defined by the physical half-life of the radionuclide and biological half-life within the body determining the effective half-life.
This document discusses radioisotopes and their uses. It defines radioisotopes as atoms with unstable nuclei that emit radiation through alpha, beta, or gamma decay. Radioisotopes can occur naturally or be artificially produced. The document outlines several applications of radioisotopes in scientific research, analytics, diagnostics, and therapeutics, such as using iodine-131 to diagnose thyroid problems. However, it also notes that radioisotopes pose dangers if they contaminate the environment or are overexposed to living beings, as radiation can damage tissues and potentially cause cancer with prolonged exposure.
This document provides an overview of the basic concepts and techniques of electrophoresis. It defines electrophoresis as the migration of charged particles through a solution under the influence of an external electric field. The key components of electrophoresis are described including the power supply, electrophoresis unit, supporting media like paper, cellulose acetate, or gel, and buffer solution. Different types of electrophoresis are classified including free electrophoresis, microelectrophoresis, boundary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis, paper electrophoresis, and gel electrophoresis. Factors that can affect electrophoresis results are also listed.
Carbon dots (C-dots) were used to detect UV-induced DNA damage. C-dots are small carbon nanoparticles less than 10nm in size with surface passivation that gives them fluorescent properties. In this study, C-dots were modified with amine groups to give them a positive charge and ability to interact with negatively charged DNA. Genomic DNA was isolated from human cells and exposed to UV radiation for varying times. C-dots were incorporated into both native and UV-exposed DNA. Fluorescence energy transfer between the C-dots and ethidium bromide (EtBr) showed that the intensity of EtBr emission decreased more for DNA exposed to UV, indicating the C-dots method could more sensitively detect
1) A variable collimator was designed, constructed, and tested for use in an epithermal neutron beam for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) at MIT.
2) The collimator was optimized using Monte Carlo simulations and constructed from a mixture of lead spheres cast in epoxy resin loaded with boron carbide or lithium fluoride to provide neutron shielding.
3) Beam profiles and collateral dose measurements in a half-body phantom demonstrated the collimator provides sufficient shielding and a well-defined, uniform beam suitable for BNCT clinical studies.
The document summarizes the conception, construction, and testing of LIBO, a prototype linear accelerator module for a compact proton therapy facility. Key points:
- LIBO is a side-coupled linear accelerator structure operating at 3 GHz designed to boost the energy of a proton beam from 62 MeV to 200 MeV for cancer therapy applications.
- The design and construction of a prototype LIBO module is described, including the half-cell design, material selection, thermal stabilization, bridge couplers, and integration of permanent magnet quadrupoles.
- The prototype module was machined at CERN using numerical control and its components were brazed together under vacuum. RF measurements validated the electric field flatness was within 3
This lecture discusses several topics in nanotechnology including fuel cells, nano-composite materials, nanoelectronics, photonic devices, chemical and biological detectors, and applications in nanomedicine. Specifically, the lecture covers:
1) Fuel cells and the advantages of using nanomaterials like membranes and catalysts to improve efficiency.
2) Nano-composite materials and their use in applications like reinforced composites with nanotubes or nanoparticles.
3) Nanoelectronic and photonic devices like transistors, photonic crystals, and integrated photonics.
4) Chemical and biological detectors using techniques like microarrays, carbon nanotubes, and surface plasmon resonance.
5) Applications in nan
Nanobiosensors use biological elements on the nanoscale to detect target analytes. They incorporate a biological recognition element connected to a transducer that converts the biological interaction into an electrical or optical signal. Common recognition elements include antibodies, DNA, enzymes and whole cells. Transduction methods include electrical techniques like field effect transistors and electrochemical methods, as well as optical techniques like fluorescence and surface plasmon resonance. Nanowire and magnetic nanoparticle-based sensors are examples explored in the document. Potential applications include disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and point-of-care testing.
Plenary lecture of the XIII SBPMat (Brazilian MRS) meeting, given on September 30th, 2014, in João Pessoa (Brazil) by Sir Colin Humphreys, Professor at University of Cambridge (U.K.).
