This document discusses programming concepts, data management, and technology applications. It covers topics such as programming logic, object-oriented programming, data types, file structures, databases, and database models. Specifically, it defines key terms related to programming semantics, pseudocode, sequential logic, looping logic, decision logic, and event-driven programming. It also defines terms related to objects, classes, methods, and data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, and trees.
Abstract: Every program whether in c, java or any other language consists of a set of commands which are based on the logic behind the program as well as the syntax of the language and does the task of either fetching or storing the data to the computer, now here comes the role of the word known as “data structure”. In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently, such as large databases and internet indexing services. Usually, efficient data structures are a key in designing efficient algorithms. Some formal design methods and programming languages emphasize data structures, rather than algorithms, as the key organizing factor in software design. Storing and retrieving can be carried out on data stored in both main memory and in secondary memory. Now as different data structures are having their different usage and benefits, hence selection of the same is a task of importance. “Therefore the paper consists of the basic terms and information regarding data structures in detail later on will be followed by the practical usage of different data structures that will be helpful for the programmer for selection of a perfect data structure that would make the programme much more easy and flexible.
Keywords: Data structures, Arrays, Lists, Trees.
Abstract: Every program whether in c, java or any other language consists of a set of commands which are based on the logic behind the program as well as the syntax of the language and does the task of either fetching or storing the data to the computer, now here comes the role of the word known as “data structure”. In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently, such as large databases and internet indexing services. Usually, efficient data structures are a key in designing efficient algorithms. Some formal design methods and programming languages emphasize data structures, rather than algorithms, as the key organizing factor in software design. Storing and retrieving can be carried out on data stored in both main memory and in secondary memory. Now as different data structures are having their different usage and benefits, hence selection of the same is a task of importance. “Therefore the paper consists of the basic terms and information regarding data structures in detail later on will be followed by the practical usage of different data structures that will be helpful for the programmer for selection of a perfect data structure that would make the programme much more easy and flexible.
Keywords: Data structures, Arrays, Lists, Trees.
Entity relationship model, Components of ER model, Mapping E-R model to Relational schema, Network and Object-Oriented Data models, Storage Strategies: Detailed Storage Architecture, Storing Data, Magnetic Disk, RAID, Other Disks, Magnetic Tape, Storage Access, File & Record Organization, File Organizations & Indexes, Order Indices, B+ Tree Index Files, Hashing Data Dictionary
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module IV) Database Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Databases
Data
Information
Database
Database System
Database Applications
Evolution of Databases
Traditional Files Based Systems
Limitations in Traditional Files
The Database Approach
Advantages of Database Approach
Disadvantages of Database Approach
Database Management Systems
DBMS Functions
Database Architecture
ANSI-SPARC 3 Level Architecture
The Relational Data Model
What is a Relation?
Primary Key
Cardinality and Degree
Relationships
Foreign Key
Data Integrity
Data Dictionary
Database Design
Requirements Collection and analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Entity Relationship Model
A mini-world example
Entities
Relationships
ERD Notations
Cardinality
Optional Participation
Entities and Relationships
Attributes
Entity Relationship Diagram
Entities
ERD Showing Weak Entities
Super Type / Sub Type Relationships
Mapping ERD to Relational
Map Regular Entities
Map Weak Entities
Map Binary Relationships
Map Associated Entities
Map Unary Relationships
Map Ternary Relationships
Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Normalization
Advantages of Normalization
Disadvantages of Normalization
Normal Forms
Functional Dependency
Purchase Order Relation in 0NF
Purchase Order Relation in 1NF
Purchase Order Relations in 2NF
Purchase Order Relations in 3NF
Normalized Relations
BCNF – Boyce Codd Normal Form
Structured Query Language
What We Can Do with SQL ?
