Programming team structure
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The document discusses different structures for programming teams: - Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates. - Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others. - Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers. The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
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software cost factor
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
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4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
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The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
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1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
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This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
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4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
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This document discusses various techniques for estimating software costs:
1. Expert judgment relies on experienced people's assessments but can be unreliable due to biases. The Delphi technique improves expert judgment by anonymously aggregating estimates over multiple rounds.
2. Work breakdown structures break projects down into components to estimate costs bottom-up. The COCOMO model also estimates bottom-up using algorithmic formulas adjusted by multipliers for attributes.
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The document discusses factors related to software project size and effort. It provides the following key points:
1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
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- The cost model views the life cycle in terms of costs incurred in each phase and modifying previous work.
- Prototyping involves building initial versions to explore technical issues and illustrate requirements for the customer.
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This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
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- The phased model segments development into phases like analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
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Planning the development process involves choosing a life cycle model and defining documents, milestones and reviews. This provides structure and visibility needed for control and quality.
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4) Organizing development tasks and teams using different structures like project, functional, and matrix formats.
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- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
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The document discusses organization and team structures for software development organizations. It explains the differences between functional and project formats. The functional format divides teams by development phase (e.g. requirements, design), while the project format assigns teams to a single project. The document notes advantages of the functional format include specialization, documentation, and handling staff turnover. However, it is not suitable for small organizations with few projects. The document also describes common team structures like chief programmer, democratic, and mixed control models.
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From planning to mitigating risks, a software development project manager takes care of every aspect of the project. Keep reading to know their job roles.
Software project management
Project management involves planning, monitoring, and controlling software development from initial concept to deployment. Effective project management focuses on people, product, process, and project. There are five categories of stakeholders and four types of software development teams. The product scope and problem are decomposed and mapped to framework activities and work tasks. Process models are chosen based on project size and priorities. Common signs of potential project failure and a commonsense approach are discussed.
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1. The document provides an introduction to software engineering, defining it as the technological and managerial discipline concerned with systematic production and maintenance of software products that are developed and modified on time and within cost estimates.
2. It discusses the need for software engineering due to increasing complex applications in the 1960s that resulted in cost overruns, late deliveries, and lack of reliability. Workshops defined "software engineering" to address technical and managerial processes.
3. Software engineering relies on computer science, management science, economics, communication skills, and engineering approaches. It aims to improve quality and productivity through a systematic approach.
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An associative memory, or content-addressable memory (CAM), allows data to be stored and retrieved based on its content rather than its location. It consists of a memory array where each word is compared in parallel to search terms. Words that match set their corresponding bit in a match register. This allows the location of matching words to be identified very quickly. Associative memory is more expensive than random access memory but is useful when search time is critical. It is accessed simultaneously based on data content rather than a specific address.
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Asynchronous data transfer
This document discusses asynchronous data transfer methods between independent units without a common clock. It describes two main methods: strobe pulse and handshaking. Strobe pulse uses a single control line to time transfers but the transmitting unit has no confirmation the data was received. Handshaking adds a second control signal so units can confirm receipt. It then discusses asynchronous serial transfer which transmits bits sequentially using start, data, and stop bits to identify characters without a shared clock. First-in first-out (FIFO) buffers are also summarized as allowing input and output of data at different rates while preserving order.
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Programming team structure
- 1. R .N a Mrs. R.Nancy Beaulah MCA.,M.Phil, Assistant Professor, Department of ComputerApplications, V.V.Vanniaperumal College forWomen (Autonomous), Virudhunagar. Programming Team Structure
- 2. R .N a Programming Team Structure Each programming team should have an internal structure. The best structure depends on nature of the project, product and the characteristics of team members. Basic team structure includes DemocraticTeam Structure All members participate in decisions Chief ProgrammerTeams Chief programmer is assisted by other team members. HierarchicalTeam Structure. Combine the aspects of democratic and chief programmer structure 2 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 3. R .N a Democratic Team Structure Communication Path 3 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 4. R .N a Contd… The idea is derived from “EgolessTeam” In EgolessTeam group leadership rotates around the members. But in Democratic team one person is assigned as leader. Leadership does not usually rotate. Leader coordinates all the activities. 4 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 5. R .N a Contd… Advantages: Opportunity for the team members to contribute decisions. Opportunity to learn from one another. Increased job satisfaction. Non-threatened environment. Applicable to long term research and development projects. Disadvantages: Communication overhead required to reach decisions. All the team members must work together. Individual responsibility weakened. 5 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 6. R .N a Chief Programmer Team Chief Programmer Librarian Programmers Backup Program Consultant 6 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 7. R .N a Contd… Chief Programmer Designs the product. Implements critical parts of the product. Makes all major technical decisions. Allocate work to individual programmers. Programmers Number of programmers between two to five Write code, debug, document and unit test it. Librarian Maintain program listings Design documents Design test plans 7 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 8. R .N a Contd… Backup programmer Consultant to chief programmer on various technical problems. Provides liaison between customer, publication group and quality assurance group. May perform analysis, design and implementation under the supervision of chief programmer. Administrative Program Manager Assists the chief programmer. Handles the administrative details like time cards, sick leave and vacation schedule. The above structure provides all the support to chief programmer. But chief programmer is responsible to all the development activities. 8 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 9. R .N a Advantages: Centralized decision making. Reduced communication path. Effectiveness depends upon the chief programmer’s technical and managerial aspects. Applicable to Data Processing Packages, Financial software packages. Suitable for situations where we need one senior programmer and several programmers. Used to train junior programmers. 9 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 10. R .N a Hierarchical Team Structure Project Leader Senior Programmers Junior Programmers 10 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 11. R .N a Communication Path 11 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor
- 12. R .N a References Software Engineering Concepts, Richard Fairley,Tata McGraw Hill Edition. 12 R. Nancy Beaulah,Assistant Professor