This document discusses radioactivity and radioactive decay. It defines key terms like isotopes, half-life, and units of radioactivity. It describes different types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma emission and electron capture. Detection methods like autoradiography, gas detectors, and scintillation counting are summarized. Applications of radioisotopes in areas like tracing metabolic pathways, enzyme assays, and diagnostic tests are briefly mentioned. Some therapeutic uses and health hazards of radiation are also noted.
This document discusses radioisotopes, their formation and applications. It provides examples of common radioisotopes like hydrogen-3, americium-241 and gold-198 and their half-lives. It also describes different types of radiation like alpha particles and beta rays. Applications of radioisotopes discussed include medical uses like cancer treatment and seed irradiation to kill harmful microorganisms. The document also briefly touches on cyclotrons used to produce medical radioisotopes and how radiation is used to change the color of gemstones.
Performance Characteristics of the MIT Epithermal Neutron Irradiation Facilitykent.riley
This document summarizes the performance characteristics of the first fission converter-based epithermal neutron beam (FCB) designed for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Key findings include:
1) The FCB provides an epithermal neutron flux of 4.6 × 109 n cm-2 s-1, making it the most intense BNCT source in the world. It achieves low specific photon and fast neutron absorbed doses.
2) Measurements confirm the beam achieves a therapeutic dose rate of 1.7 RBE Gy min-1 at a depth of 97 mm using boronated phenylalanine, with an average therapeutic ratio of
1. The document discusses various nanoparticles (NPs) and their applications in medical imaging techniques such as X-ray CT, PET, and MRI. Gold NPs and iron oxide NPs are highlighted.
2. For MRI, iron oxide NPs can act as contrast agents by enhancing the relaxation of water protons. Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs consisting of a magnetite or maghemite core coated with dextran or polymers are promising MRI contrast agents.
3. The formation methods of various NPs are described, including controlling size and coating to influence properties like plasma half-life. Cationic liposome coated magnetite NPs have also been investigated for their cell membrane interaction and uptake.
The document summarizes research on photoferroic materials for solar cell applications. It discusses computational studies of the electronic and optical properties of three candidate photoferroic minerals: enargite, stephanite, and bournonite. The studies show they have suitable bandgaps and absorption properties. Rashba splitting was also found in bournonite. The document then discusses how defects could be tolerated in these materials through shallow defect levels related to their electronic structure. Finally, methods for further computational investigation of defects and spontaneous polarization are presented.
The document summarizes recent theoretical developments in optical, excitonic, and photonic properties of 2D heterostructures. It discusses 1) optical excitation in complex structures like intra/inter-layer excitons in twisted materials and scattering with defects, 2) effects of the environment like quantum electrostatic models and phonon coupling, 3) excitations dynamics such as coupling of excitons and phonons and real-time dynamics, and 4) applications of machine learning for predicting new 2D materials and analyzing experiments.
This document provides information on radioactivity and radioactive isotopes used in clinical medicine. It discusses the properties of natural and artificial radioactivity and types of radioactive decay. Common medical radioisotopes used for therapy and diagnosis like radium-226, cesium-137, cobalt-60, iridium-192, gold-198, and iodine-125 are described in terms of their production, half-lives, emissions, and clinical applications and source forms. The ideal properties of radioisotopes for use in teletherapy and brachytherapy are also summarized.
The document discusses PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission), an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of materials. It begins with the basic principle of using charged particles like protons to induce X-ray emission from samples. It then provides a brief history of the development of the technique from early experiments in the 1910s to its establishment as a powerful multi-element analytical method by the 1970s. The rest of the document covers the instrumentation, analytical process, applications, and new developments of PIXE.
Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to diagnose and treat diseases. These radioactive substances, known as radiopharmaceuticals, are detected by specialized imaging equipment that utilizes the radiation emitted. Common nuclear medicine procedures include PET scans, SPECT scans, and bone scans which provide functional information about organs and tissues. Radiopharmaceuticals are administered to patients and their distribution throughout the body is tracked using gamma cameras or PET scanners. Nuclear medicine plays an important role in diagnosing and monitoring many diseases.