SQL Commands
SQL CREATE DATABASE
SQL CREATE TABLE
SQL DROP
SQL Constraints
SQL NOT NULL
SQL PRIMARY KEY
SQL CHECK
SQL FOREIGN KEY
SQL ALTER TABLE
SQL INSERT INTO
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT
SQL SELECT
SQL SELECT DISTINCT
SQL WHERE
SQL AND & OR
SQL ORDER BY
SQL UPDATE
SQL DELETE
SQL LIKE
SQL IN
SQL BETWEEN
SQL INNER JOIN
SQL LEFT JOIN
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SQL UNION
SQL AS
SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL Scalar functions
SQL GROUP BY
SQL HAVING
Database Administration
SQL Database Administration
An Introduction to Architecture of Object Oriented Database Management System and how it differs from RDBMS means Relational Database Management System
Object-Relational Database Systems(ORDBMSs) can successfully deal with very large data volumes with great complexity. At present the vendors of all the major DBMS products have supported object-relational database management systems, but still its industrial adoption rate is relatively low.
Entity relationship model, Components of ER model, Mapping E-R model to Relational schema, Network and Object-Oriented Data models, Storage Strategies: Detailed Storage Architecture, Storing Data, Magnetic Disk, RAID, Other Disks, Magnetic Tape, Storage Access, File & Record Organization, File Organizations & Indexes, Order Indices, B+ Tree Index Files, Hashing Data Dictionary
ESOFT Metro Campus - Diploma in Software Engineering - (Module IV) Database Concepts
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
Introduction to Databases
Data
Information
Database
Database System
Database Applications
Evolution of Databases
Traditional Files Based Systems
Limitations in Traditional Files
The Database Approach
Advantages of Database Approach
Disadvantages of Database Approach
Database Management Systems
DBMS Functions
Database Architecture
ANSI-SPARC 3 Level Architecture
The Relational Data Model
What is a Relation?
Primary Key
Cardinality and Degree
Relationships
Foreign Key
Data Integrity
Data Dictionary
Database Design
Requirements Collection and analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design
Entity Relationship Model
A mini-world example
Entities
Relationships
ERD Notations
Cardinality
Optional Participation
Entities and Relationships
Attributes
Entity Relationship Diagram
Entities
ERD Showing Weak Entities
Super Type / Sub Type Relationships
Mapping ERD to Relational
Map Regular Entities
Map Weak Entities
Map Binary Relationships
Map Associated Entities
Map Unary Relationships
Map Ternary Relationships
Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships
Normalization
Advantages of Normalization
Disadvantages of Normalization
Normal Forms
Functional Dependency
Purchase Order Relation in 0NF
Purchase Order Relation in 1NF
Purchase Order Relations in 2NF
Purchase Order Relations in 3NF
Normalized Relations
BCNF – Boyce Codd Normal Form
Structured Query Language
What We Can Do with SQL ?
SQL Commands
SQL CREATE DATABASE
SQL CREATE TABLE
SQL DROP
SQL Constraints
SQL NOT NULL
SQL PRIMARY KEY
SQL CHECK
SQL FOREIGN KEY
SQL ALTER TABLE
SQL INSERT INTO
SQL INSERT INTO SELECT
SQL SELECT
SQL SELECT DISTINCT
SQL WHERE
SQL AND & OR
SQL ORDER BY
SQL UPDATE
SQL DELETE
SQL LIKE
SQL IN
SQL BETWEEN
SQL INNER JOIN
SQL LEFT JOIN
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SQL UNION
SQL AS
SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL Scalar functions
SQL GROUP BY
SQL HAVING
Database Administration
SQL Database Administration
An Introduction to Architecture of Object Oriented Database Management System and how it differs from RDBMS means Relational Database Management System
Object-Relational Database Systems(ORDBMSs) can successfully deal with very large data volumes with great complexity. At present the vendors of all the major DBMS products have supported object-relational database management systems, but still its industrial adoption rate is relatively low.