Production of radio nuclides + Production of Short-Lived RadionuclideAhmad Hassan
This document discusses the production of radio nuclides used in nuclear medicine. It describes three main methods: reactor produced, accelerator/cyclotron produced, and fission produced. Reactor produced nuclides are made by neutron capture in reactors. Cyclotron produced nuclides are made by bombarding stable nuclides with protons, deuterons, helium-3, or helium-4 particles. Fission produced nuclides come from fission of heavier elements like uranium. The document also discusses radio nuclide generators, which allow production of short-lived daughters from long-lived parents to overcome transportation issues for short-lived isotopes.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnosis and treatment that contain a radionuclide attached to a pharmaceutical agent and have a short effective half-life. Common radionuclides used are technetium-99m and iodine-131 which decay by isomeric transition or electron capture emitting gamma rays ideal for detection. The rate of radioactive decay follows an exponential curve defined by the physical half-life of the radionuclide and biological half-life within the body determining the effective half-life.
This document discusses radioisotopes and their uses. It defines radioisotopes as atoms with unstable nuclei that emit radiation through alpha, beta, or gamma decay. Radioisotopes can occur naturally or be artificially produced. The document outlines several applications of radioisotopes in scientific research, analytics, diagnostics, and therapeutics, such as using iodine-131 to diagnose thyroid problems. However, it also notes that radioisotopes pose dangers if they contaminate the environment or are overexposed to living beings, as radiation can damage tissues and potentially cause cancer with prolonged exposure.
This document provides an overview of the basic concepts and techniques of electrophoresis. It defines electrophoresis as the migration of charged particles through a solution under the influence of an external electric field. The key components of electrophoresis are described including the power supply, electrophoresis unit, supporting media like paper, cellulose acetate, or gel, and buffer solution. Different types of electrophoresis are classified including free electrophoresis, microelectrophoresis, boundary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis, paper electrophoresis, and gel electrophoresis. Factors that can affect electrophoresis results are also listed.
Carbon dots (C-dots) were used to detect UV-induced DNA damage. C-dots are small carbon nanoparticles less than 10nm in size with surface passivation that gives them fluorescent properties. In this study, C-dots were modified with amine groups to give them a positive charge and ability to interact with negatively charged DNA. Genomic DNA was isolated from human cells and exposed to UV radiation for varying times. C-dots were incorporated into both native and UV-exposed DNA. Fluorescence energy transfer between the C-dots and ethidium bromide (EtBr) showed that the intensity of EtBr emission decreased more for DNA exposed to UV, indicating the C-dots method could more sensitively detect
1) A variable collimator was designed, constructed, and tested for use in an epithermal neutron beam for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) at MIT.
2) The collimator was optimized using Monte Carlo simulations and constructed from a mixture of lead spheres cast in epoxy resin loaded with boron carbide or lithium fluoride to provide neutron shielding.
3) Beam profiles and collateral dose measurements in a half-body phantom demonstrated the collimator provides sufficient shielding and a well-defined, uniform beam suitable for BNCT clinical studies.
The document summarizes the conception, construction, and testing of LIBO, a prototype linear accelerator module for a compact proton therapy facility. Key points:
- LIBO is a side-coupled linear accelerator structure operating at 3 GHz designed to boost the energy of a proton beam from 62 MeV to 200 MeV for cancer therapy applications.
- The design and construction of a prototype LIBO module is described, including the half-cell design, material selection, thermal stabilization, bridge couplers, and integration of permanent magnet quadrupoles.
- The prototype module was machined at CERN using numerical control and its components were brazed together under vacuum. RF measurements validated the electric field flatness was within 3
This lecture discusses several topics in nanotechnology including fuel cells, nano-composite materials, nanoelectronics, photonic devices, chemical and biological detectors, and applications in nanomedicine. Specifically, the lecture covers:
1) Fuel cells and the advantages of using nanomaterials like membranes and catalysts to improve efficiency.
2) Nano-composite materials and their use in applications like reinforced composites with nanotubes or nanoparticles.
3) Nanoelectronic and photonic devices like transistors, photonic crystals, and integrated photonics.
4) Chemical and biological detectors using techniques like microarrays, carbon nanotubes, and surface plasmon resonance.
5) Applications in nan
Nanobiosensors use biological elements on the nanoscale to detect target analytes. They incorporate a biological recognition element connected to a transducer that converts the biological interaction into an electrical or optical signal. Common recognition elements include antibodies, DNA, enzymes and whole cells. Transduction methods include electrical techniques like field effect transistors and electrochemical methods, as well as optical techniques like fluorescence and surface plasmon resonance. Nanowire and magnetic nanoparticle-based sensors are examples explored in the document. Potential applications include disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and point-of-care testing.
Carbon nanotubes have a variety of potential applications due to their extraordinary physical properties. They can be used as scanning probe microscope tips for high resolution imaging, magnetic sensors with high sensitivity and spatial resolution, transistors for high frequency circuits, and resonators for force, gas, and biosensing. Carbon nanotubes show promise in drug delivery for cancer therapy, blood testing through microfluidic chips, and tissue engineering as scaffolding. Overall, carbon nanotubes have many potential applications, especially in medicine, due to their strength, thermal conductivity, electrical properties, and ability to be functionalized for targeted delivery.
This document provides a critical review of fission reactor neutron sources for neutron capture therapy (NCT). It summarizes that epithermal neutron beams, favored for treating deep tumors, have been constructed or are being constructed at several reactors worldwide, with some newer beams approaching theoretical optimum purity. At least one such high-quality beam is suitable for routine therapy. Reactor-based epithermal beams with near-optimum characteristics are currently available and more can be constructed. Suitable reactors include low-power reactors using the core directly or a fission converter as the neutron source. Thermal neutron beams have also been available for years with near-optimum properties for small animal studies or shallow tumors.
MIT User Center for Neutron Capture Therapy Resarchkent.riley
The MIT User Center for Neutron Capture Therapy Research provides specialized facilities and capabilities to support preclinical and clinical research in neutron capture therapy (NCT). The Center has two neutron beam facilities located at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Reactor - a thermal neutron beam well-suited for small animal and cell culture studies, and an epithermal beam for clinical studies. Researchers can access these beams as well as capabilities like boron analysis, dosimetry, cell and animal research labs. The Center aims to support the widespread international effort to develop NCT as an effective cancer treatment.
Nanotechnology is enabling technologies and products at the nanoscale. It is estimated that nanotechnology will generate $4 trillion by 2015. Some key applications discussed include consumer products using silver nanoparticles, flexible solar cells using zinc oxide nanowires and carbon nanotubes, and energy storage devices like supercapacitors using nanocarbons. Research at Cambridge University is exploring new nanocomposite materials for applications in photovoltaics, lighting, batteries, and flexible electronics.
The document summarizes a student's paper on nuclear micro-batteries. It discusses how nuclear micro-batteries provide a long-lasting, compact power source using radioactive decay. The mechanisms of betavoltaics and direct charging generators are described. Various isotopes are considered for use, and incorporation into MEMS devices and applications like medical implants, sensors, and mobile devices are discussed. Concerns around waste disposal are addressed. The conclusion is that nuclear micro-batteries show promise in applications requiring long-lasting power.
This document discusses carbon nanotubes, including their structure, properties, applications, and challenges. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical tubes composed of carbon atoms that have a diameter on the nanometer scale. They have extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties. Carbon nanotubes find applications in conductive plastics, electronics, biosensors, and DNA sequencing due to their small size and strength. However, large-scale fabrication of carbon nanotubes with controlled parameters remains a challenge.
This document discusses the motivation for using antiprotons in cancer therapy. It provides background on hadron therapy and its advantages over traditional photon therapy. Charged particles like protons and carbon ions deposit most of their energy at the end of their range, allowing for precise dose delivery to tumors. Antiprotons offer additional advantages - their annihilation with tissue releases additional energy, potentially allowing lower particle numbers to treat tumors. This energy is deposited locally. Antiprotons also produce pions during annihilation, enabling real-time tracking of the irradiation. However, antiproton availability is limited to only two facilities worldwide. The document introduces the Antiproton Cell Experiment (ACE) which researches antiproton therapy and describes the goal of
This document summarizes a research article that developed a boron nitride nanotube-based piezoelectric nanogenerator sensor for use in robotics. The objectives were to create robust electromechanical sensors for industrial robotics to eliminate risks to human workers in hazardous environments. The methodology involved fabricating the sensor by depositing copper electrodes on a polyimide film and mixing boron nitride nanotubes, carbon nanotubes, and polydimethylsiloxane to form a composite layer between the electrodes. Testing showed the sensor generated electrical outputs when compressed and released, making it suitable for detecting flexion and extension motions. Analysis suggested replacing polydimethylsiloxane with a more eco-friendly copolymer and
Different types of Nanolithography technique.