Muhammad Sharif database administrator SKMCHRC Lahore, Pakistan
I'm writing this book. I'm Muhammad Sharif write a Database systems handbook about dbms, rdbms database management system abrivations.
I have core knowledge of database systems and its structure and database system administration too.
I thanks to all my reader who ack.
Thanks
DBA Muhammad Sharif database systems
#MUHAMMAD SHARIF DATABASE SYSTEMS HANDBOOK DBA
Muhammad Sharif database administrator SKMCHRC Lahore, Pakistan
I'm writing this book. I'm Muhammad Sharif write a Database systems handbook about dbms, rdbms database management system abrivations.
I have core knowledge of database systems and its structure and database system administration too.
I thanks to all my reader who ack.
#MUHAMMAD SHARIF DATABASE SYSTEMS HANDBOOK DBA
Muhammad Sharif database administrator SKMCHRC Lahore, Pakistan
I'm writing this book. I'm Muhammad Sharif write a Database systems handbook about dbms, rdbms database management system abrivations.
I have core knowledge of database systems and its structure and database system administration too.
I thanks to all my reader who ack.
#MUHAMMAD SHARIF DATABASE SYSTEMS HANDBOOK DBA
Muhammad Sharif database administrator SKMCHRC Lahore, Pakistan
I'm writing this book. I'm Muhammad Sharif write a Database systems handbook about dbms, rdbms database management system abrivations.
I have core knowledge of database systems and its structure and database system administration too.
I thanks to all my reader who ack.
Muhammad Sharif (Database systems handbook)database administrator SKMCHRC Lahore, Pakistan
I'm writing this book. I'm Muhammad Sharif write a Database systems handbook about dbms, rdbms database management system abrivations.
I have core knowledge of database systems and its structure and database system administration too.
I thanks to all my reader who ack.
Thanks
I'm Muhammad Sharif Software engineer, SKMCHRC Lahore, Database systems handbook is written by Muhammad Sharif is pure RDBMS having all core knowledge of databases and its related subjects.
Muhammad Sharif Database systems handbook
This Database management system DBMS is written by Muhammad Sharif Software Engineer SKMCHRC Lahore
It include RDBMS and File system contents and Database system to advance Databases like DBA Concepts.
4rth Complete book Database systems Handbook dbms rdbms by Muhammad Sharif
Database management systems handbook by Muhammad Sharif
#rdbms
dbms
database management systems handbook
database systems handbook
DBA book sql rdbms 4rth Complete book Database systems Handbook dbms rdbms by Muhammad Sharif
#Other names:
#DBMS
#RDBMS
#Relational database systems handbook
Database services management systems
4rth Complete book Database systems Handbook dbms rdbms by Muhammad Sharif
Database management systems handbook by Muhammad Sharif
#rdbms
dbms
database management systems handbook
database systems handbook
Database system Handbook 3rd DONE Complete DBMS book Full book
dbms
rdbms
relational database systems handbook
database management systems and handbook
Similar to Programming concepts and data management (20)
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
2. Programming
Semantics – the study of the interpretation (meaning) of a word or statement.
Pseudocode – the act of writing a computer algorithm in a manner that can be read.
(instead of using machine language, human language is used for the logic of a program”
Programming logic – using human thinking in order to give reason (logic) to a program
that will be used to do a certain task or calculation.
Sequential programming logic – statements that are executed a single time.
Looping programming logic – statements that are executed a specific number of times.
Decision (Selection) programming logic – selects a choice from a number of things that
can be performed based on the outcome of another condition. (An “If” “And” statement)
Event-driven programming – programming that triggers a certain response when an
event (something that has occurred) happens.
3. Cont.
Object oriented programming (OOP) – sees everything as an
object (an entity that exists by itself in the world) and operates
under the assumption that every object has a unique identity.
State of objects – every object has a “state.”
Behavior – an objects behavior is controlled by methods.
Classes – objects that are of the same type are considered to be
in the same class. All objects in the same class are associated
with the same methods and data fields.