Types: Electron beam lithography, Photolithography, electron-beam writing, ion- lithography, X-ray lithography, and related images, concepts and graphical views.
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique that detects pairs of gamma rays emitted by a positron-emitting radiotracer to produce three-dimensional images of functional processes in the body. PET scans are often combined with computed tomography (CT) to provide both functional and anatomic information. PET/CT has advantages over PET alone in improving diagnostic accuracy, decreasing scan time, and better localizing areas of abnormal activity. Limitations include increased radiation exposure compared to PET and potential motion artifacts from combining the two modalities. Emerging hybrid imaging technologies include PET/MRI which provides improved soft tissue contrast compared to CT but also faces challenges from the magnetic fields interfering with standard PET detector technology.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon nanotube based solar cells. It begins with an introduction to carbon nanotubes, describing their cylindrical nanostructure formed from graphene sheets rolled at specific angles. It then discusses properties of carbon nanotubes that make them suitable for solar cells, such as their electrical conductivity. The document reviews different generations of solar cell technology and their limitations before describing how carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into dye-sensitized solar cells as transparent electrodes, replacing conventional materials like ITO. It presents results showing a carbon nanotube-based solar cell achieved 7.04% efficiency compared to 7.34% for a standard platinum electrode cell. In conclusion, carbon nanotube electrodes
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon nanotube based solar cells. It begins with an introduction to carbon nanotubes, describing their cylindrical nanostructure formed from graphene sheets rolled at specific angles. It then discusses properties of carbon nanotubes that make them suitable for solar cells, such as their electrical conductivity. The document reviews three generations of solar cell technology and their limitations before describing how carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into dye-sensitized solar cells as transparent electrodes, replacing conventional materials like ITO. It presents results showing a carbon nanotube-based solar cell achieved 7.04% efficiency compared to 7.34% for a standard platinum electrode cell. In conclusion, carbon nanotube electrodes
This document discusses the design of a lithium target and neutronics components for a boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) facility. It outlines the agenda, describes the target geometry and materials, and discusses factors like target heat, neutron moderation, reflector design, and beam quality parameters. The goal is to optimize the design to produce the highest possible epithermal neutron flux within safety limits on fast neutron and gamma doses. A series of design studies are proposed to evaluate moderating materials, proton beam energy, reflector configuration, and other variables.
Neutron Imaging and Tomography with Medipix2 and Dental Microroentgenography:...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document provides an overview of neutron imaging and tomography using the Medipix2 semiconductor detector and dental microroentgenography. Medipix2 allows high resolution digital imaging of photons, electrons and neutrons. Experiments imaged a relay, bullet cartridge, tooth and thread using neutron sources and Medipix2. Neutron tomography reconstructed 3D models from 100 projections. Dental microroentgenography used Medipix2 for high resolution dental x-rays. Medipix2 provides portable, high resolution imaging for applications like analyzing bone-implant interfaces.
Similar to Progresses in Liquid Li based neutron source for BNCT - Hiroshi horiike - Aug 2019 (20)
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Progresses in Liquid Li based neutron source for BNCT - Hiroshi horiike - Aug 2019
1. Progresses in Liquid Li based
neutron source for BNCT
Hiroshi Horiike
Fukui University of Technology
Osaka University
Global Conference on Neuroscience and Neurology
August 24 2019 Chicago
3. What is BNCT (Boron Neutron Capture Therapy)
3
BNCT is a kind of particle beam therapy that selectively destroys cancer cells with using
reaction between a slow neutron and a boron accumulated in a cancer cell.