Object instantiation – the process of creating an object.
Object and instance can be used synonymously.
4. Cont.
Method – something that can be done to change the state of an object.
Static (class) method – when a method is associated with a class as a whole.
Instance method – a method that is related to an object or instance of a class.
Accessor method – provides access to a different state of an object.
Constructor method – is used when an object belonging to a class is created.
Destructor method – is used when an object belonging to a class doesn’t exist anymore.
Mutator method – a method that modifies the state of an object.
Dummy codes – are used to simulate a process in order to avoid receiving an error code.
5. Data
Data type – sets the standard for what kind of data can be entered into a table and the
kind of operations that can be performed on that data.
Integer data – whole number values.
Real number (floating) data – data that holds a value. Ex. GPA
Single character data – used to store a single character. Ex. ‘D’
String data – stores a sequence of values (bytes).
Enumerated data– allow a programmer to insert their own data into a program.
Binary (machine-readable) data – binary data that is intended to be read by computers.
GIF, JPEG Files – animated images.
Boolean data – uses 0’s and 1’s.
6. Cont.
Data structure- how data is stored in a system.
Abstract data type (ADT) – a user-defined data type that is used to set pre-programmed data types ex.
Data/Time.
File – data that is interpreted as a single unit.
Program files – a folder where all applications not involved with the OS are stored by default.
Binary files – unformatted files that stores data exactly how it looks to a computer.
Text files – formatted files that store formatted data.
Data files – contain data that can be read/processed by a program file.
Sequential access files – files that contain data that must be read sequentially.
Random access files – files that can be accessed without having to go through other files.
Digital files –files stored as either 0 “off” or 1 “on”
7. Cont.
File name extensions – Let your OS know what kind of file it is or what program was
used to create it. (ex. .Doc or .PPT)
File path – begins with the letter of the drive, followed by folders and subfolders until you
reach your desired file. A files path can be represented as a hierarchical tree.
File structure – how a data is stored within a file.
Hierarchical file structure – displays folders as a “family tree”
Parent node – “letter drive” or the root directory level
Level 1 – child nodes of the parent node and parent nodes of the level 2 nodes
Level 2 – child nodes of the level 1 node and parent nodes of the level 3 nodes
Level 3 – child nodes of the level 2 nodes
8. Cont.
Network file structure – arranges files into groups know as sets, which are connected to
one another in various ways.
Sequential file structure – a file that is structured in the order of which the contents/data
were created.
Hash table – created when a hash function is used to a record store in RAM
Hashing scheme – is divided up into buckets which can store several records.
One-dimensional array (List) – stores data that is of the same type under one group
name. In order to access each element you use its “subscript” which is its position in
respect to the starting position
Heterogeneous array- data types that are different
String – a collection of characters (each character takes up one byte of memory”
Homogenous two-dimensional array – a collection of data items (of the same type) that
are displayed in columns and rows.
9. Cont.
Stack data structure – items are only inserted and removed from the top of the
stack. “Last in, first out”
Queue data structure – items are added to the end and taken from the
beginning. “First in, first out”
Head – the beginning of a queue data structure.
Tail – the end of a queue data structure.
Tree data structure – data is stored in a hierarchical chart. Each location is a
node. The top node is called the “root node.” Any node above another node is
a parent node and any node that is the last in its sequence is a “leave” or
terminal node. Two nodes with the same parent are considered siblings.
Binary tree – a tree that does not allow for a parent node to have more than
two child nodes.
10. Structure
Array (list) – data is stored in a sequential order deepening on the field it falls into.
Linked lists – is used when items from the list are deleted or added frequently. It differs from an array
because an additional field is used. The additional field is called a pointer, it is used to quickly
find/identify the next record in the list. Data can be added to the beginning or end of a lined list.
Head pointer – the first item on a list.
Tail pointer – the last item on a list.
Single linked lists – each item has a pointer pointing to the next piece of data and not the one behind
it.
Double linked lists – each item has a pointer pointing to the piece of data before and after it.
Database Manage System (DBMS) – allows one to interact with a database.
Data management – is used to manage the data that is stored in a database or computer’s memory.
Data browsing – the process of going through files to find a specific file or piece of information.
11. Cont.
Data modeling – is the structure used to create a database. It allows for easier collection,
storage, modification and retrieval of information.
Data maintenance – is used to keep data up-to-date and accurate.
Database administration – is performed by the Databases administrator.
Data mining – a process that searches through and analyzes data for useful information.
Data Mining Tasks
1. Collecting the data
2. Creating groups of data
3. Creating associations between the data
4. Establishing patterns between the data
12. Cont.
Data warehousing – a spot that stores data from multiple databases in one area.
Centralized warehousing – stores data in one location.
Decentralized warehousing – stores data regionally.
Data mart – a small subset of a data warehouse.
Metadata – data about data.
Data integrity – makes sure that the data being stored is accurate.
Data consistency – makes sure that the same value of data is present in different
locations in the database.
Data corruption – when data that was stored can no longer be read because it was
damaged.
Data loss – when data that was stored can no longer be retrieved.
13. Databases
Database models – explain the relationships among the components of a database.
Hierarchical data model – a tree like structure that is not efficient for showing repeating data
(explained earlier).
Network data model – a model were each record is joined in a 1:M relationship, where each point can
have multiple parents.
Relational data model – the most widely used model today.
Structured query language (SQL) –is used to create database structure.
Functions of SQL – Creating objects in a database and performing manipulative operations on that
data.
Hybrid database – a combination of multiple database types.
Entity relationship model (ERM) – describes relationships between entities.
Data bases maintain integrity and consistency by establishing relationships among entities.
14. Cont.
Data redundancy occurs when the same data is stored in multiple locations, this can cause data
inconsistency.
Backup and recovery procedures – protect against lost data by being able to restore it.
Physical security – actual security of the area where a computer or data is stored.
Logical security – logins, passwords etc.
SQL – allows for users to interact with a database without knowing how the database acts internally.
Ex. Of SQL commands: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT etc.
Batch processing – data is collected for a period of time and then processed at once.
Transactional processing – data is processed as it is collected. When a failure occurs, you can view
the data up to the failure. Using a batch processing all of the data would be lost.
Online transaction processing (OLTP) – occurs when a purchase is made online.
15. Cont.
Bit – the smallest unit of data (8 bits = 1 byte)
Computers only understand binary or machine language.
Character –the most simple unit of meaningful information.
Entity – anything that data can be collected on.
Field – the most simple unit of data in a database table.
Requirements to Describe a Field
1. Name of the field
2. Data types in the field
3. Length (size) of the field
4. Format of the values
16. Cont.
Record – a group of fields that are related.
File (relation or table) – where data is stored in either columns, rows or both.
Relational database (RDB) – a collection of tables that have a common
attribute. This allows for cross checking of data between different tables.
Primary key (PK) – a column name that is used to identify a row or record in a
table.
Composite primary keys – two columns that when used together identify a
record in a table.
Foreign key – a column in one relation that serves as a primary key in another
relation. Foreign keys can repeat themselves.
Domain – a collection of values that can be used for a field in a table. Ex. For
a letter grade A, B, C and D would all be “acceptable” values.
17. Cont.
Relationships between Two Tables
1. 1:1 relationship – when only 1 row in table #1 matches only 1 row
in table #2 and vise versa.
2. 1:M relationship – when 1 row in table #1 matches more than
one row in table #2 and only 1 row from table 3#2 matches at
most one row in table #1.
3. M:N relationship – if more than one row in table #1 matches more
than one row in table #2 and vise versa.
Constraints – restrictions placed on data that is stored in a certain
field.
Query – a question that is used to retrieve data from a database.