<Source: Association For Nuclear Technology in Medicine website>
Cancer
cell
5G
y
20Gy
exposure
Nutrient with boron is
swallowed by active
cancer cells.
Boron
Compound
s
Cancer
cell
Normal
cell
Energetic ions work as a
heavy ion therapy.
Cancer cells with many
boron are selectively
destroyed.
10B + n → He + Li + 2.31MeV + γ ray
where
Eα=1.47MeV, ELi=0.84MeV, Eγ=478 keV
Ion’s ranges < 5 – 7mm < cell diameter
Accumulation, T/N ratio measurable by PET
5. Cases of nuclear reactor-based BNCT
5
Country Facility CASE Period
Japan Kyoto Univ. Research Reactor (KUR) 510 ~2014.5.22
Finland Finland Research Reactor (FiR-1) 318 1991~2012
Japan Japan Research Reactor (JRR-4) 107* 1999~2007, 2009~
U.S.A. Brookhaven 99 1951-61, 1994~99
Sweden R2-0 Research Reactor 52 2001~05
U.S.A. MIT Reactor 42 1959~61, 1994~99
Taiwan Tsing Hua Open-pool Reactor (THOR) 34 2010~
Netherlands Petten Reactor (HFR Petten) 22 1997~
Argentina Research Reactor 7 2003~
Italy Research Reactor 2 2002~
Czechia LVR-15 2 2000~
<As of November 2014>
*53 of them were carried out by the Kyoto University group and cooperative researchers
during the shutdown period of Kyoto University nuclear reactor.
<Source: “Conference for promotion of practical use and formation of base of BNCT” Osaka Prefecture, 2014>
6. BNCT using nuclear reactors has attained excellent treatment results for many years.
However,
there is a big problem, that is,
the use of nuclear reactors.
● Limited machine time for patients
● Shut down of available nuclear reactors
Many patients and medical professionals were eager to re-operate.
Increasing requirement about nuclear reactor-free BNCT
Ion beam irradiation onto beryllium or lithium target generate high energy
neutrons.
These neutrons could be used with suitable moderation in energy
Accelerator-based BNCT further reduced patients' exposure from nuclear reactor BNCT.
Towards accelerator-based BNCT
6
7. Structure of accelerator-based BNCT
7
Proton accelerator
Cut double helix in the cell
Ion source Proton beam
Target
Neutron moderation unit
Neutron
Boron
Helium nucleus
Lithium nucleus
Cancer
cell
Irradiate cancer cell with neutrons
obtained by the accelerator
Reacts with boron atoms
ingested in cancer cell
Nuclear reaction
The range of energetic ions
from reaction is shorter than
the cell diam.
8. What is CSePT
8
Next-generation type of BNCT by liquid lithium method
Proton
accelerator
Ion source Proton beam
Target
Neutron
Moderation
unit
Liquid lithium loop
Neutron
Liquid lithium
flowing target
● Low exposure
● Stable operation
● No target
replace
Neutrons from the lithium
target are low in energy,
so that the (n, g) reactions
are much less.
9. Dose Components for Tumors
and Tissues
1H(n,n)p
14N(n,p)14C
mucosa < 12 Gy
This Dose is
minimized with
Lithium
Malignant Cells
Normal Cells
Depends on T/N ratio
H.Kumada, K.Takada Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology 2018; 2:50
10. covalent binding = 1eV
Neutron = 0.1eV
Thermal neutrons do not produce harmful
effect in human body
CARBON
HYDROGE
N
11. covalent binding = 1eV
Neutron = 0.1eV
High energy neutrons recoil protons which
produce harmful effects
CARBON
HYDROGE
N
14. 18F-BPA PET in normal volunteers
0-4.5min 6.5-11.5 13.1-17.5 19.6-24.1 26.1-30.6 32.7-37.2 39.2-43.7
Shimosegawa E, et al. Ann Nucl Med (2016) DOI 10.1007/s12149-016-1121-8
COOH
NH2
CH
CH2
HO
HO
10
B
F
18
16. 10
FBPA PET in Radiation Necrosis
Beshr R, et al. Ann Nucl Med 2018 Dec; 32(19): 702-708
FBPA PET
(60min after injection)
T1WI(CE+)
PET/CT FBPA PET
17. Lithium for intense neutron source
• Lithium has excellent properties for intense neutron source
• Low vapor pressure enables forced circulation in vacuum space
• High cooling capacity for beam heat deposition
• Liquid lithium target technology has developed in Nuclear
Fusion research called
‘International Fusion
Materials Irradiation
Facility:IFMIF’
• Down sizing this will
lead to BNCT system
17
18. Liquid Metal Lithium Loop
The Li facility for IFMIF was constructed by a
transfer of engineering experiences of LI and
personnel, from Osaka to Oarai center in
Japan Atomic Energy Agency.
For the BNCT application, much smaller
facility is sufficient. A very stable neutron
generation can be attained with using a
liquid metal system.
Osaka University Loop
ELTL
(Oarai,
JAEA)
Up grade
BNCT
target
P-beam
Li Flow
50mm
~2mm
n g
15m/s
20. Experiments on neutronics
Li neutron production test in Birmingham University
Ampere
1mA 1mA 30mA
Design Value:30mA 2.5MeV
Neutron Flux:109/sec・cm2
2012
Tohoku Univ.
Source term exp.
2013
Birmingham Univ
1. Produced neutron properties and accompanying gamma rays and high
energy components of neutrons were studied in detail.
2. Calibration of numerical code system, and verification of irradiation
performances up to 30mA.
Moderator assembly exp.
2017
21. Experiments
2013 June at Birmingham University
Dynamitron Accelerator
Beam species : Hydrogen
Energy :2.25,2.65,2.95(MeV)
Current on average :450 mA
Neutrons Generated
Energy:700keV at maximum
Yield :~4.5×1011 n/sec
Measurements
Neutron:Gold foil(198Au)
Gamma:Glass dosimeter
Foils and glass chips were placed inside
and under the moderator, and inside of
phantom.
Target : Li
Isao Murata, “Mock-up Experiment
at Birmingham University for
BNCT Project of Osaka University
- Outline of the Experiment-
ICNCT-16 Helsinki 2014
Accelerator
Moderator
Assembly
22. Neutron Flux Measurement with Gold Foil
Epithermal neutron profile
Collimator radius(100 mm)
Neutron flux is collimated well and low beyond collimated radius.
→ Suppression of the total body dose for a patient
Shingo Tamaki, “Mock-up Experiment at Birmingham University for BNCT Project of Osaka
University - Neutron Flux Measurement with Gold Foil –” ICNCT-16 Ps2P01 Helsinki 2014
A peak of the gamma at the center is partly attributable to neutron doses, which has
verified by numerical analysis and by new differential measurement of g-ray.
→ A glass dosimeter is tested to have sensitivity to neutrons.
Sachiko Yoshihashi, “Mock-up Experiment at Birmingham University for BNCT Project of Osaka
University - Gamma-ray Dose Measurement with Glass Dosimeter – “ICNCT-16 (Ps2 P03) Helsinki
2014
1.E+04
2.E+06
4.E+06
6.E+06
0 200 400 600 800
Neutron
Flux
[neutrons/cm
2
/sec]
Distance from the center [mm]
2.65 MeV w/o phantom
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Gamma-ray
dose
[mGy]
Distance from the center [mm]
Experiment
Calculation
Gamma ray profile
23. Estimated completion of CSePT
23
Moderator/Collimater
Operating
room Accelerato
r
Treatment
room
Liquid lithium loop
25. Summary
• Intense neutron sources have developed for Fusion program
which is called IFMIF-EVEDA under treaty of JA and EU
• For BNCT, low energy P-Li reaction system will be very suited
with using a small and stable liquid Li circulation system.
• An accelerator of 30mA at 2.5MV will be fabricated from Fusion
Technology too.
• The moderator system was tested in Birmingham University at
2.65MeV 0.5mA beams.
• Neutron intensity by energy is found to be satisfactory as
designed, and gamma-ray dose be suppressed very low.
• The total whole body dose for a patient aligned perpendicular to
the beam line will be as low as 0.26 Sv/treatment for an example.
• This performance enables us to employ this treatment with no
concern of radiation hazards.